Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand (1609/1610 in Escorial near
MadridMadrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. It is the third-most populous municipality in the European Union after Greater London and Berlin, and its metropolitan area is the third-most populous city by urban area in the European Union after Paris and London.The city is located on the river...
,
SpainSpain , officially the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
[The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though España , Estado español and Nación española are used interchangeably...]
- 9 November 1641 in
BrusselsBrussels , officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region , is the de facto capital city of the European Union and the largest urban area in Belgium...
) (also known as
Don Fernando de Austria and as
Ferdinand von Österreich) was
Governor of the Spanish NetherlandsThe Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands ruled the Habsburg Netherlands, as a representative of the Duke of Burgundy , the King of Spain or the Archduke of Austria , all from the house of Habsburg.- Habsburg Netherlands :...
,
Cardinal of the Holy Roman ChurchA cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official, usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. They are collectively known as the College of Cardinals, which as a body elects a new pope. The duties of the cardinals include attending the meetings of the College and making themselves available...
,
InfanteInfante or infanta , also anglicised as infant, was the title and rank given in the European kingdoms of Spain and Portugal to a son or daughter of the king, or to a grandson or granddaughter in the male line of a reigning monarch Infante (masculine) or infanta (feminine), also anglicised as...
of
SpainSpain , officially the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
[The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though España , Estado español and Nación española are used interchangeably...]
,
ArchdukeThe title of Archduke denotes a rank above Grand Duke and under King. It was rare and has uses too diverse to be given a fixed relative position within the former Holy Roman Empire to which it was restricted...
of
AustriaAustria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It borders both Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west...
, Archbishop of Toledo (1619-41), and military commander during the
Thirty Years' WarThe Thirty Years' War was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe...
.
Youth
Born at the Escorial near
MadridMadrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. It is the third-most populous municipality in the European Union after Greater London and Berlin, and its metropolitan area is the third-most populous city by urban area in the European Union after Paris and London.The city is located on the river...
,
SpainSpain , officially the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
[The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though España , Estado español and Nación española are used interchangeably...]
in 1609
1, he was the son of the King of Spain,
Philip IIIPhilip III was the King of Spain and King of Portugal and the Algarves, where he ruled as Philip II of Portugal , from 1598 until his death. His chief minister was the Duke of Lerma...
and Margaret of Austria, sister of
Emperor Ferdinand IIFerdinand II , of the House of Habsburg, Holy Roman Emperor , King of Bohemia , King of Hungary .-Life:...
. His older siblings were King
Philip IVPhilip IV was King of Spain between 1621 and 1665, sovereign of the Spanish Netherlands, and King of Portugal until 1640. On the eve of his death in 1665, the Spanish empire reached its territorial zenith spanning almost 3 billion acres...
and
Anne of AustriaAnne of Austria was Queen Consort of France and Navarre and regent for her son, Louis XIV of France. During her regency Cardinal Mazarin served as France's chief minister...
, Queen Consort of France.
As his father wished that he make an ecclesistical career, Ferdinand was elevated to the Primacy of Spain in 1619, becoming Archbishop of Toledo. Shortly afterwards he was created
CardinalA cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official, usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. They are collectively known as the College of Cardinals, which as a body elects a new pope. The duties of the cardinals include attending the meetings of the College and making themselves available...
. The style Cardinal-Infante was a combination of his dignity as Cardinal and his station as a royal Prince (
InfanteInfante or infanta , also anglicised as infant, was the title and rank given in the European kingdoms of Spain and Portugal to a son or daughter of the king, or to a grandson or granddaughter in the male line of a reigning monarch Infante (masculine) or infanta (feminine), also anglicised as...
in Spanish) of Spain. Ferdinand was never actually ordained a
PriestA priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites; in particular, rites of sacrifice to, and propitiation of, a deity or deities. Their office or position is the priesthood, a term which may also apply to such persons collectively.Priests and priestesses...
, not unusual for royalty and members of the aristocracy, but nevertheless received clerical benefices carrying huge incomes along with them.
Events leading to the Battle of Nördlingen
In 1630 the Cardinal Infante's aunt Isabella Clara Eugenia planned to make him her successor as governor of the Spanish Netherlands. To move to the Netherlands in a style befitting to a governor, a strong army had to accompany him. Travel by ship from Spain was not an option, due to heavy risk of battle with the Dutch navy, regarded as unacceptable to bear up by a royal person. Therefore he went to
GenoaGenoa is a city and an important seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria. The city has a population of about 610,000 and the urban area has a population of about 900,000...
in 1633, so quitting his Governorship of
CataloniaCatalonia is an Autonomous Community in northeast Spain. The capital city is Barcelona.Catalonia covers an area of 32,114 km² and has an official population of 7,364,078. It borders France and Andorra to the north, Aragon to the west, the Valencian Community to the south, and the...
where he was duly trained, to meet with an army from Milan for a planned march through the famous Spanish Way across
LombardyLombardy is one of the 20 regions of Italy. The capital is Milan. One-sixth of Italy's population lives in Lombardy and about one fifth of Italy's GDP is produced in this region...
,
TyrolThe Princely County of Tyrol was an independent county within the Holy Roman Empire, and later a Kronland of Cisleithanian Austria. Today its territory is divided between the Italian region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and the Austrian state of Tyrol...
, and
SwabiaSwabia, Suabia, or Svebia is both a historic and linguistic region in Germany. Swabia consists of much of the present-day state of Baden-Württemberg , as well as the Bavarian administrative region of Swabia...
, and then following the
RhineThe Rhine is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe, at , with an average discharge of more than ....
to the Netherlands. Ferdinand also planned to secure this supply route with a string of garrisons, and to support the army of King
Ferdinand of HungaryFerdinand IV was King of the Romans, King of Hungary, and King of Bohemia.He was born in Vienna, the eldest son of Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor and his first wife Maria Ana of Spain...
, his brother-in-law the emperor's son and heir, who was leading the Imperial army facing the Swedes in the Thirty Years' War. Since disease delayed his travels, he sent half of his army ahead under the command of the
Duke of FeriaGomez Suarez de Figueroa y Córdoba , was a Spanish nobleman, diplomat and army commander from the 17th century.He was the son of Lorenzo IV Suárez de Figueroa y Córdoba, third Duke of Feria and second Marquis of Villalba . His mother was his father's third wife.Don Gomez was known as the Gran Duque...
. However, this army was severely depleted during fighting with the Swedish army of
Bernhard of Saxe-WeimarBernard of Saxe-Weimar was a German prince and general in the Thirty Years' War.-Biography:Born in Weimar within the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar, Bernard was the eleventh son of Johann, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, and Dorothea Maria of Anhalt.Bernard received an unusually good education and studied at the...
and Gustaf Horn. The Spanish requested 4000 cavalry from the Imperial general
Albrecht von Wallenstein,a Bohemian soldier and politician, gave his services during the Danish period of the Thirty Years' War to the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II...
, but since Wallenstein declined the request the Spanish had to fund the troops on their own. The Cardinal-Infante was able to continue his travels in 1634, collecting in
BavariaBavaria , with an area of and almost 12.5 million inhabitants, is located in the southeast of Germany and is the largest state of Germany by area, forming almost 20% of the total land area of Germany...
the remains of the army of Gómez Suárez, who had died in January 1634.
Battle of Nördlingen
Meanwhile, Ferdinand of Hungary was able to defeat the Swedish army at
RegensburgRegensburg is a city in Bavaria, Germany, located at the confluence of the Danube and Regen rivers, at the northernmost bend in the Danube. To the east lies the Bavarian Forest. Regensburg is the capital of the Bavarian administrative region Upper Palatinate...
in July 1634. This Ferdinand and his cousin the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand then raced to merge their armies. The Swedish forces of Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar and Gustaf Horn desperately tried to prevent this merger, but were unable to catch up with Ferdinand of Hungary. The Cardinal-Infante crossed the
DanubeThe Danube is the longest river in the European Union and Europe's second longest river after the Volga.The river originates in the Black Forest in Germany as the much smaller Brigach and Breg rivers which join at the German town Donaueschingen, after which it is known as the Danube and flows...
in August 1634. In September both armies were able to merge, and camped south of
NördlingenNördlingen is a town in the Donau-Ries district, in Bavaria, Germany, with a population of 20,000. It is located in the middle of a giant meteorite crater, called the Nördlinger Ries. The town was also the place of two battles during the Thirty Years' War...
in
SwabiaSwabia, Suabia, or Svebia is both a historic and linguistic region in Germany. Swabia consists of much of the present-day state of Baden-Württemberg , as well as the Bavarian administrative region of Swabia...
. At that time Nördlingen was protected by a small Swedish garrison. Shortly thereafter, the armies of Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar and Gustaf Horn also reached Nördlingen, preparing the events for the decisive
Battle of NördlingenThe Battle of Nördlingen was fought on 27 August or 6 September , 1634 during the Thirty Years' War...
. Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand and his nephew
FerdinandFerdinand III was Holy Roman Emperor 15 February 1637 – 1657. King of Hungary, King of Bohemia, Archduke of Austria, King of the Romans.-Life:...
then prepared for battle, ignoring the advice of the more experienced generals, such as the Imperial general
Matthias Gallas Gallas redirects here. For the African ethnic group, see Oromo people. For the French footballer, see William Gallas.Matthias Gallas, Graf von Campo und Herzog von Lucera Gallas redirects here. For the African ethnic group, see Oromo people. For the French footballer, see William Gallas.Matthias...
. Bernhard and Horn also prepared for battle, but they were by now rivals and in disagreement with each other. They also underestimated the numerically superior enemy forces, due to incorrect reports that did not realize the Spanish Army of the late Duke of Feria had joined the Cardinal-Infante and believed that the enemy forces numbered only 7,000, not 21,000 infantry, compared to 16,000 Swedish infantry. During the battle, almost anything that could go wrong went wrong for the Swedish forces, due to the strong defensive efforts of the Spanish Infantry (the most feared
Tercios Viejos, mainly those commanded by Fuenclara, Idiáquez and Toralto) after pushing back fifteen Swedish assaults against Blue and Yellow Horn regiments on the hill of Albuch they protected, so the two Ferdinands achieved an outstanding military victory. Gustaf Horn was captured, the Swedish army was destroyed, and the remainder that fled to
HeilbronnHeilbronn is a city in northern Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is completely surrounded by Heilbronn County and with approximately 121.989 residents, it is the sixth-largest city in the state....
was only a shadow of the former glorious army. As a whole this battle proved that the deployment improvements deviced by Maurice of Orange and the late Swedish King did not match yet the old Tercio when Spanish troops were engaged in the fighting.
The Spanish Netherlands
The King of Hungary tried to convince his cousin to stay and to strengthen their hold on
GermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
, but the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand moved his troops almost immediately after the battle to continue to
BrusselsBrussels , officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region , is the de facto capital city of the European Union and the largest urban area in Belgium...
. At the end of 1634 he entered Brussels with all the glory befitting a Governor-General. Due to the unpopularity of the clergy in Brussels, he downplayed his religious status and instead emphasized his worldly ranks. Ferdinand was a skilled politician and diplomat, and quickly reformed the government and the military. He especially managed to win the support of the Flemings against
FranceFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
.
However, his powers were secretly limited, and the leader of his army was instructed to follow Spanish orders instead of Ferdinand's orders if necessary. In 1635 the French attacked
NamurNamur is a city and municipality in Wallonia, in southern Belgium. It is both the capital of the province of Namur and of Wallonia....
, planning to merge with the Dutch near
MaastrichtMaastricht is a city and a municipality in the southern part of the Dutch province of Limburg, of which it is the capital. The city is situated on both sides of the Meuse river in the south-eastern part of the Netherlands, on the Belgian border and near the German border...
. However, the Dutch hesitated, and the French retreated. Ferdinand subsequently was able to capture
DiestDiest is a city and municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.Situated in the northeast of Hageland province, Diest is bordered in the north by province of Antwerp and in the east by Limburg. The municipality comprises the city of Diest proper and the towns of Deurne,...
,
GochGoch is a town in the district of Kleve, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated near the border with the Netherlands, approx. 12 km south of Kleve, and 27 km southeast of Nijmegen.- Cultural ties :...
,
GennepGennep is a municipality and a city in the southeastern Netherlands.- Population centres :Aaldonk, Dam, De Looi, Diekendaal, Gennep, Heijen, Hekkens, Milsbeek, Ottersum, Smele, Ven-Zelderheide and Zelder.- The city of Gennep :...
,
LimbourgLimbourg is a medieval city located in the province of Liège, Wallonia, Belgium. On July 1 2006 Limbourg had a total population of 5,669. The total area is 24.63 km² which gives a population density of 230 inhabitants per km².Limbourg is located on top of a hill which in its turn is surrounded by...
, and
SchenkSchenk is a common German surname. It can refer to:* Several members of the Stauffenberg family* Lynn Schenk* Christian Schenk* Otto Schenk* Ard Schenk* Karl SchenkAlso see: Schenck, Shenk, Shank...
.
In 1636 Ferdinand disempowered the last Protestant priests in the Spanish Netherlands, and continued his military expansion by capturing
HirsonHirson is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardie in northern France. It is a few miles south of the border with Belgium, and was in the past an important strategic position due to being near the intersection of several railway lines....
,
Le CateletLe Catelet is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardie in northern France.-References:*...
, and
La CapelleLa Capelle is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardie in northern France.-References:*...
, and securing
LuxembourgLuxembourg , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , is a small, landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany...
using the usual mixed nationalities of a Modern Age Army that included then
CroatiaCroatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a country in southeast Europe, at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean Sea. Its capital is Zagreb...
n troops, and reaching as far a stronghold in France as
CorbieCorbie is a commune of the Somme department in Picardie in northern France.-Geography:The small town is situated up river from Amiens, in the département of Somme and is the main town of the canton of Corbie. It lies in the valley of the River Somme, at the confluence of the River Ancre. The town...
, threatening Paris.
Fall from Grace
On October 10, 1637, however, Breda was recaptured again after a 10 month siege by the
Prince of OrangeFrederick Henry, or Frederik Hendrik in Dutch , was the sovereign Prince of Orange and stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel from 1625 to 1647.-Early life:...
after being under Spanish control for 12 years. Despite repeated attempts the Cardinal-Infante was unable to recapture this critical fortress, strengthening not only the Dutch but also his enemies at the Spanish court in Madrid. Ferdinand also lost
La CapelleLa Capelle is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardie in northern France.-References:*...
,
LandreciesLandrecies is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.-See also:*Communes of the Nord departmentIt is the birth place of Joseph Francois Dupleix , well known as the conqueror of India for the King Louix IV , king of France.-References:*...
, and
Damvillers Damvillers is a commune in the Meuse department in Lorraine in north-eastern France....
to the French, and was not only unable to capture
MaubeugeMaubeuge is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.It is situated on both banks of the Sambre , east of Valenciennes and about from the Belgian border.-History:...
but also lost significant ground to the French in the process. While Ferdinand was able to capture
Antwerp||-||-||-||}Antwerp is a city and municipality in Belgium and the capital of the Antwerp province in Flanders, one of Belgium's three regions. Antwerp's total population is 472,071 and its total area is , giving a population density of 2,308 inhabitants per km²...
,
ChâtillonChâtillon is a common place name in French-speaking countries, and may refer to:*Châtillon , e.g...
, and
GeldernGeldern is a city in the northwest of the federal state North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is part of the district of Cleves, which is part of the Düsseldorfadministrative region.-Location:...
in subsequent years, he lost the important town of
ArrasArras is the capital of the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France. The historic centre of the Artois region, its local speech is characterized as a Picard dialect...
in 1640.
More dangerous than his military enemies were, however, his enemies at the Spanish court. Numerous rumors and lies floated about, and it was claimed that Ferdinand was planning to become an independent ruler of the Spanish Netherlands with the help of the French King, an enemy of Spain. This rumor was enhanced by another rumor that the French court was planning to marry Ferdinand to Anne Marie of Montpensier, the (eldest) daughter of
Gaston, Duke of OrleansGaston Jean-Baptiste de France, duc d'Orléans, , was the third son of the king of France Henry IV and of his wife Marie de' Medici.As a son of the king, he was a Fils de France...
, the French king's brother. Both claims were totally without merit and only designed to hurt his reputation.
At the same time, the Spanish empire was in a bad state both military and financially. The Cardinal-Infante was even giving conflicting orders to send troops to Spain to aid against a
PortuguesePortugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east...
uprising.
Ferdinand fell ill during battles in 1641, and died on 9 November 1641 in
BrusselsBrussels , officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region , is the de facto capital city of the European Union and the largest urban area in Belgium...
at age 32. It is believed that the death was caused by exhaustion combined with ill health. Reports talk about a
stomach ulcerA peptic ulcer, also known as ulcus pepticum, PUD or peptic ulcer disease, is an ulcer of an area of the gastrointestinal tract that is usually acidic and thus extremely painful...
, but rumors also claimed that he was
poisonIn the context of biology, poisons are substances that can cause disturbances to organisms, usually by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when a sufficient quantity is absorbed by an organism...
ed. Before his death he had an illegitimate daughter, Marie Anne de la Croix, born in Brussels in 1641 and died a
nunA Nun, or also known as a Sister in some cases, is a woman who has taken special vows committing her to a religious life. She may be an ascetic who voluntarily chooses to leave mainstream society and live her life in prayer and contemplation in a monastery or convent...
in Madrid in 1715.
His body was brought to Spain in 1643, and 12,000
requiemThe Requiem or Requiem Mass, also known as the Missa pro defunctis or Missa defunctorum , is a liturgical service of the Roman Catholic Church celebrated by the priest presider for the repose of the soul of a particular deceased person or persons...
s were performed in accordance with his last wishes.
Disputes about his successor as the Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands destroyed the alliance between the Emperor in
ViennaVienna is the capital of the Republic of Austria and also one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 10th largest city by...
and the Spanish in Madrid. The Emperor (by now the Cardinal-Infante's old comrade in arms, Ferdinand III) favored his brother
Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of AustriaArchduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria , was a military commander, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands from 1647 to 1656, and a patron of the arts...
, a militarily unfortunate but otherwise capable leader. Madrid favored
John of Austria the YoungerJohn of Austria was a Spanish general and political figure. He was the only natural son of Philip IV of Spain to be acknowledged by the King and trained for military command and political administration...
, the twelve year old illegitimate son of
Philip IVPhilip IV was King of Spain between 1621 and 1665, sovereign of the Spanish Netherlands, and King of Portugal until 1640. On the eve of his death in 1665, the Spanish empire reached its territorial zenith spanning almost 3 billion acres...
and the actress María Calderón. The
inaugurationAn inauguration is a formal ceremony to mark the beginning of a leader's term of office. An example is the ceremony in which the president of the United States officially takes the oath of office....
of the unpopular bastard was delayed, and Spain lost control of much of the Spanish Netherlands in the following years due to the incompetent rule of the interim governor Francisco de Mello, Marquis of Terceira.
Ancestors
Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand's ancestors in three generations
| Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand |
Father:
Philip III of SpainPhilip III was the King of Spain and King of Portugal and the Algarves, where he ruled as Philip II of Portugal , from 1598 until his death. His chief minister was the Duke of Lerma...
|
Father's father:
Philip II of SpainPhilip II was King of Spain and Portugal, Naples, Sicily, and, during his wife Mary Tudor's reign, King of England and Ireland...
|
Father's father's father:
Charles V, Holy Roman EmperorCharles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I of Spain, of the Spanish realms from 1516 until his abdication in 1556...
|
Father's father's mother:
Isabella of PortugalIsabella of Portugal was the daughter of Manuel I of Portugal and Maria of Aragon. By her marriage to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Isabella was also Holy Roman Empress and Queen consort of Aragon and Castile....
|
Father's mother:
Anna of AustriaAnna of Austria , was Queen consort of Spain and Portugal.She was the first daughter of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria of Spain...
|
Father's mother's father:
Maximilian II, Holy Roman EmperorMaximilian II was king of Bohemia from 1562, king of Hungary from 1563, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 1564 and king of the Romans until his death. He was a member of the House of Habsburg.-Biography:...
|
Father's mother's mother:
Maria of SpainMaria of Spain was the first daughter of Charles V and Isabella of Portugal. She was Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia as the wife of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor...
|
Mother:
Margaret of Austria |
Mother's father:
Charles II, Archduke of AustriaCharles II Francis of Austria, was an Archduke of Austria and ruler of Inner Austria from the House of Habsburg from 1564.-Life:...
|
Mother's father's father:
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman EmperorFerdinand I was a Central European monarch from the House of Habsburg. He was Holy Roman Emperor from 1558, King of Bohemia and Hungary from 1526. He ruled the Austrian hereditary lands of the Habsburgs most of his public life, at the behest of his elder brother, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and...
|
Mother's father's mother:
Anna of Bohemia and HungaryAnna of Bohemia and Hungary, also sometimes known as Anna Jagellonica was, by marriage to Ferdinand I, King of the Romans and later Holy Roman Emperor, Queen of the Romans.-Family:She was the elder child and only daughter of king Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary and his third...
|
Mother's mother:
Maria Anna of BavariaMaria Anna of Bavaria was the daughter of Albert V, Duke of Bavaria and Anna of Austria .-Family:...
|
Mother's mother's father:
Albert V, Duke of BavariaAlbert V, Duke of Bavaria , , was Duke of Bavaria from 1550 until his death. He was born in Munich to William IV and Marie Jacobaea of Baden.-Early life:...
|
Mother's mother's mother:
Anna of AustriaAnna of Austria was the daughter of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and his wife Anna of Bohemia and Hungary .- Family :Anna was the third of fifteen children...
|
External links