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Juggling
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Juggling is a physical human skill involving the movement of objects, usually through the air, for entertainment (see object manipulation). The most recognizable form of juggling is toss juggling, where the juggler throws objects through the air. Jugglers often refer to the objects they juggle as props. The most common props are balls, beanbags, rings, clubs, and bouncing balls. Some performers use dramatic objects such as chainsaws, knives and fire torches. The term juggling can also refer to other prop-based circus skills such as diabolo, devil sticks, poi, cigar box manipulation, fire-dancing, contact juggling, hooping and hat manipulation.
The word juggling derives from the Middle English jogelen to entertain by performing tricks, in turn from the French jongleur and the Old French jogler. There is also the Late Latin form joculare of Latin joculari, meaning to jest. "Juggling" has come to mean, colloquially, any activity which requires a constant refocusing of one's attention from an overall goal to multiple subsidiary tasks, for example "Juggling Work and Family", the title of a PBS documentary, This colloquial meaning is similar to the non-computer use of the word multitasking.
Origins and history
Ancient to 20th century
The earliest record of juggling, a panel from the 15th Beni Hassan tomb of an unknown prince, shows female dancers and acrobats throwing balls. Juggling has also been recorded in most other early civilizations including Chinese, Indian, Greek, Aztec (Mexico) and Polynesian civilizations.
In Europe, juggling was an acceptable diversion until the decline of the Roman Empire, after which it fell into disgrace. Throughout the Middle Ages most histories were written by religious clerics who frowned upon the type of performers who juggled, called 'gleemen', accusing them of base morals or even practicing witchcraft. Jugglers in this era would only perform in marketplaces, streets, fairs or drinking houses. They would perform short, humorous and bawdy acts and pass a hat or bag among the audience for tips. Some kings' and noblemen’s bards, fools, or jesters would have been able to juggle or perform acrobatics, though their main skills would have been oral.
In 1768 Philip Astley opened the first modern circus. A few years later he employed jugglers to perform acts along with the horse and clown acts. Since then, jugglers have been associated with circuses.
In the 19th century variety and music hall theatres became more popular, and jugglers were in demand to fill time between music acts, performing in front of the curtain while sets were changed. Performers started specializing in juggling, separating it from other kinds of performance such as sword swallowing and magic. The Gentleman Juggler style was established by German jugglers such as Salerno and Kara. Rubber processing developed, and jugglers started using rubber balls. Previously juggling balls were made from balls of twine, stuffed leather bags, wooden spheres or various metals. Solid or inflatable rubber balls meant that bounce juggling was possible. Inflated rubber balls made ball spinning easier and more readily accessible. Soon in North America, vaudeville theatres employed jugglers, often hiring European performers.
20th Century - Birth of a hobby
In the early to mid-20th century, variety and vaudeville shows decreased in popularity due to competition from motion picture theatres, radio and television, and juggling suffered as a result. Music and comedy transferred very easily to radio but juggling could not. In the early years of TV, when variety-style programming was popular, jugglers were often featured. But developing a new act for each new show, week after week, was more difficult for jugglers than other types of entertainers - comedians and musicians can pay others to write their material but jugglers can’t get other people to learn new skills on their behalf.
In the early 1950s, more people began juggling as a hobby. The International Jugglers' Association began as a club for performing jugglers, but soon non-performers joined and started attending the annual conventions. The 61st Annual IJA Juggling Festival will be held July 14-20, 2008, in Lexington, Kentucky, at the Lexington Convention Center.
World Juggling Day was created as an annual day of recognition for the hobby, with the intent to teach people how to juggle, to promote juggling or for jugglers to get together and celebrate. Traditionally held on a Saturday in June, the date for 2008 is June 14th (in 2007 it was June 16).
Most cities and large towns now have juggling clubs. These are often based within, or connected to, universities and colleges. There are also community circus groups that teach young people and put on shows. The maintains a searchable database of most juggling clubs.
Since the 1980s a juggling culture has developed. The scene revolves around local clubs and organizations, special events, shows, magazines, web sites, internet forums and, possibly most importantly, juggling conventions. In recent years there has also been a growing focus on juggling competitions.
Juggling conventions form the backbone of the juggling scene. The focus of most juggling conventions is the main hall: a large space for open juggling. There will also be more formal workshops in which expert jugglers will work with small groups on specific skills and techniques. Most juggling conventions also include a main show (open to the general public), competitions and juggling games.
Today, juggling is a popular sport, considered one of the most physically demanding sports in the world. Jugglers in competitions are judged on hardcore technical tricks as opposed to flashy clothing, smiling, and any other show business. 360s and 180s are used quite a bit in competition to increase the number of points gained. Prize money is reaching record highs of up to nearly $10,000.
The WJF, or World Juggling Federation has been one of the most influential organizations of educating the public onthe fact that juggling is a serious sport that demands physical and mental
strength as opposed to a clown that performs the bare minimum skill tricks that get the strongest reaction out of the audience.
Only balls, rings, and clubs are used in competition, no torches, knives, chickens, or apples (or anything else that demands little or no skill).
The World Juggling Federation is the world's only organization devoted to the promotion and advancement of the sport of juggling. Proper practice technique and structure, exercise, nutrition and a wide variety of juggling competitions are our main interests. We organize and produce international juggling conventions and competitions ranging from beginner to advanced levels while raising the bar for technical juggling skill. In addition to producing juggling competition programs that have aired on ESPN, the WJF has integrated juggling programs within schools across the country.
Here are some of the definitions used in competition:
- 180: Turning your entire body 180 degrees (A half turn) to face the opposite direction in the midst of a juggling pattern.
- 360: Turning your entire body 360 degrees (A complete turn) in the midst of
a juggling pattern.
- 720: Turning your entire body 720 degrees (Two spins) in the midst of a juggling pattern.
- 2 Stage 720: Throwing all the objects up in the air, spinning once to catch one or two
objects, then spinning again to then catch the remaining objects and resume a
continuous juggling pattern.
- Backcrosseses: Throws that pass behind the back.
- Body Throws: Throwing objects (usually clubs) between the legs from back to front or from
front to back.
- Flats: Clubs thrown with no spin.
- Half Shower: Throwing objects from one hand over the top of the pattern to the other side.
- Pancake Throws: Flipping rings similarly to the technique used to juggle clubs.
- Flash: Throwing and catching the exact same number of objects are trying to juggle. (7 throws and catches of 7 balls)
- Slapback: Under rotating the clubs and then slapping the shell of the club in the opposite direction of the spin to land the handle back in the hand.
- Clubs: Most non-jugglers refer to this piece of juggling equipment as bowling pins. They are not. Clubs are long shaped props, bulbous on one end and having a catching handle on the other with a knob at the bottom. These props are usually thrown and rotated in varying numbers of spins depending on the number of clubs being used and the moves being attempted with them.
- Endurance Juggling: The juggling of a high number of objects for as long of a period of time as one can manage.
- Isolated Endurance: Juggling without moving your feet. Done atop a chair
in WJF competition.
- Freestyle Competition: Competition designed by the WJF and first held in 2004. This competition is formatted to allow competitors to try their most difficult move and not be penalized for drops or bad form. If you pull off the move, you get points for it. If you dont,
you get nothing.
- Site Swap: The numeric notation used to describe a juggling move.
Popular forms of juggling
Juggling can be categorised:
Objects juggled : such as ball juggling, club juggling and rings, as well as diabolo, devil sticks and cigar box manipulation. Other objects such as handkerchiefs, chainsaws, knives and flaming torches are used by some jugglers as well.
Method of juggling : the classical and best known form is throwing and catching objects in the air without touching the ground. Bounce juggling is bouncing objects (usually balls) off the ground. Contact juggling is manipulating the object in constant contact with the body.
Performance style : This may include the gentleman juggler - using everyday objects such as hats, canes, plates, wine bottles and cigars; comedy juggling - the juggling skill is secondary to the comic character and jokes of the performer; sport themed - the performers dress in sporting attire and juggle sports equipment such as tennis rackets, footballs, or even snooker balls; traditional circus style - presenting pure skill with precision, skill and panache. Cultural extensions of the traditional circus style include: Chinese circus - using mainly rings and badminton rackets, fantastic costumes, concentrating on numbers juggling; Russian folk - colourful costumes and characters, unique props with acrobatics.
Number of objects juggled : In trick juggling, the main aim is to perform exceptionally skillful and impressive manipulations with the objects juggled. Numbers juggling, by contrast, has the goal of juggling as many objects as possible.
Number of jugglers : Juggling is most commonly performed by an individual. However, multiple-person juggling is performed by two or more people. Some method of passing between the jugglers is used - this can be through the air (as in toss juggling), bounced off the ground, simply handed over, or numerous other ways depending on the objects and the style of juggling. For example, two club jugglers may stand facing each other, each juggling a 3-club pattern themselves, but then simultaneously passing between each other. Back to back juggling is also possible, and other configurations.
The object, method, style and number of jugglers can vary. For example, a single juggler could be juggling different objects (say a ball, a club and an orange), could start by toss juggling them, then start bouncing the ball as part of the routine, and finally start passing the objects between themselves and a second juggler.
Juggling world records
Juggling world records are tracked by the Juggling Information Service Committee on Numbers Juggling (JISCON). All the records listed on the JISCON page represent the longest runs with each number and prop that has been authenticated using video evidence. As of September 2006, the records for each prop are:
- Rings/Plates: 13 rings for 13 catches by Albert Lucas in 2002.
- Balls/Beanbags: 12 beanbags for 12 catches, first done by Bruce Sarafian in 1996.
- Clubs/Sticks: 9 sticks for 9 catches, first done by Bruce Tiemann in 1996.
Each of these records is what is known as a "flash", meaning each prop is thrown and caught only once. Some jugglers, and some juggling competitions, do not consider a flash to be "real juggling" and use "qualifying juggle" (a term taken from the International Jugglers' Association's Numbers Competition) to denote a pattern where each prop is thrown and caught at least twice. The JISCON records for qualifying runs are:
Venues
Circus Wherever there are circuses, there are jugglers. Many circus jugglers are from Russia and other Soviet block states, products of circus schools. Other traditions are represented, such as Chinese acrobatics schools, and traditional circus families that are often Latin American or European. Some of the greatest jugglers from the past 50 years are from Eastern Europe, including Sergei Ignatov, Evgenij Biljauer and Viktor Kee (featured in Cirque du Soleil productions).
Clowns would often dress up and perform this art with objects ranging from bouncy balls to scarves.
Variety TheatresVariety theatres still do business in Europe, particularly in Germany. In North America the closest thing to variety shows are in casinos, in places like Las Vegas, where jugglers perform alongside singers, comedians and others. As with circuses, the demand for jugglers to perform in variety theatres and casinos is far lower than jugglers seeking work, meaning only the best, most dynamic performers find regular work in the top venues. Germany and the USA have also produced some of the greatest jugglers from the past 50 years, most notably Francis Brunn from Germany and Anthony Gatto from the United States.
Renaissance and Medieval FairsRenaissance and medieval fairs in North America and in Europe can also offer short-term performance venues for professional jugglers. With the increasing popularity of such venues (and with the continued success of Medieval/Renaissance themed restaurants) the ancient art of juggling finds a home.
Street PerformanceIn some places, especially tourist destinations such as Spain, Cyprus, and London, entertainers perform on the street. Street performers often include juggling and comedy in their shows. Wellknown locations for this kind of street performance include Covent Garden in London, and Faneuil Hall in Boston.
Juggling notation
Juggling tricks and patterns can become very complex, and hence can be difficult to communicate to others. Therefore notation systems have been developed for communication of patterns, as well as for discovering new patterns.
Diagram-based notations are the clearest way to show juggling patterns on paper, but as they are based on images, their use is limited in text based communication (email and the internet). Ladder Diagrams track the path of all the props through time, where the less complicated Causal Diagrams only track the props that are in the air, and assumes that a juggle has a prop in each hand. Numeric based notation systems are more popular and standardized than diagram-based notations. They are used extensively in both a written form, and for those "fluent" in juggle-speak, in normal conversation.
Siteswap is by far the most common juggling notation. In its most basic form, vanilla siteswap, each pattern is reduced to a simple sequence of numbers, such as "3", "97531" or "744". However, vanilla siteswap can only notate the most basic alternating two-handed patterns, with no deviations from a very strict set of rules. If one of these rules is broken, say an extra hand is added, the same string of numbers will result in a wildly different pattern than first conceived. For slightly more complicated patterns, extra rules and syntax are added to create synchronous siteswap, to notate patterns where both hands throw at the same time, and multiplex siteswap, to notate patterns where one hand holds or throws two balls on the same beat. Other extensions to siteswap have been developed, including passing siteswap, Multi-Hand Notation (MHN), and General Siteswap (GS).
Beatmap is a numeric notation which can notate any number of hands or juggling props, and in any rhythm, with no added complexity to its basic structure. Within beatmap it is possible to notate not only the balls in a pattern, but also the hands or arms of the juggler, as well as the position, location or orientation of the body of a juggler. Luke Burrage, the inventor of beatmap, claims that beatmap can more accurately describe more patterns than all ladder diagrams, causal diagrams, mills mess state transition diagrams, vanilla siteswap, synch siteswap, passing siteswap and multi-hand notation combined. So far use of beatmap is very limited, as most jugglers and all juggling software understand only variations of siteswap.
See also
External links
Organizations- - worldwide community of jugglers united.
- - European community of jugglers united.
- - private company aimed at promoting competition-style juggling.
Resources- - includes a juggling forum, club and event listings, a video database and numerous articles.
- - dated but has a huge amount of information.
- - detailed instructions and videos.
- - including videos
- [news:rec.juggling rec.juggling] - juggling newsgroup; active community
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