Sunrise Avenue
Encyclopedia
Sunrise Avenue is a Finnish
Finland
Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...

 rock band originally formed in 1992 in Espoo
Espoo
Espoo is the second largest city and municipality in Finland. The population of the city of Espoo is . It is part of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area along with the cities of Helsinki, Vantaa, and Kauniainen. Espoo shares its eastern border with Helsinki and Vantaa, while enclosing Kauniainen....

, Finland
Finland
Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...

. In the early days the band was called “Sunrise” and the name was changed to “Sunrise Avenue” in 2001. Sunrise Avenue is known for their catchy melodic and modern songs and energetic live performances. Their style varies from rock and pop-rock to rock ballads. The band has sold more than 700,000 albums and 1,000,000 singles and has played several tours and more than a thousand shows in twenty European countries and Japan. Sunrise Avenue's best known songs are "Hollywood Hills" (2011), "Fairytale Gone Bad
Fairytale Gone Bad
"Fairytale Gone Bad" is a song by rock quintet Sunrise Avenue, which reached number one in several countries, and as a result, is one of the band's best-known songs....

" (2006), "Forever Yours" (2007), "The Whole Story" (2009), "Heal Me" (2007) and "Welcome To My Life" (2009). The band has released three studio albums, one live album, one live DVD and 12 singles.

The band

Samu Aleksi Haber (April 2, 1976): Vocals & Guitars

Ilkka “Raul” Ruutu (August 28, 1975): Bass (2002–)

Sami Tapio Osala (March 3, 1980): Drums (2005–)

Riku Juhani Rajamaa (Nov 4th 1980): Guitar (2007–)

History

Samu Haber established Sunrise together with a Finnish singer songwriter Jan Hohenthal in April 1992 in Espoo
Espoo
Espoo is the second largest city and municipality in Finland. The population of the city of Espoo is . It is part of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area along with the cities of Helsinki, Vantaa, and Kauniainen. Espoo shares its eastern border with Helsinki and Vantaa, while enclosing Kauniainen....

, Finland
Finland
Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...

. They performed at all kinds of pubs, small festivals and private parties until 1998, when Haber moved to Spain. The other band members that time were Sami Heinänen (Bass) and Antti Tuomela (Drums).

After four years in Spain and only a handful of performances at private Spanish events Haber moved back to Finland
Finland
Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...

. The band changed the name to Sunrise Avenue in October 2001 in restaurant Memphis in Helsinki at the “Sunrise world domination plan meeting.” By that time Tuomela had left the band and the band had no drummer. Bassist Sami Heinänen designed the American Street sign logo for the band after the meeting.

Jan Hohenthal left the band in 2002 as he wanted to focus on his own career. These days Hohenthal plays with his Finnish folk band Metrofolk. Heinänen introduced a new guitarist, his high school friend Janne Kärkkäinen to the band in 2002.

With a new drummer, Juho Sandman, the band performed in many student events, small festivals and in small clubs mostly in the Greater Helsinki area. The guys worked with two Finnish producers (Jone Ullakko and Jani Saastamoinen) before finding their future in-house producer Jukka Backlund
Jukka Backlund
Jukka Henri Kristian Backlund is a Finnish music producer and keyboardist. Backlund is best known for producing the first Sunrise Avenue album On the Way to Wonderland, which is the best selling international debut from Finland.As a musician Jukka Backlund has worked as a bandleader and...

. Haber still says Backlund is the “All time musical mentor and teacher for himself and for the band.”


Between 2002–2005 Haber visited record companies and agencies 102 times in Finland
Finland
Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...

 and Sweden
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....

 before they were finally signed to a small Scandinavian label Bonnier Amigo Music. The answer was always the same: Without black clothes and make-up, rock music can’t succeed.

To finance the debut album On the Way to Wonderland
On the Way to Wonderland
On the Way to Wonderland is the debut album by the Finnish rock band Sunrise Avenue.-Personnel:*Jukka Backlund - Arranger, Keyboards, Vocals , Producer, Engineer, Mixing, Group Member*Thomas Eberger - Mastering...

, Haber introduced the “Sunrise Avenue Business Plan” to his friend, a copy machine sales man Mikko Virtala. Virtala financed most of the album’s recordings and a trip to Midem Music Expo in Cannes
Cannes
Cannes is one of the best-known cities of the French Riviera, a busy tourist destination and host of the annual Cannes Film Festival. It is a Commune of France in the Alpes-Maritimes department....

, France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...

 to meet the European managers and labels. In Cannes Haber met the band’s future manager Bob Cunningham
Bob Cunningham
Bob Cunningham is a retired professional Canadian football fullback. Between 1948 and 1951, he played 29 games for the Montreal Alouettes, scoring a touchdown in their 1949 Grey Cup championship He played for the Ottawa Rough Riders from 1952 to 1955, winning the Jeff Russel Memorial Trophy in 1953...

from the UK. On the Way to Wonderland
On the Way to Wonderland
On the Way to Wonderland is the debut album by the Finnish rock band Sunrise Avenue.-Personnel:*Jukka Backlund - Arranger, Keyboards, Vocals , Producer, Engineer, Mixing, Group Member*Thomas Eberger - Mastering...

 was released in 2006 in most of Europe. The biggest hit “Fairytale Gone Bad
Fairytale Gone Bad
"Fairytale Gone Bad" is a song by rock quintet Sunrise Avenue, which reached number one in several countries, and as a result, is one of the band's best-known songs....

” reached several top positions in radio and single charts in many countries and the band performed 3 sold out European tours and the biggest European festivals, such as the main stage of Rock am Ring
Rock am Ring
The Rock am Ring and Rock im Park festivals are two simultaneous rock music festivals held annually in Germany....

 in 2007.

In 2007 the band decided to leave their guitarist Janne Kärkkäinen after a long difficult era. Kärkkäinen filed a lawsuit against the band claiming they had no right to perform as Sunrise Avenue without him. The Band won the court case on the first level court in Finland and after 3 years of legal fight, both parties made a classified financial agreement for the future and all cases were dropped. The band name and the trademark is owned now by the only remaining original band member Samu Haber.

In 2008 Haber and Backlund bought the Sonic Kitchen Recording Studio in Helsinki
Helsinki
Helsinki is the capital and largest city in Finland. It is in the region of Uusimaa, located in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The population of the city of Helsinki is , making it by far the most populous municipality in Finland. Helsinki is...

 together with a Finnish producer Aku Sinivalo. Sunrise Avenue Recorded the second studio album Popgasm
Popgasm
Popgasm is the second album by the Finnish rock band Sunrise Avenue.-Track list:# Dream Like A Child# The Whole Story# Rising Sun# Welcome To My Life# Not Again# Bad# Monk Bay# Bye Bye # Kiss And Run# 6-0# Birds And Bees...

 at Sonic Kitchen Studios. Haber and Backlund sold their share of the studio in 2010.

In 2010 Sunrise Avenue recorded the acoustic shows on their tour in Germany, Switzerland and Austria and they released the best moments on Acoustic Tour Live 2010 album in most of Europe.

In 2010 Sunrise Avenue started working with their 3rd studio album together with Backlund and a new producer Jukka Immonen. The songs were written in Helsinki
Helsinki
Helsinki is the capital and largest city in Finland. It is in the region of Uusimaa, located in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The population of the city of Helsinki is , making it by far the most populous municipality in Finland. Helsinki is...

, Los Angeles
Los Ángeles
Los Ángeles is the capital of the province of Biobío, in the commune of the same name, in Region VIII , in the center-south of Chile. It is located between the Laja and Biobío rivers. The population is 123,445 inhabitants...

, Tokyo
Tokyo
, ; officially , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan. Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the largest metropolitan area of Japan. It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace, and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family...

, Stockholm
Stockholm
Stockholm is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 851,155 in the municipality , 1.37 million in the urban area , and around 2.1 million in the metropolitan area...

, Greece
Greece
Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , and historically Hellas or the Republic of Greece in English, is a country in southeastern Europe....

 and Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...

. With two producers in the team, Haber became the band’s executive producer. In the summer of 2010 after negotiating with many Scandinavian major record companies, Sunrise Avenue signed a worldwide deal with Universal Music (excluding Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...

, Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....

, Austria
Austria
Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...

)
Out Of Style has been released in 70 countries and the first single Hollywood Hills has been a major radio and sales hit in many European countries.

Sunrise Avenue is currently playing festivals and touring all over Europe until December 2011.

Their most successful singles are "Fairytale Gone Bad
Fairytale Gone Bad
"Fairytale Gone Bad" is a song by rock quintet Sunrise Avenue, which reached number one in several countries, and as a result, is one of the band's best-known songs....

" that went Platinum in Finland and Germany and was certified Gold in Sweden), "Forever Yours" which went gold in Finland and "Hollywood Hills
Hollywood Hills
The Hollywood Hills is an affluent and exclusive neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, in the southeastern Santa Monica Mountains. It is bound by Laurel Canyon Boulevard to the west, Vermont Avenue to the east, Mulholland Drive to the north, and Sunset Boulevard to the south.-Hollywood Hills...

" that went gold in Finland, Germany, Switzerland, Austria.

Live Musicians:

  • Jukka Backlund
    Jukka Backlund
    Jukka Henri Kristian Backlund is a Finnish music producer and keyboardist. Backlund is best known for producing the first Sunrise Avenue album On the Way to Wonderland, which is the best selling international debut from Finland.As a musician Jukka Backlund has worked as a bandleader and...

    , Keyboards (2005– )
  • Osmo Ikonen (2009– )
  • Teijo Jämsä, Drums (2004–2005)
  • Olli Tumelius, Drums (2005)
  • Lenni-Kalle Taipale (2010)
  • Heikki Puhakainen (2011)


Former band members:
  • Jan Hohenthal, Guitar & Vocals (1992–2002)
  • Sami Heinänen, Bass (1995–2002)
  • Janne Kärkkäinen, Guitar (2002–2007)
  • Juho Sandman, Drums (2002–2004)
  • Teijo Jämsä, Drums (2004–2006)
  • Jukka Backlund
    Jukka Backlund
    Jukka Henri Kristian Backlund is a Finnish music producer and keyboardist. Backlund is best known for producing the first Sunrise Avenue album On the Way to Wonderland, which is the best selling international debut from Finland.As a musician Jukka Backlund has worked as a bandleader and...

    , Keyboards (2006–2009)

Awards

  • NRJ Music Awards
    NRJ Music Awards
    The NRJ Music Awards, created in 2000 by the radio station NRJ in partnership with the television network TF1 takes place every year in mid-January at Cannes as the opening of MIDEM...

     2007: Best Nordic Band, Best Nordic Song (Fairytale Gone Bad), Best Newcomer Band, Best Nordic Album (On The Way To Wonderland)
  • Emma (Finnish Grammy): Newcomer 2007, Biggest Export 2008
  • European Border Breaker Award presented by EU, France Cannes 2008
  • Eska Radio Award (Poland) 2008
  • Radio Regenbogen Listener’s Award (Germany) 2008

Singles

Year Title
(Music/lyrics)
Album Peak Position
FIN
Finland
Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...

SWI
Switzerland
Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....

AUT
Austria
Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...

GER
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...

SWE
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....

GRE
Greece
Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , and historically Hellas or the Republic of Greece in English, is a country in southeastern Europe....

ITA
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...

LAT
Latvia
Latvia , officially the Republic of Latvia , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia , to the south by Lithuania , to the east by the Russian Federation , to the southeast by Belarus and shares maritime borders to the west with Sweden...

SVK
Slovakia
The Slovak Republic is a landlocked state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about . Slovakia is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south...

BEL
Belgium
Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...

POL
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...

RUS
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...

ROU
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...

GRE
Greece
Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , and historically Hellas or the Republic of Greece in English, is a country in southeastern Europe....

BUL
Bulgaria
Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east...

EU
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...

2006 All Because Of You
(Michael Blair, Samu Haber)
On The Way to Wonderland 11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Romeo
(Samu Haber)
4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Fairytale Gone Bad
Fairytale Gone Bad
"Fairytale Gone Bad" is a song by rock quintet Sunrise Avenue, which reached number one in several countries, and as a result, is one of the band's best-known songs....


(Samu Haber, Jukka Backlund)
2 2 3 3 10 8 23 9 1 12 - 1 1 8 2 13
2007 Forever Yours
(Samu Haber)
promo 82 42 35 - 10 - 4 - - 19 - - - 27 -
Diamonds
(Samu Haber, Jukka Backlund)
14 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Heal Me
(Samu Haber. Jukka Backlund)
16 - - 58 28 - - 38 28 - - - - - - -
2008 Choose To Be Me
(Samu Haber)
- - 50 24 - - - - - - - - - - - 88
2009 The Whole Story
(Samu Haber, Nikey Olovson, Robin Lynch)
Popgasm 14 82 36 26 17 - - - 25 - - 77 - - - -
Not Again
(Samu Haber, Jukka Backlund)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Birds And Bees
(Samu Haber, Aku Sinivalo, Jukka Backlund)
promo - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Happiness EP
(Samu Haber, Jukka Backlund)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Welcome To My Life
(Samu Haber, Jukka Backlund)
- - - 35 - - - - - - - - - - - -
2011 Hollywood Hills
(Samu Haber)
Out of Style 2 3 3 3 24 - - 3 41 15 2 - - - - 6
I Don't Dance - - 23 33 - - - 28 - - - - - - - -

Albums

Year Title Peak Position Certification
FIN
Finland
Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...

SWI
Switzerland
Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....

AUT
Austria
Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...

GER
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...

SWE
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....

GRE
Greece
Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , and historically Hellas or the Republic of Greece in English, is a country in southeastern Europe....

2006 On the Way to Wonderland
On the Way to Wonderland
On the Way to Wonderland is the debut album by the Finnish rock band Sunrise Avenue.-Personnel:*Jukka Backlund - Arranger, Keyboards, Vocals , Producer, Engineer, Mixing, Group Member*Thomas Eberger - Mastering...

2 15 5 12 10 1 Platinum: Germany, Finland
Gold: Switzerland, Austria, Greece
2009 Popgasm
Popgasm
Popgasm is the second album by the Finnish rock band Sunrise Avenue.-Track list:# Dream Like A Child# The Whole Story# Rising Sun# Welcome To My Life# Not Again# Bad# Monk Bay# Bye Bye # Kiss And Run# 6-0# Birds And Bees...

5 7 13 16 Gold: Finland
2010 Acoustic Tour 2010 5
2011 Out of Style 2 8 6 6 Gold: Finland

Special performances and Theme songs

  • "Fairytale Gone Bad
    Fairytale Gone Bad
    "Fairytale Gone Bad" is a song by rock quintet Sunrise Avenue, which reached number one in several countries, and as a result, is one of the band's best-known songs....

    " – Tour De France
    Tour de France
    The Tour de France is an annual bicycle race held in France and nearby countries. First staged in 1903, the race covers more than and lasts three weeks. As the best known and most prestigious of cycling's three "Grand Tours", the Tour de France attracts riders and teams from around the world. The...

     theme song ZDF
    ZDF
    Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen , ZDF, is a public-service German television broadcaster based in Mainz . It is run as an independent non-profit institution, which was founded by the German federal states . The ZDF is financed by television licence fees called GEZ and advertising revenues...

     2006
  • "Choose to Be Me" – Big Brother Germany
    Big Brother Germany
    Big Brother Germany is a reality show on RTL II . It was the first adapted version based on the original Dutch Big Brother series by Endemol in 1999.-Big Brother Germany summary:...

    theme song 2008
  • Fairytale Gone Bad
    Fairytale Gone Bad
    "Fairytale Gone Bad" is a song by rock quintet Sunrise Avenue, which reached number one in several countries, and as a result, is one of the band's best-known songs....

    " – Nikolai Valuev
    Nikolai Valuev
    Nikolai Sergeyevich Valuev or Valuyev is a retired professional boxer and former two-time WBA heavyweight champion. In his most recent fight , he lost the title to David Haye via 12-round majority decision...

     vs Jameel McCline
    Jameel McCline
    Jameel “Big Time” McCline is a professional heavyweight boxer notable for his speed, strength, and size at 6'6" and 269 lbs. Currently ranked at number 9 in the WBCworld heavyweight ratings...

     WC Heavyweight boxing, Basel Switzerland 2008
  • "The Whole Story
    The Whole Story
    -VHS and Laserdisc Editions:-Personnel:*Kate Bush - Keyboards, Vocals, Producer*Ian Cooper - Cutting Engineer*Jon Kelly - Producer*Andrew Powell - Producer-Charts:-Certifications:...

    " – WC athletic games Berlin opening song 2009
  • "Not Again" – David Haye
    David Haye
    David Deron Haye is a retired English professional boxer,Haye is the former WBA heavyweight champion. He is also the former unified world cruiserweight champion, holding the WBA, WBC, WBO, and The Ring cruiserweight titles, and also the former European cruiserweight champion.- Amateur :Haye...

     vs Nikolai Valuev
    Nikolai Valuev
    Nikolai Sergeyevich Valuev or Valuyev is a retired professional boxer and former two-time WBA heavyweight champion. In his most recent fight , he lost the title to David Haye via 12-round majority decision...

    WC Heavyweight boxing 2009, Nurnberg Germany

External links


Interviews:
Rockpalast, Underground (Cologne), first gig in Germany (23 August 2006):
KAI3, local TV-station in Düsseldorf (24 October 2006 & 27 February 2007):
The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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