St Leonards School
Encyclopedia
St Leonards School, formerly St Leonards School for Girls, is an independent school
Independent school (UK)
An independent school is a school that is not financed through the taxation system by local or national government and is instead funded by private sources, predominantly in the form of tuition charges, gifts and long-term charitable endowments, and so is not subject to the conditions imposed by...

, founded by the University of St Andrews
University of St Andrews
The University of St Andrews, informally referred to as "St Andrews", is the oldest university in Scotland and the third oldest in the English-speaking world after Oxford and Cambridge. The university is situated in the town of St Andrews, Fife, on the east coast of Scotland. It was founded between...

 in the nineteenth century.

It is located in St Andrews
St Andrews
St Andrews is a university town and former royal burgh on the east coast of Fife in Scotland. The town is named after Saint Andrew the Apostle.St Andrews has a population of 16,680, making this the fifth largest settlement in Fife....

, Fife
Fife
Fife is a council area and former county of Scotland. It is situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with inland boundaries to Perth and Kinross and Clackmannanshire...

, on the east coast of Scotland
Scotland
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...

, today situated on one site in private grounds, just south of the town's historic cathedral
St Andrew's Cathedral, St Andrews
The Cathedral of St Andrew is a historical church in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, which was the seat of the Bishops of St Andrews from its foundation in 1158 until it fell into disuse after the Reformation. It is currently a ruined monument in the custody of Historic Scotland...

.

Although originally established in 1877 by Dame Louisa Lumsden
Louisa Lumsden
Dame Louisa Innes Lumsden, born into a wealthy family in Aberdeen, Scotland DBE was a lecturer in classics at Girton College and the first Headmistress of St Leonards, Fife. She is credited with introducing lacrosse to St...

 amid the increased demand for women's education, the school is now fully co-educational, taking boys and girls aged 4 to 18, with the option of boarding from age 12.

In 2005, The Sunday Times
The Sunday Times (UK)
The Sunday Times is a Sunday broadsheet newspaper, distributed in the United Kingdom. The Sunday Times is published by Times Newspapers Ltd, a subsidiary of News International, which is in turn owned by News Corporation. Times Newspapers also owns The Times, but the two papers were founded...

named St Leonards its "Scottish Independent School of the Year".

Overview

St Leonards has approximately 530 pupils between the ages of 4 and 19.

St Leonards was one of the first schools in Scotland to offer the IB Diploma Programme
IB Diploma Programme
The International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme is a two-year educational programme for students aged 16–19that provides an internationally accepted qualification for entry into higher education, and is recognised by universities worldwide. It was developed in the early to mid-1960s in Geneva by...

 and is the only one in the country to have an all-IB Sixth Form.

History

St Leonards and St Katharines School for Girls was founded in 1877 by Louisa Lumsden
Louisa Lumsden
Dame Louisa Innes Lumsden, born into a wealthy family in Aberdeen, Scotland DBE was a lecturer in classics at Girton College and the first Headmistress of St Leonards, Fife. She is credited with introducing lacrosse to St...

 in the belief that "a girl should receive an education that is as good as her brother's, if not better." In 1999 St Leonards Sixth Form and St Katharines Prep School
Preparatory school (UK)
In English language usage in the former British Empire, the present-day Commonwealth, a preparatory school is an independent school preparing children up to the age of eleven or thirteen for entry into fee-paying, secondary independent schools, some of which are known as public schools...

 opened their doors to boys for the first time; the school soon became completely co-educational.

St Katharines and St Leonards-New Park

St Katharines School was the original prep school
Preparatory school (UK)
In English language usage in the former British Empire, the present-day Commonwealth, a preparatory school is an independent school preparing children up to the age of eleven or thirteen for entry into fee-paying, secondary independent schools, some of which are known as public schools...

 of St Leonards, making full use of the campus and facilities while retaining a degree of autonomy. However, in March 2002 it was announced that the prep school
Preparatory school (UK)
In English language usage in the former British Empire, the present-day Commonwealth, a preparatory school is an independent school preparing children up to the age of eleven or thirteen for entry into fee-paying, secondary independent schools, some of which are known as public schools...

 would be relocated to the main building and renamed St Leonards Junior and Middle Schools. Following a further announcement in March 2005, St Leonards junior and middle schools merged with New Park School
New Park School
- Founding and Development :New Park School was an independent preparatory school in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. The school was founded in 1933 by Cuthbert Dixon, a teacher at Merchiston Castle School....

, also located in St Andrews, operating as one unit under the name St Leonards-New Park. In June 2011 it was announced that the junior school would be known in future as St Leonards Junior School. At the same time, work commenced on a £2.5m redevelopment of the junior school which will result in a brand new, state-of-the-art building and enhanced facilities.

Lacrosse

The school is believed to be the first in the world to have played women's lacrosse
Women's lacrosse
Women's lacrosse, sometimes shortened to wlax or lax, is a sport played with twelve players on each team. Originally played by the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the first tribe to play it was the Hauser tribe, of the Great Plains. The modern women's game was introduced in 1890 at the St...

. More details about the history of lacrosse at St Leonards can be found on the School's website - http://www.stleonards-fife.org/Index.asp?MainID=4382
Girls at St Leonards continue to play lacrosse with great success. Recent achievements have included victory in the 2009 U15 Scottish Lacrosse Championships and qualification in 2009, 2010 and 2011 for the finals of the UK Small Schools' Tournament held at Rendcomb College, Gloucestershire.

Governing Council

The school's administration is overseen by a group of citizens (some of whom include business leaders and British nobility.) This council makes primary financial and major personnel decisions (headmaster/headmistress.)

Current members

Mr James Murray, MA LLB (Chairman)

Mr Ian Adam, CA

Mr Hamish Allridge, MA Dip Ed Cert Ed

Lord Balniel

Mrs Victoria Collison-Owen

Mr Roy de C Chapman, MA

Mr Alan Constable, BSc

Lady Fraser of Carmyllie, MSc

Col Martin Passmore, MA GCGI FRSA

Prof Louise Richardson BA MA MA MA PhD

Mrs Clare Wade

Mr Aubyn Stewart-Wilson, BSc

Headmistresses and headmasters

For the first 124 years, (when the school was an all-girls school) the Head of St Leonards was always a woman.
  • 1877 – 1882 Dame Louisa Lumsden
    Louisa Lumsden
    Dame Louisa Innes Lumsden, born into a wealthy family in Aberdeen, Scotland DBE was a lecturer in classics at Girton College and the first Headmistress of St Leonards, Fife. She is credited with introducing lacrosse to St...

  • 1882 – 1896 Dame Frances Dove
    Frances Dove
    Dame Jane Frances Dove, DBE, JP was an English women's campaigner who founded Wycombe Abbey and other girls' schools....

  • Miss Bentinck Smith
  • Dr Janet Macaulay
  • Miss Martha Hamilton
  • 1988 – 2000 Mrs Mary James (Married to Mr Lawrence James
    Lawrence James
    Edwin James Lawrence , most commonly known as Lawrence James, is an English academic, notable for his works as a writer and historian. He has written several works of popular history about the British Empire...

    )
  • 2001 – June 2003 Mrs Wendy Bellars
  • August 2003 – April 2008 Mr Robert A J Tims
  • April 2008 – Dr Michael Carslaw

Curriculum

St Leonards has largely followed the English, rather than the Scottish education system. Pupils take GCSE
General Certificate of Secondary Education
The General Certificate of Secondary Education is an academic qualification awarded in a specified subject, generally taken in a number of subjects by students aged 14–16 in secondary education in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and is equivalent to a Level 2 and Level 1 in Key Skills...

s rather than Scottish Standard Grade
Standard Grade
Standard Grades are Scotland's educational qualifications for students aged around 14 to 16 years, which are due to be fully replaced in 2014 when Scottish Qualifications Authority's Higher Still system becomes the main qualifications as part of the major shake up of Scotland's education system as...

s. Sixth Form students follow the International Baccalaureate Diploma programme.

St Leonards is an IB World School, one of only three schools in Scotland to have attained this status.

2011 IB Diploma results

St Leonards students again performed strongly in their 2011 IB Diploma exams.
The average score was 34, equivalent to more than 3 A*s at A Level, five Scottish Higher As and 479 UCAS points.
The year group beat the 2010 worldwide average of 30 points and more than 20% achieved the minimum entrance requirements for Oxford and Cambridge Universities of 38 points.
Almost one third of the group also gained Bilingual Diplomas, indicating fluency in at least two languages.
With the results of appeals still to be determined and with a number of students to finish their exams in November, at least 80% of the students gained their first choice university place, at destinations including Oxford, Cambridge, St Andrews, Edinburgh and Durham.

St Leonards Associate Researcher

In the Spring of 2010, in a pioneering move, the School announced the appointment of the very first St Leonards Associate Researcher. The incumbent, a research student at the University of St Andrews, will act as a point of contact in the
University for St Leonards pupils as well as helping them to develop an appreciation and knowledge of research.
At the time Dr Michael Carslaw, Headmaster of St Leonards, said, “I’m delighted to see the relationship which already exists between St Leonards and the University bolstered in this way. I’m certain that the creation of this new position will be of great benefit to pupils at St Leonards.”
In the Spring of 2011, the School appointed Social Anthropology and Amerindian Studies student Juan Pablo Sarmiento as the second St Leonards Associate Researcher.

Notable seniors

Former Pupils of St Leonards are known as St Leonards School Seniors, as is the style at the sister schools Wycombe Abbey
Wycombe Abbey
Wycombe Abbey is an independent girls' boarding school situated in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, England. It is academically one of the top schools in the United Kingdom, and the top girls' boarding school...

  and Benenden School
Benenden School
Benenden School is an independent boarding school for girls in Kent, England. It is located in Benenden in the Kentish countryside, between Cranbrook and Tenterden....

.
  • Betty Archdale
    Betty Archdale
    Helen Elizabeth "Betty" Archdale was an educationalist and cricketer. She was a captain of the English women's cricket team in 1934 and 1935. In 1934/35 she led the first English cricket team to tour Australia and New Zealand, the result of which was a 2-0 victory over Australia...

     – early barrister; pioneer of women's education in Australia
  • Elspeth Barker
    Elspeth Barker
    Elspeth Barker is a novelist and journalist. She was born in 1940 in Edinburgh, Scotland. Her first husband was the poet George Barker by whom she had five children, including the novelist Raffaella Barker. In 2007 she married the writer Bill Troop....

     – author of "O, Caledonia!", formerly married to poet
    Poet
    A poet is a person who writes poetry. A poet's work can be literal, meaning that his work is derived from a specific event, or metaphorical, meaning that his work can take on many meanings and forms. Poets have existed since antiquity, in nearly all languages, and have produced works that vary...

     George Barker
    George Barker (poet)
    George Granville Barker was an English poet and author.-Life and work:Barker was born in Loughton, near Epping Forest in Essex, England, elder brother of Kit Barker [painter] George Barker was raised by his Irish mother and English father in Battersea, London. He was educated at an L.C.C. school...

  • Christina Baron – former Mayor
    Mayor
    In many countries, a Mayor is the highest ranking officer in the municipal government of a town or a large urban city....

     of Wells
    Wells
    Wells is a cathedral city and civil parish in the Mendip district of Somerset, England, on the southern edge of the Mendip Hills. Although the population recorded in the 2001 census is 10,406, it has had city status since 1205...

    , Somerset
    Somerset
    The ceremonial and non-metropolitan county of Somerset in South West England borders Bristol and Gloucestershire to the north, Wiltshire to the east, Dorset to the south-east, and Devon to the south-west. It is partly bounded to the north and west by the Bristol Channel and the estuary of the...

    , and Liberal Democrat
    Liberal Democrats
    The Liberal Democrats are a social liberal political party in the United Kingdom which supports constitutional and electoral reform, progressive taxation, wealth taxation, human rights laws, cultural liberalism, banking reform and civil liberties .The party was formed in 1988 by a merger of the...

     candidate
  • Wilhelmina Barns-Graham
    Wilhelmina Barns-Graham
    Wilhelmina Barns-Graham CBE was one of the foremost British abstract artists, a member of the influential Penwith Society of Arts.-Life:...

     – leading abstract painter, based in St Ives
    St Ives, Cornwall
    St Ives is a seaside town, civil parish and port in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The town lies north of Penzance and west of Camborne on the coast of the Celtic Sea. In former times it was commercially dependent on fishing. The decline in fishing, however, caused a shift in commercial...

    , Cornwall
    Cornwall
    Cornwall is a unitary authority and ceremonial county of England, within the United Kingdom. It is bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over the River Tamar. Cornwall has a population of , and covers an area of...

  • Killie Campbell – horticulturalist and preservationist
    Preservationist
    Preservationist is generally understood to mean historic preservationist: one who advocates to preserve architecturally or historically significant buildings, structures, objects or sites from demolition or degradation...

    , lived in Natal, South Africa
    Natal, South Africa
    Natal is a region in South Africa. It stretches between the Indian Ocean in the south and east, the Drakensberg in the west, and the Lebombo Mountains in the north. The main cities are Pietermaritzburg and Durban...

  • Hazel Byford, Baroness Byford
    Hazel Byford, Baroness Byford
    Hazel Osborne Byford, Baroness Byford DBE is a Conservative member of the House of Lords. She was the Opposition Spokesman for Food, Farming and Rural Affairs from 1997 to 2007....

     DBE
    Order of the British Empire
    The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is an order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by George V of the United Kingdom. The Order comprises five classes in civil and military divisions...

     – Shadow Minister for Food and Rural Affairs
  • Susan Mary Dobson – pioneering businesswoman and entrepreneur
    Entrepreneur
    An entrepreneur is an owner or manager of a business enterprise who makes money through risk and initiative.The term was originally a loanword from French and was first defined by the Irish-French economist Richard Cantillon. Entrepreneur in English is a term applied to a person who is willing to...

  • Rosemary Eliot – principal flautist
    Flautist
    A flautist or flutist is a musician who plays an instrument in the flute family. See List of flautists.The choice of "flautist" versus "flutist" is the source of dispute among players of the instrument...

     with BBC
    BBC
    The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. Its headquarters is at Broadcasting House in the City of Westminster, London. It is the largest broadcaster in the world, with about 23,000 staff...

     Scottish Symphony Orchestra
  • Betty Emslie-Smith – late Headmistress, Oxenfoord Castle School, Oxenfoord Castle
    Oxenfoord Castle
    Oxenfoord Castle is a country house in Midlothian, Scotland. It is located north of Pathhead, and south-east of Dalkeith, above the Tyne Water. Originally a 16th-century tower house, the present castle is largely the result of major rebuilding in 1782, to designs by the architect Robert Adam....

    , Midlothian
    Midlothian
    Midlothian is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland, and a lieutenancy area. It borders the Scottish Borders, East Lothian and the City of Edinburgh council areas....

  • Martha Fairlie – BBC Scotland
    BBC Scotland
    BBC Scotland is a constituent part of the British Broadcasting Corporation, the publicly-funded broadcaster of the United Kingdom. It is, in effect, the national broadcaster for Scotland, having a considerable amount of autonomy from the BBC's London headquarters, and is run by the BBC Trust, who...

     education correspondent
  • Jackie Forster
    Jackie Forster
    Jackie Forster was born 6 November 1926 and died in London on 10 October 1998. She married her novelist husband, Peter Forster in 1958 while she worked as a TV presenter and news reporter, but divorced him in 1962 when she realised her true sexual identity...

     (Jacqueline Moir Mackenzie) – actress, TV personality, feminist and lesbian
    Lesbian
    Lesbian is a term most widely used in the English language to describe sexual and romantic desire between females. The word may be used as a noun, to refer to women who identify themselves or who are characterized by others as having the primary attribute of female homosexuality, or as an...

     campaigner
  • Louisa Garrett Anderson
    Louisa Garrett Anderson
    Dr. Louisa Garrett Anderson CBE was a medical pioneer, a member of the Women's Social and Political Union, a suffragette, and social reformer. She was the daughter of the founding medical pioneer Elizabeth Garrett Anderson. Her aunt, Dame Millicent Fawcett was a British suffragist...

     – medical pioneer, social reformer, suffragist
  • Fiona Gaunt
    Fiona Gaunt
    Fiona Gaunt is an English actress, and the mother of child actress Genevieve Gaunt. -Personal life:...

     – television actor, mother of Genevieve Gaunt
  • Gillian Glover – restaurant reviewer with The Scotsman
    The Scotsman
    The Scotsman is a British newspaper, published in Edinburgh.As of August 2011 it had an audited circulation of 38,423, down from about 100,000 in the 1980s....

  • Kitty McKane Godfree – Wimbledon
    The Championships, Wimbledon
    The Championships, Wimbledon, or simply Wimbledon , is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, considered by many to be the most prestigious. It has been held at the All England Club in Wimbledon, London since 1877. It is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, the other three Majors...

     Ladies' Singles Champion, 1924 and 1926
  • Margaret Haig Thomas (Lady Rhondda) – founder of political magazine Time and Tide
    Time and Tide (magazine)
    Time and Tide was a British weekly political and literary review magazine founded by Margaret, Lady Rhondda in 1920. It started out as a supporter of left wing and feminist causes and the mouthpiece of the feminist Six Point Group. It later moved to the right along with the views of its owner...

  • Martha Hamilton – former Headmistress of St Leonards School
  • Betty Harvie Anderson
    Betty Harvie Anderson
    Miss Margaret Betty Harvie Anderson, Baroness Skrimshire of Quarter, OBE, PC, TD, DL was a British Conservative Party politician....

     (Baroness Skrimshire) – Conservative
    Conservative Party (UK)
    The Conservative Party, formally the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom that adheres to the philosophies of conservatism and British unionism. It is the largest political party in the UK, and is currently the largest single party in the House...

     politician
    Politician
    A politician, political leader, or political figure is an individual who is involved in influencing public policy and decision making...

     and peer
    Peerage
    The Peerage is a legal system of largely hereditary titles in the United Kingdom, which constitute the ranks of British nobility and is part of the British honours system...

  • Anji Hunter
    Anji Hunter
    Angela Margaret Jane Hunter works in public relations.Hunter was born in Kuala Lumpur, Malaya where her father was a rubber plantation manager, and educated at the prestigious St Leonards School in St Andrews, Scotland....

     – former Director of Government Relations, 10 Downing Street
    10 Downing Street
    10 Downing Street, colloquially known in the United Kingdom as "Number 10", is the headquarters of Her Majesty's Government and the official residence and office of the First Lord of the Treasury, who is now always the Prime Minister....

  • Mary James – former Headmistress of St Leonards School
  • Kristin Linklater
    Kristin Linklater
    Kristin Linklater is a Scottish vocal coach, dialect coach, acting teacher, actor, theatre director, and author. She is currently Head of Acting in the Theatre Arts Division of Columbia University.-Biography:...

     – vocal coach
    Vocal coach
    A vocal coach is a music teacher who instructs singers on how to improve their singing technique, take care of and develop their voice, and prepare for the performance of a song or other work. Vocal coaches may give private music lessons to singers, or they may coach singers who are rehearsing on...

     to many well-known actors, based at Columbia University
    Columbia University
    Columbia University in the City of New York is a private, Ivy League university in Manhattan, New York City. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the...

  • Rev Dr Mary Levison (née Lusk) – pioneer of women's ministry
    Women's ministry
    Women's ministry has multiple meanings. For the purpose of this article, "women's ministry" refers to meeting the needs of women in the Christian church.- Mission :...

    , Church of Scotland
    Church of Scotland
    The Church of Scotland, known informally by its Scots language name, the Kirk, is a Presbyterian church, decisively shaped by the Scottish Reformation....

  • Lindsay Mackie – journalist with The Guardian
    The Guardian
    The Guardian, formerly known as The Manchester Guardian , is a British national daily newspaper in the Berliner format...

    , married to Alan Rusbridger
    Alan Rusbridger
    Alan Charles Rusbridger is the editor of the British newspaper The Guardian. He has also been a reporter and a columnist.-Early life:...

  • Chrystal Macmillan
    Chrystal Macmillan
    Chrystal Macmillan was a Scottish barrister, feminist and pacifist, and the first female science graduate from the University of Edinburgh as well as that institution's first female honours graduate in Mathematics. She was an activist for women's right to vote, and for other women's causes...

     – barrister
    Barrister
    A barrister is a member of one of the two classes of lawyer found in many common law jurisdictions with split legal professions. Barristers specialise in courtroom advocacy, drafting legal pleadings and giving expert legal opinions...

    , feminist and pacifist
  • Anna McElligott
    Anna Phoebe
    Anna Phoebe , is a London-based violinist, who is known for her proficiency in many musical genres, including rock, folk, jazz, Celtic, and Middle Eastern music.-Biography:...

     – musician
  • Max McElligott
    Wolf Gang (band)
    Wolf Gang is a British alternative and symphonic rock band with Max McElligott as lead vocalist. Having played with different musicians McElligott settled on the current live set up in late 2009 which includes Lasse Petersen previously of The Rakes and Gavin Slater previously of...

    , lead singer, Wolf Gang
    Wolf Gang (band)
    Wolf Gang is a British alternative and symphonic rock band with Max McElligott as lead vocalist. Having played with different musicians McElligott settled on the current live set up in late 2009 which includes Lasse Petersen previously of The Rakes and Gavin Slater previously of...

  • Kathleen Ollerenshaw
    Kathleen Ollerenshaw
    Dame Kathleen Mary Ollerenshaw, née Timpson, DBE is a British mathematician and politician. Deaf since the age of eight, she loved doing arithmetic problems as a child. As a young woman, she attended St Leonards School and Sixth Form College in St Andrews, Scotland where today the house of young...

     DBE
    Order of the British Empire
    The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is an order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by George V of the United Kingdom. The Order comprises five classes in civil and military divisions...

     – mathematician and educationalist
  • Tessa Ransford – founder of the Scottish Poetry Library
    Scottish Poetry Library
    The Scottish Poetry Library was founded in 1984 by the poet Tessa Ransford. It originally had two staff members, including Scottish poet, Tom Hubbard, and 300 books, but has since expanded considerably to containing 30,000 items of Scottish and international poetry...

  • Jane Renfrew (née Ewbank) – archaeologist and author, married to Colin Renfrew
  • Rosabelle Sinclair
    Rosabelle Sinclair
    Rosabelle Sinclair, known as the affectionately as the "Grand Dame of Lacrosse", established the first women's lacrosse team in the United States. She was the first woman to be inducted into the National Lacrosse Hall of Fame...

     – honoured in U.S. Lacrosse Hall of Fame, Baltimore
    Baltimore
    Baltimore is the largest independent city in the United States and the largest city and cultural center of the US state of Maryland. The city is located in central Maryland along the tidal portion of the Patapsco River, an arm of the Chesapeake Bay. Baltimore is sometimes referred to as Baltimore...

  • Dr. Alice Stewart
    Alice Stewart
    Dr Alice Mary Stewart was a physician and epidemiologist specialising in social medicine and the effects of radiation on health...

     (née Naish) – pioneering epidemiologist
  • Stella Tennant
    Stella Tennant
    Stella Tennant is a British model. The granddaughter of the late Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire and Deborah Mitford, who is the last of the noted Mitford sisters, Tennant was born in Scotland and attended St Leonards School in St Andrews. Her parents are The Hon...

     – supermodel
    Supermodel
    The term supermodel refers to a highly-paid fashion model who usually has a worldwide reputation and often a background in haute couture and commercial modeling. The term became prominent in the popular culture of the 1980s. Supermodels usually work for top fashion designers and labels...

  • Penny Thomson
    Penny Thomson
    Penny Thomson was a producer for Britain's Channel Four and former EIFF director.She attended St. Leonard's School for Girls at St Andrews. She became a production assistant, learning her craft with Murray Grigor and Patrick Higson...

     – film producer
    Film producer
    A film producer oversees and delivers a film project to all relevant parties while preserving the integrity, voice and vision of the film. They will also often take on some financial risk by using their own money, especially during the pre-production period, before a film is fully financed.The...

     and former Director of Edinburgh International Film Festival
    Edinburgh International Film Festival
    The Edinburgh International Film Festival is an annual fortnight of cinema screenings and related events taking place each June. Established in 1947, it is the world's oldest continually running film festival...

  • Fiona Watson
    Fiona Watson
    Fiona Watson was a Scottish political affairs officer working in Vieira de Mello's office who was killed along with other members of UN staff in the Canal Hotel bombing in Iraq, on the afternoon of 19 August 2003....

     – UN official killed in the Canal Hotel bombing
    Canal Hotel Bombing
    The Canal Hotel Bombing in Baghdad, Iraq, in the afternoon of August 19, 2003, killed at least 22 people, including the United Nations' Special Representative in Iraq Sérgio Vieira de Mello, and wounded over 100. The blast targeted the United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq created just 5 days...

    , Baghdad
    Baghdad
    Baghdad is the capital of Iraq, as well as the coterminous Baghdad Governorate. The population of Baghdad in 2011 is approximately 7,216,040...

  • Freda White – peace-campaigner, journalist, travel-writer

External links

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