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Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt
 
 
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The Twenty-Fifth Dynasty of Egypt, also known as the Ethiopian or Nubian dynasty, was a line of rulers originating in the Kingdom of Kush
Kingdom of Kush

The Kingdom of Kush was an ancient African state centered in the confluences of the Blue Nile, White Nile and River Atbara in what is now the Republic of Sudan....
. They reigned in part or all of Ancient Egypt from 760 BC to 656 BC.. The dynasty began with Kashta
Kashta

Kashta was a king of the Kushite Dynasty. His name names translates literally as "The Kushite"....
's invasion of Upper Egypt and culminated in several years of war with the Assyrians
Neo-Assyrian Empire

The Neo-Assyrian Empire was a period of Mesopotamian history which began in 934 BC and ended in 609 BC. During this period, Assyria assumed a position as a great regional power, vying with Babylonia and other lesser powers for dominance of the region, though not until the reforms of Tiglath-Pileser III in the 8th century BC, did it become a p...
 that forced the Kushites back to their homeland. The twenty-first, twenty-second, twenty-third, twenty-fourth and twenty-fifth dynasties of Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt was an Ancient history civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile in what is now the modern nation of Egypt....
 are often combined under the group title, Third Intermediate Period.

known rulers, in the History of Egypt
History of Egypt

The history of Egypt is the longest continuous history, as a unified state, of any country in the world. The Nile valley forms a natural geographic and economic unit, bounded to the east and west by deserts, to the north by the sea and to the south by the Cataracts of the Nile....
, for the twenty-fifth dynasty are the following

class="wikitable" width="50%">
Twenty-Fifth Dynasty
NameDates
Kashta
Kashta

Kashta was a king of the Kushite Dynasty. His name names translates literally as "The Kushite"....
c.






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The Twenty-Fifth Dynasty of Egypt, also known as the Ethiopian or Nubian dynasty, was a line of rulers originating in the Kingdom of Kush
Kingdom of Kush

The Kingdom of Kush was an ancient African state centered in the confluences of the Blue Nile, White Nile and River Atbara in what is now the Republic of Sudan....
. They reigned in part or all of Ancient Egypt from 760 BC to 656 BC.. The dynasty began with Kashta
Kashta

Kashta was a king of the Kushite Dynasty. His name names translates literally as "The Kushite"....
's invasion of Upper Egypt and culminated in several years of war with the Assyrians
Neo-Assyrian Empire

The Neo-Assyrian Empire was a period of Mesopotamian history which began in 934 BC and ended in 609 BC. During this period, Assyria assumed a position as a great regional power, vying with Babylonia and other lesser powers for dominance of the region, though not until the reforms of Tiglath-Pileser III in the 8th century BC, did it become a p...
 that forced the Kushites back to their homeland. The twenty-first, twenty-second, twenty-third, twenty-fourth and twenty-fifth dynasties of Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt was an Ancient history civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile in what is now the modern nation of Egypt....
 are often combined under the group title, Third Intermediate Period.

Rulers

The known rulers, in the History of Egypt
History of Egypt

The history of Egypt is the longest continuous history, as a unified state, of any country in the world. The Nile valley forms a natural geographic and economic unit, bounded to the east and west by deserts, to the north by the sea and to the south by the Cataracts of the Nile....
, for the twenty-fifth dynasty are the following

Twenty-Fifth Dynasty
NameDates
Kashta
Kashta

Kashta was a king of the Kushite Dynasty. His name names translates literally as "The Kushite"....
c. 760 BC – c. 752 BC
Piye
Piye

Piye, was a Kushite king and founder of the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt who ruled Egypt from the city of Napata, located deep in Nubia, Sudan....
c. 752 BC – 721 BC
Shabaka
Shabaka

Shabaka was a Kushite pharaoh of the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt, between . He succeeded his brother Piye on the throne, and adopted the throne name of the 6th-dynasty ruler Pepi II....
721 BC – 707 BC
Shebitku
Shebitku

Shebitku was the third king of the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt who ruled from according to Dan'el Kahn's most recent academic research. He was the nephew and successor of Shabaka....
707 BC – 690 BC
Taharqa
Taharqa

Taharqa was a pharaoh of History of ancient Egypt and a member of the Nubian or Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt. His reign can be dated from 690 BC to 664 BC....
690 – 664 BC
Tantamani
Tantamani

Tantamani or Tanwetamani or Tementhes was king of History of Ancient Egypt , and a member of the Nubian or Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt....
664 – 656 BC (died 653 BC)


Alara
Alara

Alara may refer to:* ALARA, an acronym for "As Low As Reasonably Achievable."* Alara of Nubia, the unifier of Kush and grandfather of king Taharqa...
, the first known Nubian king and predecessor of Kashta
Kashta

Kashta was a king of the Kushite Dynasty. His name names translates literally as "The Kushite"....
 was not a 25th dynasty king since he did not control any region of Egypt during his reign. While Piye is viewed as the founder of the 25th dynasty, some publications may include Kashta who already controlled parts of Upper Egypt. A stela of his was found at Elephantine and Kashta likely exercised some authority at Thebes
Thebes, Egypt

Thebes was a city in Ancient Egypt located about 800 km south of the Mediterranean, on the east bank of the river Nile . It was the capital of Waset, the fourth Upper Egyptian Nome ....
 since he held enough influence to have his daughter Amenirdis I
Amenirdis I

The Ancient Kushite princess commonly known as Amenirdis I was the daughter of Kashta and sister of Piye and Shabaka. Kashta arranged to have her adopted by the Divine Adoratrice of Amun, Shepenupet I, at Thebes, Egypt as her successor This shows that Kashta already controlled Upper Egypt prior to the reign of Piye, his successor....
 adopted as the next Divine Adoratrice of Amun
Divine Adoratrice of Amun

The Divine Adoratrice of Amun was a second title created for the chief priestess of the ancient Egyptian deity, Amun. During the first millennium BCE, when the holder of this office exercised her largest measure of influence, her position was an important appointment facilitating the transfer of power from one pharaoh to the next, when his da...
 there.

Piye

The twenty-fifth dynasty originated in Kush (Nubia
Nubia

Nubia is a region in Southern Egypt along the Nile and in what is now northern Sudan. Most of Nubia is situated in Sudan with about a quarter of its territory in Egypt....
) presently in north Sudan
Sudan

Sudan is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest in the African continent and the Arab World, and List of countries and outlying territories by total area by area....
 at the city-state of Napata
Napata

Napata was a city-state on the west bank of the Blue Nile River, some 400 km north of Khartoum, the present capital of Sudan. It was built around 1345 BC by the Nubians....
, whence they invaded and took control of Egypt
Egypt

Egypt is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia. Covering an area of about , Egypt borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west....
 under Piye
Piye

Piye, was a Kushite king and founder of the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt who ruled Egypt from the city of Napata, located deep in Nubia, Sudan....
 (spelled Piankhi in older works). Manetho
Manetho

Manetho was an Egyptian historian and priest from Sebennytos who lived during the Ptolemaic dynasty, ca. 3rd century BC. Manetho wrote the Aegyptiaca ....
 does not mention either the first king, Piye, or the last king, Tantamani
Tantamani

Tantamani or Tanwetamani or Tementhes was king of History of Ancient Egypt , and a member of the Nubian or Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt....
, although inscriptions exist to attest to the existence of both.

Shebitku

The following chronology follows recent research by Dan'el Kahn which suggests that Shebitku
Shebitku

Shebitku was the third king of the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt who ruled from according to Dan'el Kahn's most recent academic research. He was the nephew and successor of Shabaka....
 was king of Egypt by 707/706 BC. This is based on evidence from an inscription of the Assyrian king Sargon II
Sargon II

Sargon II was an Neo-Assyrian Empiren king. Sargon II became co-regent with Shalmaneser V in 722 BC, and became the sole ruler of the kingdom of Assyria in 722 BC after the death of Shalmaneser V....
, which was found in modern day Northwestern Iran and dated to 706 BC. This inscription calls Shebitku the king of Melunha, and states that he sent back to Assyria, a rebel named Iamanni in handcuffs. Kahn's arguments have been widely accepted by many Egyptologists including Rolf Krauss, and Aidan Dodson and other scholars at the SCIEM 2000 (Synchronisation of Civilisations of the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C.) project with the notable exception of Kenneth Kitchen
Kenneth Kitchen

Kenneth Anderson Kitchen is Personal and Brunner Professor Emeritus of Egyptology and Honorary Research Fellow at the School of Archaeology, Classics and Oriental Studies, University of Liverpool, England....
 and Manfred Bietak
Manfred Bietak

Manfred Bietak is an Austrian archaeology. He is the current Professor of Egyptology at the University of Vienna and Director of the Austrian Archaeological Institute in Cairo....
 at present.

Taharqa

Starting from the reign of Taharqa
Taharqa

Taharqa was a pharaoh of History of ancient Egypt and a member of the Nubian or Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt. His reign can be dated from 690 BC to 664 BC....
 onward, the kings of this dynasty were driven back into Nubia
Nubia

Nubia is a region in Southern Egypt along the Nile and in what is now northern Sudan. Most of Nubia is situated in Sudan with about a quarter of its territory in Egypt....
, at first by the Assyria
Assyria

Assyria was a political state centered on the Upper Tigris river, in Mesopotamia , that came to rule regional empires a number of times in history....
ns, then by the kings of the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty
Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt

The Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt was the last native dynasty to rule Ancient Egypt before the History of Persian Egypt in 525 BC Before Christ ....
. Their successors came to settle in Nubia, where they established a kingdom at Napata
Napata

Napata was a city-state on the west bank of the Blue Nile River, some 400 km north of Khartoum, the present capital of Sudan. It was built around 1345 BC by the Nubians....
 (656 - 590 BC) then later, at Meroë
Meroë

Mero? is the name of an ancient city on the east bank of the Nile about 6 km north-east of the Kabushiya station near Shendi, Sudan, approximately 200 km north-east of Khartoum....
 (590 BC - 4th century AD).

See also

  • History of Ancient Egypt
    History of Ancient Egypt

    The History of ancient Egypt spans the period from the early Predynastic Egypt settlements of the northern Nile Valley to the History of Roman Egypt in 30 BC....
  • List of monarchs of Kush
    List of monarchs of Kush

    This is an incomplete list for rulers with the titles of Qore Dates are definite and accurate for the Kushite rulers of the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt, when Egypt was invaded and absorbed by the Kushite Empire....


Sources


External links

Travel in Sudan : pictures and notes on the Nubian history