History of immunology
Encyclopedia
Timeline of immunology:
- 1718 – Lady Mary Wortley MontaguLady Mary Wortley MontaguThe Lady Mary Wortley Montagu was an English aristocrat and writer. Montagu is today chiefly remembered for her letters, particularly her letters from Turkey, as wife to the British ambassador, which have been described by Billie Melman as “the very first example of a secular work by a woman about...
, the wife of the British ambassador to Constantinople, observed the positive effects of variolation on the native population and had the technique performed on her own children. - 1798 – First demonstration of vaccination smallpoxSmallpoxSmallpox was an infectious disease unique to humans, caused by either of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor. The disease is also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera, which is a derivative of the Latin varius, meaning "spotted", or varus, meaning "pimple"...
vaccinationVaccinationVaccination is the administration of antigenic material to stimulate the immune system of an individual to develop adaptive immunity to a disease. Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by many pathogens...
(Edward JennerEdward JennerEdward Anthony Jenner was an English scientist who studied his natural surroundings in Berkeley, Gloucestershire...
) - 1837 – First description of the role of microbes in putrefaction and fermentation (Theodore Schwann)
- 1838 – Confirmation of the role of yeast in fermentation of sugar to alcohol (Charles Cagniard-Latour)
- 1840 – First "modern" proposal of the germ theory of disease (Jakob HenleFriedrich Gustav Jakob HenleFriedrich Gustav Jakob Henle was a German physician, pathologist and anatomist. He is credited with the discovery of the loop of Henle in the kidney. His essay "On Miasma and Contagia" was an early argument for the germ theory of disease...
) - 1850 – Demonstration of the contagious nature of puerperal fever (childbed fever) (Ignaz SemmelweisIgnaz SemmelweisIgnaz Philipp Semmelweis was a Hungarian physician now known as an early pioneer of antiseptic procedures. Described as the "savior of mothers", Semmelweis discovered that the incidence of puerperal fever could be drastically cut by the use of hand disinfection in obstetrical clinics...
) - 1857-1870 – Confirmation of the role of microbes in fermentation (Louis PasteurLouis PasteurLouis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist born in Dole. He is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of diseases. His discoveries reduced mortality from puerperal fever, and he created the first vaccine for rabies and anthrax. His experiments...
) - 1862 – phagocytosis (Ernst HaeckelErnst HaeckelThe "European War" became known as "The Great War", and it was not until 1920, in the book "The First World War 1914-1918" by Charles à Court Repington, that the term "First World War" was used as the official name for the conflict.-Research:...
) - 1867 – First aseptic practice in surgery using carbolic acid (Joseph ListerJoseph Lister, 1st Baron ListerJoseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister OM, FRS, PC , known as Sir Joseph Lister, Bt., between 1883 and 1897, was a British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery, who promoted the idea of sterile surgery while working at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary...
) - 1876 – First demonstration that microbes can cause disease-anthrax (Robert KochRobert KochHeinrich Hermann Robert Koch was a German physician. He became famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis , the Tuberculosis bacillus and the Vibrio cholerae and for his development of Koch's postulates....
) - 1877 – Mast cellMast cellA mast cell is a resident cell of several types of tissues and contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin...
s (Paul EhrlichPaul EhrlichPaul Ehrlich was a German scientist in the fields of hematology, immunology, and chemotherapy, and Nobel laureate. He is noted for curing syphilis and for his research in autoimmunity, calling it "horror autotoxicus"...
) - 1878 – Confirmation and popularization of the germ theory of disease (Louis PasteurLouis PasteurLouis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist born in Dole. He is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of diseases. His discoveries reduced mortality from puerperal fever, and he created the first vaccine for rabies and anthrax. His experiments...
) - 1880 – 1881 -Theory that bacterial virulence could be attenuated by culture in vitro and used as vaccines. Proposed that live attenuated microbes produced immunity by depleting host of vital trace nutrients. Used to make chicken cholera and anthrax "vaccines" (Louis PasteurLouis PasteurLouis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist born in Dole. He is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of diseases. His discoveries reduced mortality from puerperal fever, and he created the first vaccine for rabies and anthrax. His experiments...
) - 1883 – 1905 – Cellular theory of immunity via phagocytosis by macrophages and microphages (polymorhonuclear leukocytes) (Elie Metchnikoff)
- 1885 – Introduction of concept of a "therapeutic vaccination". First report of a live "attenuated" vaccine for rabies (Louis PasteurLouis PasteurLouis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist born in Dole. He is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of diseases. His discoveries reduced mortality from puerperal fever, and he created the first vaccine for rabies and anthrax. His experiments...
). - 1888 – Identification of bacterial toxins (diphtheria bacillus) (Pierre Roux and Alexandre YersinAlexandre YersinAlexandre Emile Jean Yersin was a Swiss and French physician and bacteriologist. He is remembered as the co-discoverer of the bacillus responsible for the bubonic plague or pest, which was later re-named in his honour .Yersin was born in 1863 in Aubonne, Canton of Vaud, Switzerland, to a family...
) - 1888 – Bactericidal action of blood (George NuttallGeorge NuttallGeorge Henry Falkiner Nuttall FRS was an American-British bacteriologist who contributed much to the knowledge of parasites and of insect carriers of diseases. He made significant, innovative discoveries in immunology, about life under aseptic conditions, in blood chemistry, and about diseases...
) - 1890 – Demonstration of antibody activity against diphtheriaDiphtheriaDiphtheria is an upper respiratory tract illness caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive bacterium. It is characterized by sore throat, low fever, and an adherent membrane on the tonsils, pharynx, and/or nasal cavity...
and tetanusTetanusTetanus is a medical condition characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. The primary symptoms are caused by tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin produced by the Gram-positive, rod-shaped, obligate anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani...
toxins. Beginning of humoral theory of immunity. (Emil von Behring) and (Kitasato ShibasaburōKitasato ShibasaburōBaron was a Japanese physician and bacteriologist. He is remembered as the co-discoverer of the infectious agent of bubonic plague in Hong Kong in 1894, almost simultaneously with Alexandre Yersin.-Biography:...
) - 1891 – Demonstration of cutaneous (delayed type) hypersensitivity (Robert KochRobert KochHeinrich Hermann Robert Koch was a German physician. He became famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis , the Tuberculosis bacillus and the Vibrio cholerae and for his development of Koch's postulates....
) - 1893 – Use of live bacteria and bacterial lysates to treat tumors-"Coley's Toxins" (William B. Coley)
- 1894 – Bacteriolysis (Richard PfeifferRichard Friedrich Johannes PfeifferRichard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer was a German physician and bacteriologist.Pfeiffer was born in Zduny, Province of Posen, and died in Bad Landeck....
) - 1896 – An antibacterial, heat-labile serum component (complementComplement systemThe complement system helps or “complements” the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism. It is part of the immune system called the innate immune system that is not adaptable and does not change over the course of an individual's lifetime...
) is described (Jules BordetJules BordetJules Jean Baptiste Vincent Bordet was a Belgian immunologist and microbiologist. The bacterial genus Bordetella is named after him.-Biography:Bordet was born at Soignies, Belgium...
) - 1900 – AntibodyAntibodyAn antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target, termed an antigen...
formation theory (Paul EhrlichPaul EhrlichPaul Ehrlich was a German scientist in the fields of hematology, immunology, and chemotherapy, and Nobel laureate. He is noted for curing syphilis and for his research in autoimmunity, calling it "horror autotoxicus"...
) - 1901 – blood groups (Karl LandsteinerKarl LandsteinerKarl Landsteiner , was an Austrian-born American biologist and physician of Jewish origin. He is noted for having first distinguished the main blood groups in 1900, having developed the modern system of classification of blood groups from his identification of the presence of agglutinins in the...
) - 1902 – Immediate hypersensitivity anaphylaxisAnaphylaxisAnaphylaxis is defined as "a serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death". It typically results in a number of symptoms including throat swelling, an itchy rash, and low blood pressure...
(Paul Portier) and (Charles Richet) - 1903 – Intermediate hypersensitivity, the "Arthus reaction" (Maurice Arthus)
- 1903 – Opsonization
- 1905 – "Serum sickness" allergyAllergyAn Allergy is a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system. Allergic reactions occur when a person's immune system reacts to normally harmless substances in the environment. A substance that causes a reaction is called an allergen. These reactions are acquired, predictable, and rapid...
(Clemens von PirquetClemens von PirquetClemens Peter Freiherr von Pirquet was an Austrian scientist and pediatrician best known for his contributions to the fields of bacteriology and immunology....
and (Bela SchickBéla SchickBéla Schick , was a Hungarian-born American pediatrician. He is the founder of the Schick test. Was born in Balatonboglár, Hungary, and brought up in Graz, Austria, where he attended medical school. In 1902 he joined the Medicine Faculty of the University of Viennawhere he remained until 1923...
) - 1909 – Paul EhrlichPaul EhrlichPaul Ehrlich was a German scientist in the fields of hematology, immunology, and chemotherapy, and Nobel laureate. He is noted for curing syphilis and for his research in autoimmunity, calling it "horror autotoxicus"...
proposes "immune surveillance" hypothesis of tumor recognition and eradication - 1911 – 2nd demonstration of filterable agent that caused tumors (Peyton Rous)
- 1917 – haptenHaptenA hapten is a small molecule that can elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein; the carrier may be one that also does not elicit an immune response by itself...
(Karl LandsteinerKarl LandsteinerKarl Landsteiner , was an Austrian-born American biologist and physician of Jewish origin. He is noted for having first distinguished the main blood groups in 1900, having developed the modern system of classification of blood groups from his identification of the presence of agglutinins in the...
) - 1921 – Cutaneous allergic reactions (Otto PrausnitzOtto PrausnitzOtto Carl Willy Prausnitz , also known as Carl Prausnitz-Giles, was a German physician, bacteriologist, and hygienist who developed the Prausnitz-Küstner test with Heinz Küstner. Prausnitz was a student of Richard Pfeiffer, and is considered a pioneer of bacteriology and immunology...
and Heinz KüstnerHeinz KüstnerHeinz Küstner was a German gynecologist and obstetrician who helped develop the Prausnitz-Küstner test while an assistant of Otto Prausnitz.-References:...
) - 1924 – Reticuloendothelial systemReticuloendothelial system"Reticuloendothelial system" is an older term for the mononuclear phagocyte system. The mononuclear phagocyte system consists primarily of monocytes and macrophages. The spleen is the largest unit of the mononuclear phagocyte system. The monocyte is formed in the bone marrow and transported by the...
- 1938 – AntigenAntigenAn antigen is a foreign molecule that, when introduced into the body, triggers the production of an antibody by the immune system. The immune system will then kill or neutralize the antigen that is recognized as a foreign and potentially harmful invader. These invaders can be molecules such as...
-Antibody binding hypothesis (John MarrackJohn MarrackProfessor John Richardson Marrack, DSO, MC was the Emeritus Professor of Chemical Pathology in the University of London, visiting professor to the University of Texas and known for his book Antigens and Antibodies ....
) - 1940 – Identification of the Rh antigens (Karl LandsteinerKarl LandsteinerKarl Landsteiner , was an Austrian-born American biologist and physician of Jewish origin. He is noted for having first distinguished the main blood groups in 1900, having developed the modern system of classification of blood groups from his identification of the presence of agglutinins in the...
and Alexander Weiner) - 1942 – AnaphylaxisAnaphylaxisAnaphylaxis is defined as "a serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death". It typically results in a number of symptoms including throat swelling, an itchy rash, and low blood pressure...
(Karl LandsteinerKarl LandsteinerKarl Landsteiner , was an Austrian-born American biologist and physician of Jewish origin. He is noted for having first distinguished the main blood groups in 1900, having developed the modern system of classification of blood groups from his identification of the presence of agglutinins in the...
and Merill Chase) - 1942 – AdjuvantAdjuvantAn adjuvant is a pharmacological or immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents, such as a drug or vaccine, while having few if any direct effects when given by itself...
s (Jules Freund and Katherine McDermott) - 1944 – hypothesis of allograft rejection
- 1945 – Coombs TestCoombs testCoombs test refers to two clinical blood tests used in immunohematology and immunology...
aka antiglobulin test (AGT) - 1946 – identification of mouse MHCMajor histocompatibility complexMajor histocompatibility complex is a cell surface molecule encoded by a large gene family in all vertebrates. MHC molecules mediate interactions of leukocytes, also called white blood cells , which are immune cells, with other leukocytes or body cells...
(H2) by George Snell and Peter A. Gorer - 1948 – antibody production in plasma B cellB cellB cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response . The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction...
s - 1949 – growth of polio virus in tissue culture, neutralization with immune sera, and demonstration of attenuation of neurovirulence with repetitive passage (John Enders) and (Thomas WellerThomas Huckle WellerThomas Huckle Weller was an American virologist. He, John Franklin Enders and Frederick Chapman Robbins were awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1954 for showing how to cultivate poliomyelitis viruses in a test tube, using tissue from a monkey.Weller was born and grew up in Ann...
) and (Frederick Robbins) - 1949 – immunological tolerance hypothesis
- 1951 – vaccine against yellow feverYellow feverYellow fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease. The virus is a 40 to 50 nm enveloped RNA virus with positive sense of the Flaviviridae family....
- 1953 – Graft-versus-host diseaseGraft-versus-host diseaseGraft-versus-host disease is a common complication after a stem cell transplant or bone marrow transplant from another person . Immune cells in the donated marrow or stem cells recognize the recipient as "foreign". The transplanted immune cells then attack the host's body cells...
- 1953 – immunological tolerance hypothesis
- 1957 – Clonal selection theory (Frank Macfarlane BurnetFrank Macfarlane BurnetSir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, , usually known as Macfarlane or Mac Burnet, was an Australian virologist best known for his contributions to immunology....
) - 1957 – Discovery of interferonInterferonInterferons are proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens—such as viruses, bacteria, or parasites—or tumor cells. They allow communication between cells to trigger the protective defenses of the immune system that eradicate pathogens or tumors.IFNs belong to...
by Alick Isaacs and Jean Lindenmann - 1958–1962 – Discovery of human leukocyte antigens (Jean DaussetJean DaussetJean-Baptiste-Gabriel-Joachim Dausset was a French immunologist born in Toulouse, France. He married Rose Mayoral in 1963, with whom he had two children, Henri and Irène...
and others) - 1959–1962 – Discovery of antibody structure (independently elucidated by Gerald EdelmanGerald EdelmanGerald Maurice Edelman is an American biologist who shared the 1972 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for work with Rodney Robert Porter on the immune system. Edelman's Nobel Prize-winning research concerned discovery of the structure of antibody molecules...
and Rodney Porter) - 1959 – Discovery of lymphocyteLymphocyteA lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system.Under the microscope, lymphocytes can be divided into large lymphocytes and small lymphocytes. Large granular lymphocytes include natural killer cells...
circulation (James GowansJames GowansJames Gowans DSO was an English-born sportsman who played international rugby union as a wing for Scotland and as a cricketer represented Marylebone Cricket Club.-Personal history:...
) - 1960 – Discovery of lymphocyte "blastogenic transformation" and proliferation in response to mitogenic lectins-phytohemagglutinin (PHA) (Peter Nowell)
- 1961-1962 Discovery of thymusThymusThe thymus is a specialized organ of the immune system. The thymus produces and "educates" T-lymphocytes , which are critical cells of the adaptive immune system....
involvement in cellular immunity (Jacques MillerJacques MillerJacques Francis Albert Pierre Miller AC FRS is a distinguished research scientist. He is famous for having discovered the function of the thymus and for the identification, in mammalian species of the two major subsets of lymphocytes and their function.-Early life:Miller was born on 2 April 1931,...
) - 1961- Demonstration that glucocorticoids inhibit PHA-induced lymphocyte proliferation (Peter Nowell)
- 1963 – Development of the plaque assay for the enumeration of antibody-forming cells in vitro (Niels JerneNiels Kaj JerneNiels Kaj Jerne, FRS was a Danish immunologist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984. The citation read "For theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"....
) (Albert Nordin) - 1964-1968 T and B cell cooperation in immune response
- 1965 – Discovery of the first lymphocyte mitogenic activity, "blastogenic factor" (Shinpei Kamakura) and (Louis LowensteinLouis Lowenstein (medicine)Louis Lowenstein was a medical researcher who made significant contributions in hematology and immunology.Lowenstein was born in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1908. As a child in Nashville, he was accomplished as a violinist and tennis player. He received a bachelor's degree from Vanderbilt University...
) (J. Gordon) and (L.D. MacLean) - 1965 – Discovery of "immune interferon" (gamma interferon) (E.F. Wheelock)
- 1965 – Secretory immunoglobulins
- 1967 – Identification of IgEIGEIGE was one of the largest services company buying and selling virtual currencies and accounts for MMORPG. During its peak time, it had offices in Los Angeles, China , and headquarters & customer service centre in Hong Kong. IGE was one of the main monopoly in virtual economy services, also known...
as the reaginic antibody (Kimishige IshizakaKimishige IshizakaDr is a Japanese scientist who discovered the antibody class IgE in 1966. His work has been regarded as a major breakthrough in the understanding of allergy. He was awarded the 1973 Gairdner Foundation International Award and the 2000 Japan Prize for his work in immunology. He was elected a member...
) - 1968 – Passenger leukocytes identified as significant immunogens in allograft rejection (William L. Elkins and Ronald D. Guttmann)
- 1969 – The lymphocyte cytolysis Cr51 release assay (Theodore Brunner) and (Jean-Charles Cerottini)
- 1971 – Peter Perlmann and Eva EngvallEva EngvallEva Engvall, born 1940, is one of the scientists who invented ELISA in 1971.-Vita:Dr. Engvall earned her Ph.D. from the University of Stockholm in 1975. Her postdoctoral work was done at the University of Helsinki and City of Hope National Medical Center in California, where she was subsequently...
at Stockholm UniversityStockholm UniversityStockholm University is a state university in Stockholm, Sweden. It has over 28,000 students at four faculties, making it one of the largest universities in Scandinavia. The institution is also frequently regarded as one of the top 100 universities in the world...
invented ELISAELISAEnzyme-linked immunosorbent assay , is a popular format of a "wet-lab" type analytic biochemistry assay that uses one sub-type of heterogeneous, solid-phase enzyme immunoassay to detect the presence of a substance in a liquid sample."Wet lab" analytic biochemistry assays involves detection of an... - 1972 – Structure of the antibody molecule
- 1973 – Dendritic CellDendritic cellDendritic cells are immune cells forming part of the mammalian immune system. Their main function is to process antigen material and present it on the surface to other cells of the immune system. That is, dendritic cells function as antigen-presenting cells...
s first described by Ralph M. SteinmanRalph M. SteinmanRalph Marvin Steinman was a Canadian immunologist and cell biologist at Rockefeller University, who in 1973 coined the term dendritic cells while working as a postdoc in the lab of Zanvil A. Cohn, also at Rockefeller University.... - 1974 – T-cell restriction to major histocompatibility complexMHC-Biology:*Myosin heavy chain - part of the motor protein myosin's quaternary protein structure*Major histocompatibility complex - a highly polymorphic region on chromosome 6 with genes particularly involved in immune functions-Colleges:...
(Rolf Zinkernagel and (Peter C. Doherty) - 1975 – Generation of the first monoclonal antibodiesMonoclonal antibodiesMonoclonal antibodies are monospecific antibodies that are the same because they are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell....
(Georges Köhler) and (César MilsteinCésar MilsteinCésar Milstein FRS was an Argentine biochemist in the field of antibody research. Milstein shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984 with Niels K. Jerne and Georges Köhler.-Biography:...
) - 1976 – Identification of somatic recombination of immunoglobulin genes (Susumu TonegawaSusumu TonegawaSusumu Tonegawa is a Japanese scientist who won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1987 for his discovery of the genetic mechanism that produces antibody diversity. Although he won the Nobel Prize for his work in immunology, Tonegawa is a molecular biologist by training...
) - 1979 – Generation of the first monoclonal T cells (Kendall A. Smith)
- 1980-1983 – Discovery and characterization of the first interleukins, 1 and 2 IL-1IL-1IL-1 may refer to:* Interleukin 1, a protein* Illinois' 1st congressional district* Illinois Route 1* Building 1 of Infinite Loop , the Headquarters of Apple Inc....
IL-2 (Kendall A. Smith) - 1981 – Discovery of the IL-2 receptor IL2R (Kendall A. Smith)
- 1983 – Discovery of the T cell antigen receptor TCRT cell receptorThe T cell receptor or TCR is a molecule found on the surface of T lymphocytes that is responsible for recognizing antigens bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules...
(Ellis Reinherz) (Philippa MarrackPhilippa MarrackPhilippa "Pippa" Marrack FRS is an English biologist, based in the United States, best-known for her research into T cell development, T cell apoptosis and survival, adjuvants, autoimmune disease, and for identifying superantigens, the mechanism behind toxic shock syndrome. She collaborates with...
) and (John KapplerJohn KapplerJohn W. Kappler is a professor in the Department of Integrated Immunology at National Jewish Health. His principal research is in T cell biology, a subject he collaborates on with his wife Philippa Marrack...
) (James Allison) - 1983 – Discovery of HIVHIVHuman immunodeficiency virus is a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome , a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive...
(Luc MontagnierLuc MontagnierLuc Antoine Montagnier is a French virologist and joint recipient with Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Harald zur Hausen of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus...
) - 1984 – The first single cell analysis of lymphocyte proliferation (Doreen Cantrell) and (Kendall A. Smith)
- 1985-1987 – Identification of genes for the T cell receptor
- 1986 – Hepatitis B vaccine produced by genetic engineeringGenetic engineeringGenetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct human manipulation of an organism's genome using modern DNA technology. It involves the introduction of foreign DNA or synthetic genes into the organism of interest...
- 1986 – Th1 vs Th2 model of T helper cellT helper cellT helper cells are a sub-group of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, that play an important role in the immune system, particularly in the adaptive immune system. These cells have no cytotoxic or phagocytic activity; they cannot kill infected host cells or pathogens. Rather, they help other...
function (Timothy Mosmann) - 1988 – Discovery of biochemical initiators of T-cell activation: CD4- and CD8-p56lck complexes (Christopher E. RuddChristopher E. RuddChristopher Edward Rudd, PhD, DSc., FRCPath, FMedSci is a Canadian-born immunologist-biochemist credited with having had a major impact on the understanding of the intracellular signals that control T-cell immunity. Rudd was the first to discover that intracellular protein kinases interact with...
) - 1990 – Gene therapyGene therapyGene therapy is the insertion, alteration, or removal of genes within an individual's cells and biological tissues to treat disease. It is a technique for correcting defective genes that are responsible for disease development...
for SCIDSevere combined immunodeficiencySevere combined immunodeficiency , is a genetic disorder in which both "arms" of the adaptive immune system are impaired due to a defect in one of several possible genes. SCID is a severe form of heritable immunodeficiency... - 1991 – Role of peptide for MHC Class II structure ([Scheherazade Sadegh-Nasseri] & [Ronald N. Germain])
- 1992- Discovery of transitional B cells (David Allman & Michael Cancro)
- 1994 – 'Danger' model of immunological tolerance (Polly MatzingerPolly MatzingerPolly Celine Eveline Matzinger is an iconoclastic scientist who proposed a novel explanation of how the immune system works, called the danger model.-Early years:...
) - 1995 – Regulatory T cells (Shimon Sakaguchi)
- 1995 – First dendritic cellDendritic cellDendritic cells are immune cells forming part of the mammalian immune system. Their main function is to process antigen material and present it on the surface to other cells of the immune system. That is, dendritic cells function as antigen-presenting cells...
vaccine trial reported by Mukherji et al. - 1996-1998 – Identification of Toll-like receptorToll-like receptorToll-like receptors are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single, membrane-spanning, non-catalytic receptors that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes...
s - 2001 – Discovery of FOXP3FOXP3FOXP3 is a protein involved in immune system responses. A member of the FOX protein family, FOXP3 appears to function as a master regulator in the development and function of regulatory T cells....
– the gene directing regulatory T cellRegulatory T cellRegulatory T cells , sometimes known as suppressor T cells, are a specialized subpopulation of T cells which suppresses activation of the immune system and thereby maintains tolerance to self-antigens. The existence of regulatory T cells was the subject of significant controversy among...
development - 2005 – Development of human papillomavirusHuman papillomavirusHuman papillomavirus is a member of the papillomavirus family of viruses that is capable of infecting humans. Like all papillomaviruses, HPVs establish productive infections only in keratinocytes of the skin or mucous membranes...
vaccine (Ian FrazerIan FrazerProfessor Ian Frazer is the Director of the Diamantina Institute. He is a creator of the HPV vaccine against cervical cancer; the second cancer preventing vaccine, and the first vaccine designed to prevent a cancer. .- Education:He was born in Glasgow, Scotland...
)