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Tokugawa clan
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The was a powerful daimyo family of Japan. They nominally descended from Emperor Seiwa (850-880) and were a branch of the Minamoto clan (Seiwa Genji) by the Nitta clan. However, the early history of this clan remains mystery.
moto no Yoshishige (+1202), grandson of Minamoto no Yoshiie (1041-1108), was the first to take the name of Nitta.

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Encyclopedia
The was a powerful daimyo family of Japan. They nominally descended from Emperor Seiwa (850-880) and were a branch of the Minamoto clan (Seiwa Genji) by the Nitta clan. However, the early history of this clan remains mystery.
History
Minamoto no Yoshishige (+1202), grandson of Minamoto no Yoshiie (1041-1108), was the first to take the name of Nitta. He sided with his cousin Minamoto no Yoritomo against the Taira clan (1180) and accompanied him to Kamakura. Nitta Yoshisue, 4th son of Yoshishige, settled at Tokugawa (Kozuke province) and took the name of that place. However, their provincial history book did not mention Minamoto clan and Nitta clan.
Matsudaira Chikauji was regarded as the originator of the Matsudaira clan. According to a tradition, he was a poor Buddhist monk. He nominally descended from Yoshisue in the 8th generation and witnessed the ruin of the Nitta in their war against the Ashikaga. He settled at Matsudaira in Mikawa province and was adopted by his wife's family. Their provincial history book claimed that this original clan was Ariwara clan. Because this place is said to have been reclaimed by Nobumori Ariwara, it is considered that Matsudaira clan was related to Ariwara no Narihira.
Matsudaira Nobumitsu (15th century), son of Chikauji, was in charge of Okazaki castle, and strengthened the authority of his family in the Mikawa province. Nobumitsu's great-great-grandson Matsudaira Kiyoyasu made his clan strong, but was assassinated. In 1567, his grandson Ieyasu (1542-1616) obtained from the Emperor permission to revive the name Tokugawa. In so doing, he claimed descent from the Minamoto clan.
The clan rose to power at the end of the Sengoku period, and to the end of the Edo period they ruled Japan as shoguns. All in all, there were fifteen Tokugawa shoguns. Their dominance was so strong that some history books use the term "Tokugawa era" instead of "Edo period".
In addition, the heads of the gosanke (the three branches with fiefs in Owari, Kishu, and Mito) bore the Tokugawa surname. Additional branches became the gosankyo: the Tayasu, Hitotsubashi, and Shimizu Tokugawa clans. Many daimyo with the Matsudaira surname were descended from the Tokugawa. Examples include the Matsudaira of Fukui and Aizu. Members of the Tokugawa clan intermarried with prominent daimyo and the Imperial family.
Their principal family shrine is the Tosho-gu in Nikko, and principal temple is at Kan'ei-ji in Tokyo.
Tokugawa's clan crest, known in Japanese as a "mon", the "triple hollyhock" (although commonly, but mistakenly identified as "hollyhock, the "aoi" actually belongs to the birthwort family and translates as "wild ginger" - Asarum), has been a readily recognized icon in Japan, symbolizing in equal parts the Tokugawa clan and the last shogunate. Their family emblem derives from mythical clan, Kamo clan, which legendarily descended from Yatagarasu. In fact, Matsudaira village was located in Higashi-Kamo District, Aichi Prefecture. Although Emperor Go-Yozei offered a new crest, Ieyasu continued to use the crest, which was not related to Minamoto clan.
In jidaigeki, the crest is often shown to locate the story in the Edo period. And in works set in during the Meiji restoration movement, the crest is used to show the bearer's allegiance to the shogunate -- as opposed to the royalists, whose cause is symbolized by the Imperial throne's chrysanthemum crest.
Family Members
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Important Retainers
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