St Helena Island National Park
Encyclopedia
St Helena Island is an island in Queensland
, Australia
, 21 km east of Brisbane
in Moreton Bay
. Originally used as a prison, it is now a national park
. Named Noogoon by the Australian Aborigines
, it was renamed St Helena after an aboriginal named Napoleon was exiled there in 1826. The island park is visible from the mainland, particularly the suburbs of Wynnum, Manly
and Lota
. It has its own permanent water supply, a spring
in the centre of the island. Many migratory bird
s use the island as a watering hole; it forms part of the Moreton Bay and Pumicestone Passage Important Bird Area
, so identified by BirdLife International
because it supports large numbers of migratory
wader
s, or shorebirds.
station which became one of the most profitable prison
s in Queensland history. The island was home to prisoners and staff for 65 years. Many of the people involved in the 1891 Australian shearers' strike
were imprisoned there along with murderers and bushranger
s.
lies St Helena Island. For more than 60 years from 1867, St Helena was home to many hundreds of society's outcasts, for here was located colonial Queensland's foremost prison for men.
In the early 1860s, as Brisbane's gaol at Petrie Terrace
became more and more crowded, about 30 prisoners were transferred to an old hulk, called the Proserpine, anchored near the mouth of the Brisbane River. In 1866, as part of their labours, the prisoners were taken each morning across the waters of Moreton Bay by whaleboat
to St Helena Island. Here they were put to work sinking well
s, clearing scrub, quarrying stone
and building accommodation for a new quarantine station. They were brought back to the hulk each night.
Government plans for the quarantine station were scrapped later that year — because the conditions at Petrie Terrace gaol had become so unbearable, the prisoners from the Prosperpine were set to work building a gaol instead. On 14 May 1867, the Governor of Queensland signed a proclamation declaring the island 'a place whereat offenders under order or sentence of hard labour or penal servitude may be detained'. In the years that followed, St Helena was to become Queensland's showpiece prison.
The toughest years on St Helena were undoubtedly the early ones, and the ruins
on the island testify to the hard work that the prisoners had to do. These, too, were the years of severe punishment — the lash, the dreaded dark underground cells, the gag, and energy-sapping shot drill. These were the years that gained St Helena its fearful reputation as 'the hell hole of the Pacific' and 'Queensland's Inferno'. But in these days tough measures were called for, because St Helena housed some of the country's worst criminals. In 1891, for example, there were 17 murderers, 27 men convicted of manslaughter, 26 men convicted of stabbings and shootings, and countless individuals responsible for assaults, rapes and similar violent crimes.
Because of this, St Helena had to be a secure prison — and it was, through its isolation and iron rule. During its lifetime, there were fewer than 25 serious attempts by prisoners to escape. Most of the 50 or so men involved were recaptured, although three disappeared without trace, two were drowned or taken by shark
s in Moreton Bay, and a few were caught several years later.
By the turn of the century, the St Helena establishment had grown to accommodate over 300 prisoners in a maze of buildings surrounded by a high stockade wall. It operated as a self-sufficient settlement, and even exported some of its produce to the mainland, including brick
s for many of Brisbane's buildings, clothes to be sold in Brisbane, and white rope
for ships, which was made from imported Sisal Hemp plants. In the island workshops the prisoners were taught such trades as carpentry, boot making, tailoring, tinsmith, saddle making, bread
baking and butchery. The island boasted a prize dairy herd which won many awards at the Brisbane Exhibitions
. The island was extensively farmed, particularly in the later years as a prison. Maize
, potato
es, lucerne
and other vegetable
s thrived in the rich volcanic soil and the sugar mill crushed over 75 tons of locally-grown sugar
annually by 1880. In many ways, St Helena was regarded as a model prison for the times, and held in high regard by visiting interstate and overseas penologists.
By the 1920s, the prison had begun to show its age. In its latter years, after the majority of prisoners and the workshops had been removed to the Boggo Road Gaol
on the mainland, the island became a prison farm for trustees, with a few dozen resident inmates tenaciously dismantling the ageing edifice. Many prison buildings remain. The last prisoner left the island on 15 February 1933. The last prison superintendent was Mr Patrick Roche.
Over six decades, there were more than 50 prisoners desperate enough to try to escape but, despite several super-human efforts, their attempts proved futile.
A few tried to swim. They were doomed to failure due to the dangers of the tides, offshore winds, choppy seas and sharks. Some took to crudely-made rafts of driftwood and logs. One man lashed a door to two pine stools. Even a bath tub was tried. One pair planned to swim two horse
s across the bay with themselves as passengers. They were foiled by an alert warder.
Then there were those who took to boats. One commandeered a whaleboat after slinging the guard into the water. Others discovered boats which had broken loose from moorings on the mainland and had drifted unseen cross the bay into the mangrove
s at St Helena. Still others tried to break into the prison boathouse. Some prisoners perished in their attempt. The aborigine, Burketown Peter, clinging desperately to a wooden target-frame used by the warders during rifle practice, vanished beneath the waters of Moreton Bay as his makeshift raft headed out to sea on an outgoing tide.
One of the island prison's most publicised episodes took place in November 1911, when prisoners Henry Craig and David Mclntyre vanished for nearly two weeks. Most people believed they had escaped to the mainland and, as a result, a search was undertaken across South East Queensland
. Warders turned out each day to search St Helena from end to end. Police
and blacktrackers patrolled hundreds of kilometres of mainland coastline. On the twelfth day the prisoners reappeared. They had been hiding above the ceiling of the tailor
s' workshop on St Helena, where they had been aided by a prisoner accomplice who supplied them daily with food
and water
.
Most escapees, however, rarely got any further than the island mangroves and scrub where they were captured by searching warders, supplemented, if necessary, by police from Brisbane, or driven out by hunger, or by intolerable hordes of mosquitoes. In fact, only one man was not recaptured after escaping from the island prison. Notorious gunman Charles Leslie was whisked from the island early one morning in 1924 by criminal accomplices who were waiting offshore in a motor boat.
and Cat O' Nine Tails. Private individuals can visit the island but are restricted to certain parts. There are history tours of the island, including a Ghost tour, where you can experience the stories of those imprisoned there and then tour the cemetery at night.
2007 has also seen the first roving theatre on St Helena Island. A B Sea Cruises in conjunction with the St Helena Island Theatre Troupe, have written the show 'Secrets of St Helena'. The show brings to life the often harsh but sometimes funny stories about St Helena Island. There's a repeater station on the island for 4TAB. The olive tree
s on the island are still producing fruit.
Queensland
Queensland is a state of Australia, occupying the north-eastern section of the mainland continent. It is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Australia and New South Wales to the west, south-west and south respectively. To the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean...
, Australia
Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
, 21 km east of Brisbane
Brisbane
Brisbane is the capital and most populous city in the Australian state of Queensland and the third most populous city in Australia. Brisbane's metropolitan area has a population of over 2 million, and the South East Queensland urban conurbation, centred around Brisbane, encompasses a population of...
in Moreton Bay
Moreton Bay
Moreton Bay is a bay on the eastern coast of Australia 45 km from Brisbane, Queensland. It is one of Queensland's most important coastal resources...
. Originally used as a prison, it is now a national park
National park
A national park is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or owns. Although individual nations designate their own national parks differently A national park is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or...
. Named Noogoon by the Australian Aborigines
Australian Aborigines
Australian Aborigines , also called Aboriginal Australians, from the latin ab originem , are people who are indigenous to most of the Australian continentthat is, to mainland Australia and the island of Tasmania...
, it was renamed St Helena after an aboriginal named Napoleon was exiled there in 1826. The island park is visible from the mainland, particularly the suburbs of Wynnum, Manly
Manly, Queensland
Manly is a suburb of Brisbane, Australia. It is located approximately 16km east of Brisbane CBD. Surrounding suburbs are Wynnum , Lota to the South and Manly West . To the east lies Moreton Bay.-History:...
and Lota
Lota, Queensland
Lota is an outer suburb of Brisbane, Australia. It is 17 km east of the CBD.Most of the land of Lota was originally owned by William Duckett White, who settled in 1862...
. It has its own permanent water supply, a spring
Spring (hydrosphere)
A spring—also known as a rising or resurgence—is a component of the hydrosphere. Specifically, it is any natural situation where water flows to the surface of the earth from underground...
in the centre of the island. Many migratory bird
Bird
Birds are feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic , egg-laying, vertebrate animals. Around 10,000 living species and 188 families makes them the most speciose class of tetrapod vertebrates. They inhabit ecosystems across the globe, from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Extant birds range in size from...
s use the island as a watering hole; it forms part of the Moreton Bay and Pumicestone Passage Important Bird Area
Important Bird Area
An Important Bird Area is an area recognized as being globally important habitat for the conservation of bird populations. Currently there are about 10,000 IBAs worldwide. The program was developed and sites are identified by BirdLife International...
, so identified by BirdLife International
BirdLife International
BirdLife International is a global Partnership of conservation organisations that strives to conserve birds, their habitats and global biodiversity, working with people towards sustainability in the use of natural resources...
because it supports large numbers of migratory
Bird migration
Bird migration is the regular seasonal journey undertaken by many species of birds. Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability, habitat or weather. Sometimes, journeys are not termed "true migration" because they are irregular or in only one direction...
wader
Wader
Waders, called shorebirds in North America , are members of the order Charadriiformes, excluding the more marine web-footed seabird groups. The latter are the skuas , gulls , terns , skimmers , and auks...
s, or shorebirds.
History
In the 19th century St Helena Island was a quarantineQuarantine
Quarantine is compulsory isolation, typically to contain the spread of something considered dangerous, often but not always disease. The word comes from the Italian quarantena, meaning forty-day period....
station which became one of the most profitable prison
Prison
A prison is a place in which people are physically confined and, usually, deprived of a range of personal freedoms. Imprisonment or incarceration is a legal penalty that may be imposed by the state for the commission of a crime...
s in Queensland history. The island was home to prisoners and staff for 65 years. Many of the people involved in the 1891 Australian shearers' strike
1891 Australian shearers' strike
350px|thumb|Shearers' strike camp, Hughenden, central Queensland, 1891.The 1891 shearers' strike is one of Australia's earliest and most important industrial disputes. Working conditions for sheep shearers in 19th century Australia weren't good. In 1891 wool was one of Australia's largest industries...
were imprisoned there along with murderers and bushranger
Bushranger
Bushrangers, or bush rangers, originally referred to runaway convicts in the early years of the British settlement of Australia who had the survival skills necessary to use the Australian bush as a refuge to hide from the authorities...
s.
St Helena Island Prison
Several kilometres from the mouth of the Brisbane RiverBrisbane River
The Brisbane River is the longest river in south east Queensland, Australia, and flows through the city of Brisbane, before emptying into Moreton Bay. John Oxley was the first European to explore the river who named it after the Governor of New South Wales, Thomas Brisbane in 1823...
lies St Helena Island. For more than 60 years from 1867, St Helena was home to many hundreds of society's outcasts, for here was located colonial Queensland's foremost prison for men.
In the early 1860s, as Brisbane's gaol at Petrie Terrace
Petrie Terrace, Queensland
Petrie Terrace is an inner-city suburb and major thoroughfare in Brisbane, Australia. It is located under 2 km to the west of the Brisbane General Post Office. The suburb is bordered to the west by Hale Street and to the east by Countess Street...
became more and more crowded, about 30 prisoners were transferred to an old hulk, called the Proserpine, anchored near the mouth of the Brisbane River. In 1866, as part of their labours, the prisoners were taken each morning across the waters of Moreton Bay by whaleboat
Whaleboat
A whaleboat is a type of open boat that is relatively narrow and pointed at both ends, enabling it to move either forwards or backwards equally well. It was originally developed for whaling, and later became popular for work along beaches, since it does not need to be turned around for beaching or...
to St Helena Island. Here they were put to work sinking well
Water well
A water well is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, boring or drilling to access groundwater in underground aquifers. The well water is drawn by an electric submersible pump, a trash pump, a vertical turbine pump, a handpump or a mechanical pump...
s, clearing scrub, quarrying stone
Rock (geology)
In geology, rock or stone is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids.The Earth's outer solid layer, the lithosphere, is made of rock. In general rocks are of three types, namely, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic...
and building accommodation for a new quarantine station. They were brought back to the hulk each night.
Government plans for the quarantine station were scrapped later that year — because the conditions at Petrie Terrace gaol had become so unbearable, the prisoners from the Prosperpine were set to work building a gaol instead. On 14 May 1867, the Governor of Queensland signed a proclamation declaring the island 'a place whereat offenders under order or sentence of hard labour or penal servitude may be detained'. In the years that followed, St Helena was to become Queensland's showpiece prison.
The toughest years on St Helena were undoubtedly the early ones, and the ruins
Ruins
Ruins are the remains of human-made architecture: structures that were once complete, as time went by, have fallen into a state of partial or complete disrepair, due to lack of maintenance or deliberate acts of destruction...
on the island testify to the hard work that the prisoners had to do. These, too, were the years of severe punishment — the lash, the dreaded dark underground cells, the gag, and energy-sapping shot drill. These were the years that gained St Helena its fearful reputation as 'the hell hole of the Pacific' and 'Queensland's Inferno'. But in these days tough measures were called for, because St Helena housed some of the country's worst criminals. In 1891, for example, there were 17 murderers, 27 men convicted of manslaughter, 26 men convicted of stabbings and shootings, and countless individuals responsible for assaults, rapes and similar violent crimes.
Because of this, St Helena had to be a secure prison — and it was, through its isolation and iron rule. During its lifetime, there were fewer than 25 serious attempts by prisoners to escape. Most of the 50 or so men involved were recaptured, although three disappeared without trace, two were drowned or taken by shark
Shark
Sharks are a type of fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton and a highly streamlined body. The earliest known sharks date from more than 420 million years ago....
s in Moreton Bay, and a few were caught several years later.
By the turn of the century, the St Helena establishment had grown to accommodate over 300 prisoners in a maze of buildings surrounded by a high stockade wall. It operated as a self-sufficient settlement, and even exported some of its produce to the mainland, including brick
Brick
A brick is a block of ceramic material used in masonry construction, usually laid using various kinds of mortar. It has been regarded as one of the longest lasting and strongest building materials used throughout history.-History:...
s for many of Brisbane's buildings, clothes to be sold in Brisbane, and white rope
Rope
A rope is a length of fibres, twisted or braided together to improve strength for pulling and connecting. It has tensile strength but is too flexible to provide compressive strength...
for ships, which was made from imported Sisal Hemp plants. In the island workshops the prisoners were taught such trades as carpentry, boot making, tailoring, tinsmith, saddle making, bread
Bread
Bread is a staple food prepared by cooking a dough of flour and water and often additional ingredients. Doughs are usually baked, but in some cuisines breads are steamed , fried , or baked on an unoiled frying pan . It may be leavened or unleavened...
baking and butchery. The island boasted a prize dairy herd which won many awards at the Brisbane Exhibitions
Ekka
The Ekka is the annual agricultural show of Queensland, Australia. Its formal title is the Royal Queensland Show. It was originally called the Brisbane Exhibition, however it is usually shortened to Ekka.-History:...
. The island was extensively farmed, particularly in the later years as a prison. Maize
Maize
Maize known in many English-speaking countries as corn or mielie/mealie, is a grain domesticated by indigenous peoples in Mesoamerica in prehistoric times. The leafy stalk produces ears which contain seeds called kernels. Though technically a grain, maize kernels are used in cooking as a vegetable...
, potato
Potato
The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae family . The word potato may refer to the plant itself as well as the edible tuber. In the region of the Andes, there are some other closely related cultivated potato species...
es, lucerne
Lucerne
Lucerne is a city in north-central Switzerland, in the German-speaking portion of that country. Lucerne is the capital of the Canton of Lucerne and the capital of the district of the same name. With a population of about 76,200 people, Lucerne is the most populous city in Central Switzerland, and...
and other vegetable
Vegetable
The noun vegetable usually means an edible plant or part of a plant other than a sweet fruit or seed. This typically means the leaf, stem, or root of a plant....
s thrived in the rich volcanic soil and the sugar mill crushed over 75 tons of locally-grown sugar
Sugar
Sugar is a class of edible crystalline carbohydrates, mainly sucrose, lactose, and fructose, characterized by a sweet flavor.Sucrose in its refined form primarily comes from sugar cane and sugar beet...
annually by 1880. In many ways, St Helena was regarded as a model prison for the times, and held in high regard by visiting interstate and overseas penologists.
By the 1920s, the prison had begun to show its age. In its latter years, after the majority of prisoners and the workshops had been removed to the Boggo Road Gaol
Boggo Road Gaol
Boggo Road Gaol was a notorious Australian prison located on Annerley Road in Dutton Park, an inner southern suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The site is the only surviving intact gaol in Queensland that reflects penological principles of the 19th century...
on the mainland, the island became a prison farm for trustees, with a few dozen resident inmates tenaciously dismantling the ageing edifice. Many prison buildings remain. The last prisoner left the island on 15 February 1933. The last prison superintendent was Mr Patrick Roche.
Escaping from St Helena Island prison
"It is impossible", wrote the Visiting Justice in 1869,"for prisoners to escape from St Helena. I am convinced of it. They would have three miles to swim." In fact, history was to show that the island was almost escape-proof.Over six decades, there were more than 50 prisoners desperate enough to try to escape but, despite several super-human efforts, their attempts proved futile.
A few tried to swim. They were doomed to failure due to the dangers of the tides, offshore winds, choppy seas and sharks. Some took to crudely-made rafts of driftwood and logs. One man lashed a door to two pine stools. Even a bath tub was tried. One pair planned to swim two horse
Horse
The horse is one of two extant subspecies of Equus ferus, or the wild horse. It is a single-hooved mammal belonging to the taxonomic family Equidae. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature into the large, single-toed animal of today...
s across the bay with themselves as passengers. They were foiled by an alert warder.
Then there were those who took to boats. One commandeered a whaleboat after slinging the guard into the water. Others discovered boats which had broken loose from moorings on the mainland and had drifted unseen cross the bay into the mangrove
Mangrove
Mangroves are various kinds of trees up to medium height and shrubs that grow in saline coastal sediment habitats in the tropics and subtropics – mainly between latitudes N and S...
s at St Helena. Still others tried to break into the prison boathouse. Some prisoners perished in their attempt. The aborigine, Burketown Peter, clinging desperately to a wooden target-frame used by the warders during rifle practice, vanished beneath the waters of Moreton Bay as his makeshift raft headed out to sea on an outgoing tide.
One of the island prison's most publicised episodes took place in November 1911, when prisoners Henry Craig and David Mclntyre vanished for nearly two weeks. Most people believed they had escaped to the mainland and, as a result, a search was undertaken across South East Queensland
South East Queensland
South East Queensland is a region of the state of Queensland in Australia, which contains approximately two-thirds of the state population...
. Warders turned out each day to search St Helena from end to end. Police
Police
The police is a personification of the state designated to put in practice the enforced law, protect property and reduce civil disorder in civilian matters. Their powers include the legitimized use of force...
and blacktrackers patrolled hundreds of kilometres of mainland coastline. On the twelfth day the prisoners reappeared. They had been hiding above the ceiling of the tailor
Tailor
A tailor is a person who makes, repairs, or alters clothing professionally, especially suits and men's clothing.Although the term dates to the thirteenth century, tailor took on its modern sense in the late eighteenth century, and now refers to makers of men's and women's suits, coats, trousers,...
s' workshop on St Helena, where they had been aided by a prisoner accomplice who supplied them daily with food
Food
Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for the body. It is usually of plant or animal origin, and contains essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals...
and water
Water
Water is a chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state . Water also exists in a...
.
Most escapees, however, rarely got any further than the island mangroves and scrub where they were captured by searching warders, supplemented, if necessary, by police from Brisbane, or driven out by hunger, or by intolerable hordes of mosquitoes. In fact, only one man was not recaptured after escaping from the island prison. Notorious gunman Charles Leslie was whisked from the island early one morning in 1924 by criminal accomplices who were waiting offshore in a motor boat.
Tourism
These days, the island is a tourist destination for school children and visitors to Brisbane alike. The island is visited by Getaway Cruising, Lady BrisbaneLady Brisbane
The Lady Brisbane is one of the ships operated by Brisbane Cruises, which has been operating since 1987.Originally built to operate out to the Great Barrier Reef, the Lady Brisbane was built in 1972 by Milkraft in Brisbane, and has been renovated....
and Cat O' Nine Tails. Private individuals can visit the island but are restricted to certain parts. There are history tours of the island, including a Ghost tour, where you can experience the stories of those imprisoned there and then tour the cemetery at night.
2007 has also seen the first roving theatre on St Helena Island. A B Sea Cruises in conjunction with the St Helena Island Theatre Troupe, have written the show 'Secrets of St Helena'. The show brings to life the often harsh but sometimes funny stories about St Helena Island. There's a repeater station on the island for 4TAB. The olive tree
Olive Tree
The Olive Tree was a denomination used for several successive centre-left Italian political coalitions from 1995 to 2007.The historical leader and ideologue of these coalitions was Romano Prodi, Professor of Economics and former leftist Christian Democrat, who invented the name and the symbol of...
s on the island are still producing fruit.
Historical timeline
- 720BC to 1840 (Approx) Used by Aboriginal tribe, the Nooghies
- 1799 Island described as one of the 'Green Isles' by Matthew Flinders
- 1826 Named St Helena after Aboriginal exiled on Island
- 1850s Fledgling dugong industry
- 1866 Quarantine Station built
- 1867 (14 May) Declared Penal Establishment
- 1875 Construction started on stone causeway
- 1885 Tramway commences operation (first passenger tramcar in Qld)
- 1890 Warder's families removed from Island
- 1891 Leaders of Great Shearer's Strike imprisoned on Island *
- 1905 Sisal Hemp growing started
- 1907 Lash last used
- 1921 Announcement of intended prison closure
- 1921 (to 1932) Became prison farm for low security prisoners
- 1922 Dismantling of buildings commenced (cont'd to 1932)
- 1925 Electric light installed
- 1932 (Dec) Official Prison closure
- 1933 (1st Dec) Opened to the public (under responsibility of Brisbane City Council) First passenger ferry service established from Wynnum Pier (Closed 1934)
- 1939 BCC handed Island back to State Gov't. Leased as dairy farm to 1973
- 1973 Charles Carroll acquires 2 leases on Island (tourism and pasture)
- 1974 Part of North Point leased to 4IP Radio to build radio station
- 1979 (4th Oct) Gazetted National Park
- 1980 (11th Sept) Gazetted Historic Area (First in Qld)
- 1981 First Park Ranger appointed to Island
- 1983 Coral dredging commenced Eastern side of Island (finished 1988)
- 1984 Carroll's leases requisitioned
- 1985 Education Queensland involved in guide training and collating archival material
- 1986 (Oct) New jetty opened. First scripted play, St Helena by Night staged on Island 1987 Horse-drawn wagon transport introduced to Island (until 1996)
- 1996 Diesel powered train commenced operation (until 2002)
- 2000 Establishment of Museum completed
- 2004 Queensland Prison & Penal Historical Association was formed by tour guides to assist in the restoration, research and promotion of the island.
Further reading
- True Tales of Old St Helena, More True Tales of Old St Helena, The Wild Men of St Helena, The Escapes from St Helena, The St Helena Island Prison. Jarvis Finger, Boolarong Publications, Brisbane.
- Part of the Glory, Julian Stuart.
- St Helena Island Moreton Bay: An Historical Account, ISBN: 978-0-9807003-4-3, 229 pages including index, Lauren Penny.
- The St Helena Story: An Illustrated History of Colonial Queensland's Island Prison, ISBN 978-1-9215554-4-2, 300 pages, full colour, references, index. by Jarvis Finger, Fernfawn/Boolarong Publications, Brisbane, 2010.
External links
- The St Helena Story - photographs, anecdotes, history