School of Medicine (Trinity College, Dublin)
Encyclopedia
The School of Medicine at the University of Dublin
University of Dublin
The University of Dublin , corporately designated the Chancellor, Doctors and Masters of the University of Dublin , located in Dublin, Ireland, was effectively founded when in 1592 Queen Elizabeth I issued a charter for Trinity College, Dublin, as "the mother of a university" – this date making it...

, Trinity College
Trinity College, Dublin
Trinity College, Dublin , formally known as the College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin, was founded in 1592 by letters patent from Queen Elizabeth I as the "mother of a university", Extracts from Letters Patent of Elizabeth I, 1592: "...we...found and...

 in Dublin, Republic of Ireland
Republic of Ireland
Ireland , described as the Republic of Ireland , is a sovereign state in Europe occupying approximately five-sixths of the island of the same name. Its capital is Dublin. Ireland, which had a population of 4.58 million in 2011, is a constitutional republic governed as a parliamentary democracy,...

 (known until 2005 as the School of Physic), is the oldest medical school
Medical school
A medical school is a tertiary educational institution—or part of such an institution—that teaches medicine. Degree programs offered at medical schools often include Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine, Bachelor/Doctor of Medicine, Doctor of Philosophy, master's degree, or other post-secondary...

 in Ireland
Ireland
Ireland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...

. Founded in the early eighteenth century, it was originally situated at the site of the current Berkeley Library. As well as providing an undergraduate degree in medicine
Medicine
Medicine is the science and art of healing. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness....

, the school provides undergraduate courses in physiotherapy, occupational therapy
Occupational therapy
Occupational therapy is a discipline that aims to promote health by enabling people to perform meaningful and purposeful activities. Occupational therapists work with individuals who suffer from a mentally, physically, developmentally, and/or emotionally disabling condition by utilizing treatments...

, radiation therapy
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy , radiation oncology, or radiotherapy , sometimes abbreviated to XRT or DXT, is the medical use of ionizing radiation, generally as part of cancer treatment to control malignant cells.Radiation therapy is commonly applied to the cancerous tumor because of its ability to control...

, human nutrition
Nutrition
Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet....

 & dietetics and human health
Health
Health is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living being. In humans, it is the general condition of a person's mind, body and spirit, usually meaning to be free from illness, injury or pain...

 & disease
Disease
A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism. It is often construed to be a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by external factors, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions, such as autoimmune...

, over 20 taught postgraduate courses, and research degrees. The current Head of School and Vice-Provost for Medical Affairs is Professor Dermot Kelleher.

History

Medical training has taken place at Trinity College since the seventeenth century, originally on a rather unremarkable basis; extant records suggest that by 1616 only one medical degree had been conferred. In a letter to James Ussher
James Ussher
James Ussher was Church of Ireland Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland between 1625–56...

 in 1628, Provost William Bedell
William Bedell
William Bedell was an Anglican churchman.-Early life:He was born at Black Notley in Essex, and educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he was a pupil of William Perkins. He became a fellow of Emmanuel in 1593, and took orders...

 commented, "I suppose it hath been an error all this time to neglect the faculties of law and physic and attend only to the ordering of one poor College of Divines." From 1618 the post of "Medicus" had existed among the Fellow
Fellow
A fellow in the broadest sense is someone who is an equal or a comrade. The term fellow is also used to describe a person, particularly by those in the upper social classes. It is most often used in an academic context: a fellow is often part of an elite group of learned people who are awarded...

s, this post later being formalised under Bedell's revised College statutes in 1628 and by Royal letters patent
Letters patent
Letters patent are a type of legal instrument in the form of a published written order issued by a monarch or president, generally granting an office, right, monopoly, title, or status to a person or corporation...

 in 1637, but in practice the office was usually held by Junior Fellows who did not hold medical degrees and who participated in no real sense in medical education; for example, the first Fellow to be chosen Medicus, John Temple (son of the then-Provost of the College, Sir William Temple
William Temple (logician)
Sir William Temple was an English Ramist logician and fourth Provost of Trinity College, Dublin.-Early life:He was educated at Eton College, and passed with a scholarship to King's College, Cambridge, in 1573. In 1576 he was elected a fellow of King's, and graduated B.A. in 1577-8 and M.A. in...

), went on to pursue a prominent legal career. The Public (later Regius
Regius Professor
Regius Professorships are "royal" professorships at the ancient universities of the United Kingdom and Ireland - namely Oxford, Cambridge, St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Edinburgh and Dublin. Each of the chairs was created by a monarch, and each appointment, save those at Dublin, is approved by the...

) Professorship of Physic
Regius Professor of Physic
Regius Professor of Physic may refer to:*Regius Professor of Physic , a professorship at the University of Cambridge*Regius Professor of Physic , a professorship at the University of Dublin, Trinity College...

 was for the most part used as ceremonial title for a practising doctor.
A 17th-century manuscript preserved in the Trinity College Library
Trinity College Library, Dublin
Trinity College Library Dublin, the centrally-administered library of Trinity College, Dublin, is the largest library in Ireland. As a "copyright library", it has legal deposit rights for material published in the Republic of Ireland; it is also the only Irish library to hold such rights for the...

, describing the ceremonies accompanying conferral of degrees, makes no mention of graduates in medicine.

The first recorded named holder of a Dublin medical degree was John Stearne
John Stearne
John Stearne was an associate of Matthew Hopkins, a witchhunter active during the English Civil War. Stearne was known at various times as the witch–hunter, and "witch pricker". A family man and land owner from Lawshall near Bury St Edmunds, Stearne was 10 years older than Hopkins. He met...

, a Trinity graduate who had trained as a doctor in England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...

 (possibly at Cambridge
University of Cambridge
The University of Cambridge is a public research university located in Cambridge, United Kingdom. It is the second-oldest university in both the United Kingdom and the English-speaking world , and the seventh-oldest globally...

), and was appointed a Fellow
Fellow
A fellow in the broadest sense is someone who is an equal or a comrade. The term fellow is also used to describe a person, particularly by those in the upper social classes. It is most often used in an academic context: a fellow is often part of an elite group of learned people who are awarded...

 upon returning to Trinity in 1651. From 1662 until his death in 1669 he was Professor of Physic, and during this time was instrumental in the foundation of a college of physicians, which later became the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland
Royal College of Physicians of Ireland
The Royal College of Physicians of Ireland , was founded in 1654 and is a postgraduate medical organisation comprising Members and Fellows...

; this institution had originally functioned as a daughter institution of Trinity College, located at the former Trinity Hall
Trinity Hall, Dublin
Trinity Hall is the main extramural hall of residence for students of the University of Dublin, Trinity College in Dublin, Ireland. It is located on Dartry Road in Dartry near Rathmines, about three miles south of the College.-History:...

 on Hoggen Green (now College Green
College Green
College Green is a three-sided "square" in the centre of Dublin. On its northern side is a building known today as the Bank of Ireland which until 1800 was Ireland's Parliament House. To its east stands Trinity College Dublin, the only constituent college of the University of Dublin. To its south...

). Trinity Hall had been intended as a place of residence and tuition for students of the College, but a dispute arose, as the property fell into disuse and disrepair following the rebellion of 1641
Irish Rebellion of 1641
The Irish Rebellion of 1641 began as an attempted coup d'état by Irish Catholic gentry, who tried to seize control of the English administration in Ireland to force concessions for the Catholics living under English rule...

, and Dublin Corporation
Dublin Corporation
Dublin Corporation , known by generations of Dubliners simply as The Corpo, is the former name given to the city government and its administrative organisation in Dublin between 1661 and 1 January 2002...

 demanded its return, as the conditions by which the Corporation had provided it to the College were not being upheld. The matter was resolved by Stearne, who offered to raise funds to cover the costs of restoring the building (which the College could not afford at the time) as a daughter college for the education of physicians, with Stearne as its president, and with medical students there first becoming members of Trinity; the agreement stated "that the College should have the nomination of the President of the College of Physicians, and that the President and Fellows of that College should give their professional services without fees to the Provost and Senior Fellows of Trinity College and their successors whenever they should require them to attend them during illness."

A "Colledge of Physitians in Dublin" was thus granted a royal charter
Royal Charter
A royal charter is a formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent, granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate. They were, and are still, used to establish significant organizations such as cities or universities. Charters should be distinguished from warrants and...

 in 1667, but no records survive from the time of Stearne's death in 1669 to confirm whether medical students from Trinity were in residence, and in subsequent years the College of Physicians gained virtual independence from the university, largely due to the mother institution being unable to supply sufficient qualified physicians to administer it. The College was given the right of granting medical licences within a radius of seven miles of the city of Dublin. In 1692 it was rechartered as the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland, and provision was made for representatives of the College to examine candidates for medical degrees of the University of Dublin—this arrangement persisting until 1760—and for holders of Dublin medical degrees to be admitted without further examination or fees to the College.

By the 18th century, the Board of the College was moved to urgently rectify and formalise the state of its pre-clinical medical education. In 1710 it approved both the construction of a two-storey "Elaboratory" to the west of College Park in Trinity (at the site of the current Berkeley Library), and the establishment of lectureships in anatomy, chemistry and botany. The building was designed by Thomas Burgh
Thomas Burgh
Thomas Burgh may refer to:*Thomas Burgh, 1st Baron Burgh of Gainsborough , English peer, High Sheriff of Lincs, 1460*Thomas Burgh, 1st Baron Burgh , English peer, 5th Baron Strabolgi...

 and was formally opened on 11 August of the following year with lecture facilities, a dissecting room, a museum and a chemical laboratory. For clinical training, students would then rely on tutorials from the Professor of Physic, and on lectures from same at the Royal College of Physicians. It was agreed with the College of Physicians that, in addition to the normal examinations for all students at the University, medical students would also be examined in "all parts of Anatomy relating to the Œconomia Animalis, and in all parts of Botany, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, and that every candidate Doctor in Physic be examined as to the aforesaid subjects, and likewise in the explanation of Hippocrates
Hippocrates
Hippocrates of Cos or Hippokrates of Kos was an ancient Greek physician of the Age of Pericles , and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine...

' Aphorisms, and in the theory and cure of external and internal diseases."

A bequest drawn up in 1711 by the eminent physician Sir Patrick Dun
Sir Patrick Dun
Sir Patrick Dun was a famous Irish physician, and president of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland.He was elected in 1692 to the Irish House of Commons for Killyleagh and sat there until 1695....

 provided for the endowment of further professorships of physic at Trinity, to be appointed jointly by Trinity, the College of Physicians and the Archbishop of Dublin
Archbishop of Dublin
The Archbishop of Dublin may refer to:* Archbishop of Dublin – an article which lists of pre- and post-Reformation archbishops.* Archbishop of Dublin – the title of the senior cleric who presides over the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dublin....

. To allow this to be carried out, a royal charter
Royal Charter
A royal charter is a formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent, granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate. They were, and are still, used to establish significant organizations such as cities or universities. Charters should be distinguished from warrants and...

 was sought to establish the School of Physic under the joint government of both Colleges, and this was granted in 1715.

The school expanded significantly in the first half of the 20th century, with the establishment of professorships in pathology, bacteriology and biochemistry, and lecturerships in radiology, anaesthetics and psychological medicine, among others.

Alumni

Notable alumni and former students include:
  • George James Allman
    George James Allman
    George James Allman FRS , M.D., Emeritus Professor of Natural History in Edinburgh, was an eminent Irish naturalist.-Life:...

     (1812–1898), British biologist
  • George Johnston Allman
    George Johnston Allman
    George Johnston Allman was an Irish professor, mathematician, classical scholar, and historian of ancient Greek mathematics.He was born in Dublin the son of William Allman MD, also a botanist....

     (1824–1904), Irish mathematician and botanist
  • Leonard H. Ball (1900–1966), Australian surgeon
  • Edward Hallaran Bennett
    Edward Hallaran Bennett
    Edward Hallaran Bennett was an Irish surgeon remembered for describing Bennett's fracture. He studied at Trinity College, Dublin of the University of Dublin, graduating M.Ch. in 1859 and M.D. in 1864. He was professor of anatomy and surgery at Trinity College from 1873-1906...

     (1837–1907), Irish surgeon
  • Dame Beulah Bewley
    Beulah Bewley
    Dame Beulah Rosemary Bewley, DBE is a retired British public health physician and ex-President of the Medical Women's Federation on the General Medical Council....

    , British epidemiologist
  • Noël Browne
    Noel Browne
    Noël Christopher Browne was an Irish politician and doctor. He holds the distinction of being one of only five Teachtaí Dála to be appointed Minister on their first day in the Dáil. His controversial Mother and Child Scheme in effect brought down the First Inter-Party Government of John A...

     (1915–1997), Irish politician and physician
  • Denis Parsons Burkitt
    Denis Parsons Burkitt
    Denis Parsons Burkitt , surgeon, was born in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, Ireland. He was the son of James Parsons Burkitt. Aged eleven he lost his right eye in an accident. He attended Portora Royal School in Enniskillen and Dean Close School, England...

     (1911–1993), Irish surgeon
  • Sir Charles Cameron
    Sir Charles Cameron, 1st Baronet
    Sir Charles Cameron, 1st Baronet was a Scottish doctor, newspaper editor and an advanced Liberal politician....

     (1841–1924), Scottish politician and newspaper editor
  • Sir Dominic Corrigan
    Dominic Corrigan
    Sir Dominic Corrigan was a physician, known for his original observations in heart disease. The abnormal "collapsing" pulse of aortic valve insufficiency is named Corrigan's pulse after him.-Birth and Education:The son of a dealer in agricultural tools, Corrigan was educated in St...

     (1802–1880), Irish physician
  • Ara Darzi (born 1960), British surgeon and politician
  • David Drummond
    David Drummond (academic)
    Professor Sir David Drummond C.B.E., K.B.E. was a British physician and President of the British Medical Association. He was Warden and Vice-Chancellor of Durham University from 1920–1922, having also served as the President of the University's College of Medicine in Newcastle.Drummond studied...

     (1852–1932), British physician and academic
  • Michael ffrench-O'Carroll (1919–2007), Irish physician and politician
  • Oliver St. John Gogarty
    Oliver St. John Gogarty
    Oliver Joseph St John Gogarty was an Irish poet, author, otolaryngologist, athlete, politician, and well-known conversationalist, who served as the inspiration for Buck Mulligan in James Joyce's novel Ulysses....

     (1878–1957), Irish otolaryngologist, writer and politician
  • William Crampton Gore
    William Crampton Gore
    William Crampton Gore RHA was an Irish painter.The son of an army officer from Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, Gore studied medicine at TCD, graduating in 1897 and practising until 1901. An intervening period of some months in 1898 was spent studying art under Henry Tonks at the Slade School,...

     (1871–1946), Irish painter
  • Robert James Graves
    Robert James Graves
    Robert James Graves, M.D., F.R.C.S. was an eminent Irish surgeon after whom Graves' disease takes its name. He was President of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, Fellow of the Royal Society of London and the founder of the Dublin Journal of Medical Science...

     (1796–1853), Irish surgeon
  • Edward Hand
    Edward Hand
    -Early life and career:Hand was born in Clyduff, King's County, Ireland January 10, 1742, and was baptised in Shinrone. His father was John Hand. Among his immediate neighbours were the Kearney family, ancestors of U.S. President Barack Obamba [1]...

     (1744–1802), Irish-American military and political leader
  • Samuel Haughton
    Samuel Haughton
    Samuel Haughton was an Irish scientific writer.-Biography:He was born in Carlow, the son of James Haughton ....

     (1795–1873), Irish scientific writer
  • William Hayes
    William Hayes (geneticist)
    William Hayes FRS was an Irish geneticist.-Early life:He was born in Rathfarnham, Co Dublin, the only son of William Hayes, a successful Dublin pharmacist, and his second wife, Miriam, née Harris...

     (1918–1994), Irish-Australian microbiologist and geneticist
  • David Healy
    David Healy (psychiatrist)
    David Healy is an Irish psychiatrist who is currently a professor in Psychological Medicine at Cardiff University School of Medicine, Wales. He is also the director of North Wales School of Psychological Medicine. He became the centre of controversy concerning the influence of the pharmaceutical...

    , Irish psychiatrist
  • Mary Henry (born 1940), Irish politician and physician
  • William Irvine
    William Irvine (physician)
    William Irvine was an Irish-American physician, soldier, and statesman from Carlisle, Pennsylvania.Irvine was born near Enniskillen, County Fermanagh in Ireland...

     (1741–1804), Irish-American military and political leader
  • Sophia Jex-Blake
    Sophia Jex-Blake
    Sophia Louisa Jex-Blake was an English physician, teacher and feminist. She was one of the first female doctors in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, a leading campaigner for medical education for women and was involved in founding two medical schools for women, in London and in...

    , (1840–1912), British physician, educator and feminist
  • Robert Kane
    Robert Kane (chemist)
    Sir Robert John Kane was an Irish chemist.-Youth:His father, John Kean, was involved in the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and fled for a time to France where he studied chemistry...

     (1809–1890), Irish chemist

  • Charles Lever
    Charles Lever
    Charles James Lever was an Irish novelist.-Biography:Lever was born in Dublin, the second son of James Lever, an architect and builder, and was educated in private schools. His escapades at Trinity College, Dublin , where he took the degree in medicine in 1831, are drawn on for the plots of some...

     (1806–1872), Irish novelist
  • John Martin (1812–1875), Irish nationalist
  • Joseph Moloney
    Joseph Moloney
    Joseph Moloney was the Irish-born British medical officer on the 1891-92 Stairs Expedition which seized Katanga in Central Africa for the Belgian King Leopold II, killing its ruler, Msiri, in the process...

     (1857–1896), British military medical officer
  • William Fetherstone Montgomery
    William Fetherstone Montgomery
    William Fetherstone Montgomery was an Irish obstetrician credited for first describing the Glands of Montgomery.Montgomery was born, raised and educated in Dublin, Ireland. He attended medical school at Trinity College, Dublin...

     (1797–1859), Irish obstetrician
  • George Morrison
    George Morrison (documentary maker)
    George Morrison is an Irish director of film documentaries. His works include Mise Éire and Saoirse?.Morrison was born in Tramore, Co. Waterford. His mother was an actress at Dublin's Gate Theatre, while his father worked as a neurological anaesthetist...

     (born 1922), Irish documentary maker
  • Francis Murphy (1809–1891), Australian politician and pastoralist
  • Sir Thomas Myles
    Thomas Myles
    Sir Thomas Myles, CB was a prominent Irish Home Ruler and surgeon, involved in the importation of arms for the Irish Volunteers in 1914....

     (1857–1937), Irish surgeon and nationalist
  • Edmund O'Donovan
    Edmund O'Donovan
    Edmund O'Donovan , Irish war-correspondent, was born at Dublin on the 13th of September 1844, the son of John O'Donovan , a well-known Irish archaeologist and topographer...

     (1844–1883), British journalist
  • Barry Edward O'Meara
    Barry Edward O'Meara
    Barry Edward O'Meara was an Irish surgeon and founding member of the Reform Club, who accompanied Napoleon to St. Helena and became his physician, having been surgeon on board the Bellerophon when the emperor surrendered himself. He is remembered as the author of Napoleon in Exile, or A Voice...

     (1783–1836), Irish surgeon
  • Alexander Charles O'Sullivan
    Alexander Charles O'Sullivan
    Alexander Charles O'Sullivan , M.B., B.Ch., was Professor of Pathology, Trinity College, Dublin.We record with much regret the death, on February 18, of Dr. Alexander Charles O'Sullivan, Professor of Pathology in the University of Dublin and Senior Fellow of Trinity College, at his residence,...

     (1858–1924), Irish pathologist
  • Edith Pechey
    Edith Pechey
    Edith Pechey-Phipson was one of the first women doctors in the United Kingdom and a campaigner for women's rights. She spent more than 20 years in India as a senior doctor at a women's hospital and was involved in a range of social causes....

     (1845–1908), British physician and feminist
  • Maxwell Simpson
    Maxwell Simpson
    Maxwell Simpson was an eminent Irish chemist.-Life:He was born in Beach Hill, County Armagh, Ireland, son of Thomas Simpson. He attended Dr. Henderson's school at Newry before continuing to Trinity College, Dublin in 1832. He graduated in 1837 and travelled on the continent...

     (1815–1902), Irish chemist
  • Robert William Smith (1807–1873), Irish surgeon
  • William Stokes (1804–1878), Irish physician
  • Sir William Stokes
    William Stokes (surgeon)
    Sir William Stokes was an Irish surgeon.The son of William Stokes, he was born in Dublin, studied medicine there and at Berlin, London, Paris, and Vienna. In 1864 he settled in practice in Clare St., Dublin until 1878 when he moved to his father's house in Merrion Square. In 1864 he was elected...

     (1839–1900), Irish surgeon
  • John Anderson Strong (born 1915), Scottish surgeon and academic
  • Jeremy Swan
    Jeremy Swan
    H.J.C. "Jeremy" Swan was an Irish cardiologist, originally from Sligo, who co-invented the Swan-Ganz catheter with William Ganz at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in 1970....

     (1922–2005), Irish cardiologist
  • John Todhunter
    John Todhunter
    John Todhunter was an Irish poet and playwright who wrote seven volumes of poetry, and several plays.- Life :...

     (1839–1916), Irish poet and playwright
  • Thomas Wilson
    Thomas Wilson (bishop)
    Thomas Wilson was Anglican Bishop of Sodor and Man between 1697 and 1755.He was born in Burton and Ness, in the Wirral, Cheshire, in December 1663. Having studied medicine at Trinity College, Dublin, he was ordained priest in 1689...

     (1663–1755), British bishop
  • Sir Robert Henry Woods
    Robert Henry Woods
    Sir Robert Henry Woods was an Irish Independent Unionist Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom Parliament. He was born at Tullamore. He was knighted in 1913....

     (1865–1938), Irish physician and politician
  • Sir Almroth Wright
    Almroth Wright
    Sir Almroth Edward Wright, KBE, CB was a British bacteriologist and immunologist.He is notable for developing a system of anti-typhoid fever inoculation, recognizing early on that antibiotics would create resistant bacteria and being a strong advocate for preventive medicine.-Biography:Wright was...

    (1861–1947), British bacteriologist and immunologist


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