Uokil
Encyclopedia
Uokil is one of Yuezhi
tribes, defeated and displaced by the Hun's expansion in the 2nd century BC. Uokil may have been one of the two Yuezhi
dynastic tribes. Traces of ethnonym "Uokil" are found in the East Mongolia
and Manchuria
territories in the Syanbi
(Ch. 鲜卑 Xianbei
), ancient Turkic, and Mongolian time.
Before the end of the 4th century BCE, the Yuezhi
country (Chinese ngiw.at-tie) extended west from the northern bend of the Yellow River
. At the very end of the 3rd century BCE, the Huns
subjugated the northern states Hunüy, Tsüyshe, Dinlin, Gegun-Yenisei Kyrgyzes and Sinli-Sirs . Later, they conquered the Utsze/Augal state. The ancient Chinese
transcription Hutsze (Utsze) reflect the original ethnonym Uokil. The first and initial point of Uokil migration to the west was the territory of E. Baikal
and Big Khingan
slopes. Later, Uokils united with a Nan Shan branch of Yuezhi
in their movement, initially to the Aral
area, and then on to Bactria
and Sogdiana
. Probably, Uokils (Augals) participated in the storm of Bactria
and Sogdiana
, together with Asians, Tochars
and Sakaraukas .
The Chinese dynastic chronicle Hanshu, describing the events of 49 BCE, tells that the Hun shanyu Chjichji
, in his western campaign, defeated a "small Hunnish state Hutsze in the north". In the 1st century BC Hanshu recorded that the Uokils lived in the Baikal
area, next to the Dingling
. That was Uokil's refuge after evacuating from the area west from the northern bend of Yellow River, where they had an independent kingdom prior to their defeat by the Huns in the middle of the 2nd century BCE. In the Baikal
area, Uokils reorganized and temporarily again gained independence from the Huns
, until the campaign of the Chjichji shanyu .
The defeat of Yuezhi
by the Huns
in the 172-164 BCE forced a migration of a significant part of the eastern Yuezhi from the Central Asia
to the Middle Asia
. The Yuezhi migration was not limited to the "storm" of Greco-Bactria, a main part of Yuezhi remained in the newly found lands, including the basin of the Syr-Darya and the Aral Sea
area. In the 2nd century CE, at least three hundred years after the beginning of their migration, Ptolemy
(VI, 12, 4) wrote about the Lower Syr-Darya:" ...near a section of Amu Darya
in the north live Yati and Tocharians
, below which live Augals". The Greek called Uokils "Augals" .
In the Early Middle Ages, a Uokil clan was known as a dynastic clan that gave Danube Bulgaria
four monarchs listed in the Namelist of Bulgarian Rulers (Nominalia). The Uokil clan was one of the dynastic clans whose ancestors "ruled on that side of Danube for 515 years with shaven heads" . The first Bulgarian supreme Khan of the Uokil lineage listed in Nominalia is Kormisosh (r. 737–754), the last Umor (r. 766). The other dynastic clans of the Bulgarians were the Dulo
clan of Attila, and Ermi
clan of Kubrat
(Kurbat
) maternal uncle Organa
, the Gostun (custodian) of the Nominalia. In the Middle Asia, the ethnonym Uokil left its trace in a name of a hero
Vekil in the Oguz
epos "Kitab-i dedem Korkut"
.
At the same time during the Early Middle Ages
, the Uokil tribal division of Oghuz Turks
, known at that time as Tokuz Oguzes (Nine Oguzes, or Tribes), was another part of the "Utsze"-"Augals" Tocharian
successors. In the Chinese sources the Uokil were known in rendition sitsze (γiei-kiet < Igil), in the middle of the 7th century they were located on the northern bank of the river Kheglench, i.e. Cloud Wagon of Keglen River . The text of the Uigur
Eletmish-Kagan
(d. 759) funeral monument referred to the "Igil people", using determinative qara
- "blackness" (qara igil bodun, in the Mogoin Shine Usu monument, line 14). The identification qara bodun - "black folk" is pointing that the Middle Asian Uokil tribesmen of that time adopted the Manichaean creed . A century later, the Middle Asian Uokil tribe is mentioned in the 9th century Uiguro-Tibetan road guide as a tribe led by a strong leader Hi-kil-rkor-hir-kin (Igil kül-irkin), located next to another Yuezhi
successor "Hi-dog-kas" tribe of Iduq-qash, a "sacred white jasper" of the Yuezhi "Jasper clan" Uti .
Yuezhi
The Yuezhi, or Rouzhi , also known as the Da Yuezhi or Da Rouzhi , were an ancient Central Asian people....
tribes, defeated and displaced by the Hun's expansion in the 2nd century BC. Uokil may have been one of the two Yuezhi
Yuezhi
The Yuezhi, or Rouzhi , also known as the Da Yuezhi or Da Rouzhi , were an ancient Central Asian people....
dynastic tribes. Traces of ethnonym "Uokil" are found in the East Mongolia
Mongolia
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest...
and Manchuria
Manchuria
Manchuria is a historical name given to a large geographic region in northeast Asia. Depending on the definition of its extent, Manchuria usually falls entirely within the People's Republic of China, or is sometimes divided between China and Russia. The region is commonly referred to as Northeast...
territories in the Syanbi
Xianbei
The Xianbei were a significant Mongolic nomadic people residing in Manchuria, Inner Mongolia and eastern Mongolia. The title “Khan” was first used among the Xianbei.-Origins:...
(Ch. 鲜卑 Xianbei
Xianbei
The Xianbei were a significant Mongolic nomadic people residing in Manchuria, Inner Mongolia and eastern Mongolia. The title “Khan” was first used among the Xianbei.-Origins:...
), ancient Turkic, and Mongolian time.
Before the end of the 4th century BCE, the Yuezhi
Yuezhi
The Yuezhi, or Rouzhi , also known as the Da Yuezhi or Da Rouzhi , were an ancient Central Asian people....
country (Chinese ngiw.at-tie) extended west from the northern bend of the Yellow River
Yellow River
The Yellow River or Huang He, formerly known as the Hwang Ho, is the second-longest river in China and the sixth-longest in the world at the estimated length of . Originating in the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai Province in western China, it flows through nine provinces of China and empties into...
. At the very end of the 3rd century BCE, the Huns
Huns
The Huns were a group of nomadic people who, appearing from east of the Volga River, migrated into Europe c. AD 370 and established the vast Hunnic Empire there. Since de Guignes linked them with the Xiongnu, who had been northern neighbours of China 300 years prior to the emergence of the Huns,...
subjugated the northern states Hunüy, Tsüyshe, Dinlin, Gegun-Yenisei Kyrgyzes and Sinli-Sirs . Later, they conquered the Utsze/Augal state. The ancient Chinese
Chinese language
The Chinese language is a language or language family consisting of varieties which are mutually intelligible to varying degrees. Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China, it forms one of the branches of Sino-Tibetan family of languages...
transcription Hutsze (Utsze) reflect the original ethnonym Uokil. The first and initial point of Uokil migration to the west was the territory of E. Baikal
Baikal
Baykal commonly refers to Lake Baikal in southern Siberia, Russia.Baykal or Baikal may also refer to:-Russia:*Baykal, Irkutsk Oblast, an urban-type settlement*Baykal, Aurgazinsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village...
and Big Khingan
Khingan
Khingan may refer to:*Greater Khingan, volcanic mountain range in Inner Mongolia, China*Lesser Khingan, mountain range in the northeastern section of Heilongjiang, China...
slopes. Later, Uokils united with a Nan Shan branch of Yuezhi
Yuezhi
The Yuezhi, or Rouzhi , also known as the Da Yuezhi or Da Rouzhi , were an ancient Central Asian people....
in their movement, initially to the Aral
Aral
Aral, also known as Aralsk or Aral'sk, is a small city in south-western Kazakhstan, located in the oblast of Kyzylorda. It serves as the administrative center of Aral District. Population roughly 39,000...
area, and then on to Bactria
Bactria
Bactria and also appears in the Zend Avesta as Bukhdi. It is the ancient name of a historical region located between south of the Amu Darya and west of the Indus River...
and Sogdiana
Sogdiana
Sogdiana or Sogdia was the ancient civilization of an Iranian people and a province of the Achaemenid Empire, eighteenth in the list on the Behistun Inscription of Darius the Great . Sogdiana is "listed" as the second of the "good lands and countries" that Ahura Mazda created...
. Probably, Uokils (Augals) participated in the storm of Bactria
Bactria
Bactria and also appears in the Zend Avesta as Bukhdi. It is the ancient name of a historical region located between south of the Amu Darya and west of the Indus River...
and Sogdiana
Sogdiana
Sogdiana or Sogdia was the ancient civilization of an Iranian people and a province of the Achaemenid Empire, eighteenth in the list on the Behistun Inscription of Darius the Great . Sogdiana is "listed" as the second of the "good lands and countries" that Ahura Mazda created...
, together with Asians, Tochars
Tocharians
The Tocharians were the Tocharian-speaking inhabitants of the Tarim Basin, making them the easternmost speakers of Indo-European languages in antiquity. They were known as, or at least closely related to, the Yuezhi of Chinese sources...
and Sakaraukas .
The Chinese dynastic chronicle Hanshu, describing the events of 49 BCE, tells that the Hun shanyu Chjichji
Zhizhi Chanyu
Zhizhi Chanyu was a Chanyu of the Xiongnu at the time of the first Xiongnu civil war, who held the north and west in contention with his younger brother Huhanye who held the south. His original name in Chinese transcription was Luanti Hutuwusi, i.e...
, in his western campaign, defeated a "small Hunnish state Hutsze in the north". In the 1st century BC Hanshu recorded that the Uokils lived in the Baikal
Baikal
Baykal commonly refers to Lake Baikal in southern Siberia, Russia.Baykal or Baikal may also refer to:-Russia:*Baykal, Irkutsk Oblast, an urban-type settlement*Baykal, Aurgazinsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village...
area, next to the Dingling
Dingling
The Dingling were an ancient Siberian people. They originally lived on the bank of the Lena River in the area west of Lake Baikal, gradually moving southward to Mongolia and northern China...
. That was Uokil's refuge after evacuating from the area west from the northern bend of Yellow River, where they had an independent kingdom prior to their defeat by the Huns in the middle of the 2nd century BCE. In the Baikal
Baikal
Baykal commonly refers to Lake Baikal in southern Siberia, Russia.Baykal or Baikal may also refer to:-Russia:*Baykal, Irkutsk Oblast, an urban-type settlement*Baykal, Aurgazinsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village...
area, Uokils reorganized and temporarily again gained independence from the Huns
Huns
The Huns were a group of nomadic people who, appearing from east of the Volga River, migrated into Europe c. AD 370 and established the vast Hunnic Empire there. Since de Guignes linked them with the Xiongnu, who had been northern neighbours of China 300 years prior to the emergence of the Huns,...
, until the campaign of the Chjichji shanyu .
The defeat of Yuezhi
Yuezhi
The Yuezhi, or Rouzhi , also known as the Da Yuezhi or Da Rouzhi , were an ancient Central Asian people....
by the Huns
Huns
The Huns were a group of nomadic people who, appearing from east of the Volga River, migrated into Europe c. AD 370 and established the vast Hunnic Empire there. Since de Guignes linked them with the Xiongnu, who had been northern neighbours of China 300 years prior to the emergence of the Huns,...
in the 172-164 BCE forced a migration of a significant part of the eastern Yuezhi from the Central Asia
Central Asia
Central Asia is a core region of the Asian continent from the Caspian Sea in the west, China in the east, Afghanistan in the south, and Russia in the north...
to the Middle Asia
Middle Asia
Middle Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west, to Mongolia in the east, Afghanistan in the south, and Russia in the north. The geographical term has appeared sometime prior to the 20th century in the Russian Empire and was closely associated with the Russian Turkestan and the...
. The Yuezhi migration was not limited to the "storm" of Greco-Bactria, a main part of Yuezhi remained in the newly found lands, including the basin of the Syr-Darya and the Aral Sea
Aral Sea
The Aral Sea was a lake that lay between Kazakhstan in the north and Karakalpakstan, an autonomous region of Uzbekistan, in the south...
area. In the 2nd century CE, at least three hundred years after the beginning of their migration, Ptolemy
Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy , was a Roman citizen of Egypt who wrote in Greek. He was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in Egypt under Roman rule, and is believed to have been born in the town of Ptolemais Hermiou in the...
(VI, 12, 4) wrote about the Lower Syr-Darya:" ...near a section of Amu Darya
Amu Darya
The Amu Darya , also called Oxus and Amu River, is a major river in Central Asia. It is formed by the junction of the Vakhsh and Panj rivers...
in the north live Yati and Tocharians
Tocharians
The Tocharians were the Tocharian-speaking inhabitants of the Tarim Basin, making them the easternmost speakers of Indo-European languages in antiquity. They were known as, or at least closely related to, the Yuezhi of Chinese sources...
, below which live Augals". The Greek called Uokils "Augals" .
In the Early Middle Ages, a Uokil clan was known as a dynastic clan that gave Danube Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east...
four monarchs listed in the Namelist of Bulgarian Rulers (Nominalia). The Uokil clan was one of the dynastic clans whose ancestors "ruled on that side of Danube for 515 years with shaven heads" . The first Bulgarian supreme Khan of the Uokil lineage listed in Nominalia is Kormisosh (r. 737–754), the last Umor (r. 766). The other dynastic clans of the Bulgarians were the Dulo
Dulo
Dulo may refer to:#The Dulo clan or House of Dulo, from which descended the earliest Bulgarian Dynasty;#Dulo, Mandara, the capital of the historical African state of Mandara in what is now Cameroon....
clan of Attila, and Ermi
Xionites
Xionites, Chionites, Chionitae, , Hunni Xionites, Chionites, Chionitae, (Middle Persian: Xiyon, Avestan: Xiiaona, Sogdian:xwn), Hunni Xionites, Chionites, Chionitae, (Middle Persian: Xiyon, Avestan: Xiiaona, Sogdian:xwn), Hunni (Pahlavi:Huna, Yun or Xūn (獯), were a nomadic tribe prominent in...
clan of Kubrat
Kubrat
Kubrat or Kurt was a Bulgar ruler credited with establishing the confederation of Old Great Bulgaria in 632. He is said to have achieved this by conquering the Avars and uniting all the Bulgar tribes under one rule....
(Kurbat
Kubrat
Kubrat or Kurt was a Bulgar ruler credited with establishing the confederation of Old Great Bulgaria in 632. He is said to have achieved this by conquering the Avars and uniting all the Bulgar tribes under one rule....
) maternal uncle Organa
Organa
Organa was Kubrat's maternal uncle of the Ermy clan. According to John of Nikiu, he was regent over the tribe of the Onogur Bulgars from 617 to 630 in place of his nephew, Kubrat, for the time Kubrat was growing up as a hostage in the Byzantine Empire and there is information that Organa...
, the Gostun (custodian) of the Nominalia. In the Middle Asia, the ethnonym Uokil left its trace in a name of a hero
Hero
A hero , in Greek mythology and folklore, was originally a demigod, their cult being one of the most distinctive features of ancient Greek religion...
Vekil in the Oguz
Oguz
Oghuz is a rayon of Azerbaijan. The population of the region consisted of Azerbaijanis....
epos "Kitab-i dedem Korkut"
Book of Dede Korkut
The Book of Dede Korkut, also spelled as Dada Gorgud, Dede Qorqut or Korkut-ata , is the most famous epic stories of the Oghuz Turks The stories carry morals and values significant to the social lifestyle of the nomadic Turks and their pre-Islamic beliefs...
.
At the same time during the Early Middle Ages
Middle Ages
The Middle Ages is a periodization of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century. The Middle Ages follows the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and precedes the Early Modern Era. It is the middle period of a three-period division of Western history: Classic, Medieval and Modern...
, the Uokil tribal division of Oghuz Turks
Oghuz Turks
The Turkomen also known as Oghuz Turks were a historical Turkic tribal confederation in Central Asia during the early medieval Turkic expansion....
, known at that time as Tokuz Oguzes (Nine Oguzes, or Tribes), was another part of the "Utsze"-"Augals" Tocharian
Tocharian
Tocharian may refer to:* Tocharians, an ancient people who inhabited the Tarim Basin in Central Asia* Tocharian languages, two Indo-European languages spoken by those people...
successors. In the Chinese sources the Uokil were known in rendition sitsze (γiei-kiet < Igil), in the middle of the 7th century they were located on the northern bank of the river Kheglench, i.e. Cloud Wagon of Keglen River . The text of the Uigur
Uyghur language
Uyghur , formerly known as Eastern Turk, is a Turkic language with 8 to 11 million speakers, spoken primarily by the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of Western China. Significant communities of Uyghur-speakers are located in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, and various other...
Eletmish-Kagan
Bayanchur Khan
Bayanchur Khan , was an Uyghur khagan from 747 to 759 AD. His official titles were "Ay Tengrida Qut Bolmish" and "El Etmish Bilge Qaghan" . His Tang Dynasty-invested title was Yingwuweiyuanpiqiejuo Khan or Yingwu Khan in short...
(d. 759) funeral monument referred to the "Igil people", using determinative qara
Qara
The Qara are a grouping of tribes currently resident in Oman. Members of this tribe Amr Hakli the grand grandfather Hakli tribe of Oman who was the first immigrant from Yemen to Dhofar one thousand years ago and this tribe known in Dhofar as Qara tribes...
- "blackness" (qara igil bodun, in the Mogoin Shine Usu monument, line 14). The identification qara bodun - "black folk" is pointing that the Middle Asian Uokil tribesmen of that time adopted the Manichaean creed . A century later, the Middle Asian Uokil tribe is mentioned in the 9th century Uiguro-Tibetan road guide as a tribe led by a strong leader Hi-kil-rkor-hir-kin (Igil kül-irkin), located next to another Yuezhi
Yuezhi
The Yuezhi, or Rouzhi , also known as the Da Yuezhi or Da Rouzhi , were an ancient Central Asian people....
successor "Hi-dog-kas" tribe of Iduq-qash, a "sacred white jasper" of the Yuezhi "Jasper clan" Uti .