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Praeses (plural Praesides), a Latin
Latin

Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
 word meaning "Seated in front, i.e. at the head (of a meeting or company)," has both ancient and modern uses.

ses, a common Latin word, meaning chief
Paramount chief

A paramount chief is the highest-level traditional tribal chief or political leader in a regional or local polity or country typically administered politically with a Chiefdom....
 or patron
Patrón

Patr?n is a brand of tequila produced in Mexico and imported into the United States solely by The Patr?n Spirits Company, based in Las Vegas metropolitan area, Nevada....
, was increasingly used for Roman governor
Roman governor

A Roman governor was an official either elected or appointed to be the chief administrator of Roman law throughout one or more of the many Roman province constituting the Roman Empire....
s during the 2nd century AD, largely replacing procurator
Procurator

Procurator may refer to:In historical uses:*Promagistrate, an appointed position in the Roman Republic by the Senate, acting in place of a curator...
. When Diocletian
Diocletian

Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus , born Diocles and commonly known as Diocletian , was Roman Emperor from November 20, 284 to May 1, 305....
 remodeled the system at the end of the 3rd century, he reduced the sizes of the province
Province

A province is a territorial unit, almost always an administrative division, within a country or state....
s and called all provincial governors praesides.






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Praeses (plural Praesides), a Latin
Latin

Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
 word meaning "Seated in front, i.e. at the head (of a meeting or company)," has both ancient and modern uses.

Roman imperial use

Praeses, a common Latin word, meaning chief
Paramount chief

A paramount chief is the highest-level traditional tribal chief or political leader in a regional or local polity or country typically administered politically with a Chiefdom....
 or patron
Patrón

Patr?n is a brand of tequila produced in Mexico and imported into the United States solely by The Patr?n Spirits Company, based in Las Vegas metropolitan area, Nevada....
, was increasingly used for Roman governor
Roman governor

A Roman governor was an official either elected or appointed to be the chief administrator of Roman law throughout one or more of the many Roman province constituting the Roman Empire....
s during the 2nd century AD, largely replacing procurator
Procurator

Procurator may refer to:In historical uses:*Promagistrate, an appointed position in the Roman Republic by the Senate, acting in place of a curator...
. When Diocletian
Diocletian

Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus , born Diocles and commonly known as Diocletian , was Roman Emperor from November 20, 284 to May 1, 305....
 remodeled the system at the end of the 3rd century, he reduced the sizes of the province
Province

A province is a territorial unit, almost always an administrative division, within a country or state....
s and called all provincial governors praesides. He also made it impossible for Roman Senators to be governors, restricting the office entirely to the eques
Equestrian (Roman)

The Roman equestrian order constituted the lower of the two aristocratic classes of ancient Rome, ranking below the Roman senate Order . A member of the order was known as an eques , which in Latin has the general meaning of any person mounted on a horse , but in this context carries the specific meaning of "knight"....
 (knight
Knight

File:Gothic armor 2.jpgKnight is the term for a social position originating in the Middle Ages. In the Commonwealth of Nations, knighthood is a non-heritable form of gentry....
s).

According to the Notitia dignitatum
Notitia Dignitatum

The Notitia Dignitatum is a unique document of the Ancient Rome imperial chanceries. One of the very few surviving documents of Roman government, it details the administrative organisation of the eastern and western Roman empires, listing several thousand offices from the imperial court down to the provincial level....
 (circa 400 AD), the following provinces were administered by a Praeses (grouped by diocese
Roman diocese

A Roman or civil diocese was one of the administrative divisions of the later Roman Empire, starting with the Tetrarchy. It formed the intermediate level of government, grouping several Roman provinces and being in turn subordinated to a praetorian prefecture....
):

There were thirty-one provincial praesides in the Western Roman Empire
Western Roman Empire

The Western Roman Empire refers to the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 285; the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern Roman Empire, today widely known as the Byzantine Empire....
:
  • four in Illyricum: Dalmatia
    Dalmatia

    Dalmatia is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern Croatia and spreading between the island of Rab in the northwest and the Bay of Kotor in the southeast....
    , Pannonia Prima
    Pannonia Prima

    Pannonia Prima was an ancient Ancient Rome province. It was formed in the year 296, during the reign of Emperor Diocletian. Previously, it was a part of the province of Pannonia, which was gradually divided into four administrative units: Pannonia Prima, Pannonia Secunda, Pannonia Valeria, and Savia....
    , Noricum mediterraneum
    Noricum

    Noricum, in ancient history geography, was a Celtic kingdom stretching over the area of today's Austria and Slovenia. It became a Roman province of the Roman Empire....
    , Noricum ripense
    Noricum

    Noricum, in ancient history geography, was a Celtic kingdom stretching over the area of today's Austria and Slovenia. It became a Roman province of the Roman Empire....
  • seven in Italia: Alpes Cottiae
    Alpes Cottiae

    Alpes Cottiae was a Roman province of the Roman Empire, one of three small provinces straddling the Alps between modern France and Italy. Its name survives in the modern Cottian Alps....
    , Rhaetia Prima
    Raetia

    File:REmpire Rhetia.pngRaetia was a Roman province of the Roman Empire, bounded on the west by the country of the Helvetii, on the east by Noricum, on the north by Vindelicia, and on the south by Cisalpine Gaul....
     and Secunda
    Raetia

    File:REmpire Rhetia.pngRaetia was a Roman province of the Roman Empire, bounded on the west by the country of the Helvetii, on the east by Noricum, on the north by Vindelicia, and on the south by Cisalpine Gaul....
    , Samnium
    Samnium

    Samnium is a historical region of the south central Apennine Mountains in Italy, that was home to the Samnites, a group of Sabellic tribes that controlled the area from about 600 BC to about 290 BC....
    , Valeria, Sardinia
    Sardinia

    Sardinia is the Mediterranean islands#By area island in the Mediterranean Sea . The area of Sardinia is . The island is surrounded by the France island of Corsica, the Italian Peninsula, Tunisia and the Balearic Islands....
    , Corsica
    Corsica

    Corsica is the Mediterranean islands#By area in the Mediterranean Sea . It is located west of Italy, southeast of the France mainland, and north of the island of Sardinia....
    .
  • two in Africa
    Diocese of Africa

    The Diocese of Africa was a Roman diocese of the later Roman Empire, incorporating the provinces of North Africa, except Mauretania Tingitana. Its seat was at Carthage, and it was subordinate to the Praetorian prefecture of Italy....
    : Mauretania Sitifensis, Tripolitana
  • four in Hispania: Tarraconensis, Carthaginensis, Mauretania Tingitana
    Mauretania Tingitana

    Mauretania Tingitana was a Roman province located in northwestern Africa, coinciding roughly with the northern part of modern Morocco and Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla....
    , Insulae Baleares
    Balearic Islands

    The Balearic Islands are an archipelago in the western Mediterranean Sea, near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula.The four largest islands are Majorca, Minorca, Ibiza, and Formentera....
  • eleven in Gallia
    Diocese of Gaul

    The Diocese of Gaul was a Roman diocese of the later Roman Empire, under the praetorian prefecture of Gaul. It encompassed northern and eastern Roman Gaul, that is, modern France north and east of the Loire, including the Low Countries and modern Germany west of the Rhine....
    : Alpes Maritimae
    Alpes Maritimae

    Alpes Maritimae was a Roman province of the Roman Empire, one of three small provinces straddling the Alps between modern France and Italy. Founded in 14 BC by Augustus, its capital was Cemenelum, now Cimiez in the city of Nice, France....
    , Alpes Poenninae et Graiae
    Alpes Poenninae

    Alpes Poeninae was a province of the Roman Empire. It is believed that this is where Hannibal crossed the Alps, therefore resulting in Poeninae ....
    , Maxima Sequanorum, Aquitanica Prima
    Gallia Aquitania

    Gallia Aquitania was a province of the Roman Empire, bordered by the provinces of Gallia Lugdunensis, Gallia Narbonensis, and Hispania Tarraconensis....
     and Secunda
    Gallia Aquitania

    Gallia Aquitania was a province of the Roman Empire, bordered by the provinces of Gallia Lugdunensis, Gallia Narbonensis, and Hispania Tarraconensis....
    , Novempopulana, Narbonensis Prima
    Gallia Narbonensis

    Gallia Narbonensis was a Roman province located in what is now Languedoc and Provence, in southern France. Narbonese Gaul "lay between the Alps, the Mediterranean Sea, and the C?vennes Mountains....
     and Secunda
    Gallia Narbonensis

    Gallia Narbonensis was a Roman province located in what is now Languedoc and Provence, in southern France. Narbonese Gaul "lay between the Alps, the Mediterranean Sea, and the C?vennes Mountains....
    , Lugdunensis Secunda
    Gallia Lugdunensis

    Gallia Lugdunensis was a Roman province of the Roman Empire in what is now the modern country of France, part of the Celtic territory of Gaul....
    , Tertia
    Gallia Lugdunensis

    Gallia Lugdunensis was a Roman province of the Roman Empire in what is now the modern country of France, part of the Celtic territory of Gaul....
     and Senonica
    Gallia Lugdunensis

    Gallia Lugdunensis was a Roman province of the Roman Empire in what is now the modern country of France, part of the Celtic territory of Gaul....
  • three in Britannia: Britannia Prima
    Britannia Prima

    Britannia Prima was one of the provinces of Roman Britain in existence by c. 312 AD. It was probably created as part of the administrative reforms of the Roman Emperor Diocletian after the defeat of the usurper Allectus by Constantius Chlorus in 296 AD....
     and Secunda
    Britannia Secunda

    Britannia Secunda was one of the provinces of Roman Britain in existence by c. 312 AD and probably created as part of the administrative reforms of the Roman Emperor Diocletian after the defeat of the usurper Allectus by Constantius Chlorus in 296 AD....
    , Flavia Caesariensis
    Flavia Caesariensis

    Flavia Caesariensis was one of the provinces of Roman Britain.It was created in the early 4th century under the reforms of Diocletian and it has been suggested that its capital may have been at Lincoln, Lincolnshire ....
    .


There were forty provincial praesides in the Eastern Roman Empire:
  • five in Egypt
    Diocese of Egypt

    The Diocese of Egypt was a Roman diocese of the later Roman Empire, incorporating the provinces of Egypt and Cyrenaica. Its capital was at Alexandria, and its governor had the unique title of Praefectus Augustalis instead of the ordinary "vicarius"....
    : Libya Superior
    Cyrenaica

    Cyrenaica or Cirenaica is the eastern coastal region of Libya and also an ex-province or state of the country in the pre-1963 administrative system....
     and Inferior
    Cyrenaica

    Cyrenaica or Cirenaica is the eastern coastal region of Libya and also an ex-province or state of the country in the pre-1963 administrative system....
    , Thebais, Ægyptus, Arcadia
    Arcadia Ægypti

    Arcadia or Arcadia ?gypti was an ancient region in Roman Empire-controlled Egypt. The territory was mostly carved from the former region, Heptanomis, and included the nome of Memphites, Heracleopolites, Arsinoites, Aphroditopolites, Oxyrhyncites, which together form the northern portion of the Heptanomis, and Leptopolites....
    .
  • eight in Oriens
    Diocese of the East

    The Diocese of the East was a Roman diocese of the later Roman Empire, incorporating the provinces of the western Middle East, between the Mediterranean Sea and Mesopotamia....
    : Palaestina Salutaris and Secunda, Phoenice Libanensis, Euphratensis, Syria Salutaris, Osrhoene, Mesopotamia, Cilicia Secunda
    Cilicia

    In antiquity, Cilicia now known as ?ukurova, was a commonly used name of the south coastal region of the Anatolian peninsula, and a political entity in Roman times....
  • seven in Asiana
    Diocese of Asia

    The Diocese of Asia was a Roman diocese of the later Roman Empire, incorporating the provinces of western Asia Minor and the islands of the eastern Aegean Sea....
    : Pisidia
    Pisidia

    Pisidia was a region of ancient Asia Minor located north of Lycia, and bordering Caria, Lydia, Phrygia and Pamphylia. It corresponds roughly to the modern-day province of Antalya in Turkey)....
    , Lycaonia
    Lycaonia

    In ancient geography, Lycaonia was a large region in the interior of Asia Minor, north of Mount Taurus. It was bounded on the east by Cappadocia, on the north by Galatia, on the west by Phrygia and Pisidia, while to the south it extended to the chain of Mount Taurus, where it bordered on the country popularly called in earlier times Cilicia...
    , Phrygia Pacatiana
    Phrygia

    In antiquity, Phrygia was a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey. The Phrygians initially lived in the Southern Balkans; according to Herodotus, under the name of Bryges, changing it to Phruges after their final migration to Anatolia, via the Hellespont....
     and Salutaris
    Phrygia

    In antiquity, Phrygia was a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey. The Phrygians initially lived in the Southern Balkans; according to Herodotus, under the name of Bryges, changing it to Phruges after their final migration to Anatolia, via the Hellespont....
    , Lycia
    Lycia

    Lycia was a region in Anatolia in what are now the Provinces of Turkey of Antalya Province and Mugla Province on the southern coast of Turkey. It was a federation of ancient cities in the region and later a Roman province of the Roman Empire....
    , Caria
    Caria

    Caria was a region of western Anatolia extending along the coast from mid-Ionia south to Lycia and east to Phrygia. The Ionians and Dorians Greeks colonized the west of it and joined the Carian population in forming Greek-dominated states there....
    , Insulae.
  • eight in Pontica
    Diocese of Pontus

    The Diocese of Pontus was a Roman diocese of the later Roman Empire, incorporating the provinces of northern and northeastern Asia Minor up to the border with the Sassanid Empire....
    : Honorias, Cappadocia Prima
    Cappadocia

    Cappadocia, Wikipedia:IPA for English /k?p?'do???/ , was an extensive inland district of Asia Minor . The name continued to be used in western sources and in the Christianity tradition throughout history and is still widely used as an international Tourism in Turkey concept to define a region of exceptional natural wonders characterized by...
     and Secunda
    Cappadocia

    Cappadocia, Wikipedia:IPA for English /k?p?'do???/ , was an extensive inland district of Asia Minor . The name continued to be used in western sources and in the Christianity tradition throughout history and is still widely used as an international Tourism in Turkey concept to define a region of exceptional natural wonders characterized by...
    , Helenopontus, Pontus Polemoniacus, Armenia Prima
    Roman Armenia

    From the 1st century BC onwards, Armenia was, in part or whole, subject to the Roman Empire and its successor, the East Roman or Byzantine Empire....
     and Secunda
    Roman Armenia

    From the 1st century BC onwards, Armenia was, in part or whole, subject to the Roman Empire and its successor, the East Roman or Byzantine Empire....
    , Galatia salutaris
    Galatia

    Ancient Galatia was an area in the highlands of central Anatolia in modern Turkey. Galatia, an ancient region of Asia Minor, was named for the immigrant Gauls from Thrace , who settled here and became its ruling caste in the 3rd century BC....
    .
  • four in Thracia
    Diocese of Thrace

    The Diocese of Thrace was a Roman diocese of the later Roman Empire, incorporating the provinces of the eastern Balkans . The diocese was established after the reforms of Diocletian, and was subordinate to the Praetorian prefecture of the East....
    : Haemimontus, Rhodope, Moesia Secunda
    Moesia

    Moesia was an ancient region and Roman province situated in the areas of modern Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania along the south bank of the Danube River....
    , Scythia
    Scythia Minor

    Scythia Minor, "Lesser Scythia" was in ancient times the region surrounded by the Danube at the north and west and the Black Sea at the east, corresponding to today's Dobrogea, with a large part in Romania and a very smal part in Bulgaria....
  • four in Dacia
    Diocese of Dacia

    The Diocese of Dacia was a Roman diocese of the later Roman Empire, in the area of modern Serbia and western Bulgaria. It was subordinate to the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum....
    : Dacia ripensis
    Dacia ripensis

    Dacia ripensis was the name of a Roman province first established by Aurelian after he withdrew from Dacia north of the Danube River. Ratiaria was established as the capital of Dacia ripensis ....
    , Moesia Prima
    Moesia

    Moesia was an ancient region and Roman province situated in the areas of modern Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania along the south bank of the Danube River....
    , Praevalitana
    Praevalitana

    Praevalitana was an ancient Roman Empire province. It included parts of present-day Montenegro, Serbia, and Albania....
    , Dardania
    Dardania

    Dardania may refer to:* Dardania , the Dardanelles separating Thrace from Anatolia* Dardania , in the Balkans of Southeast Europe...
  • four in Macedonia
    Diocese of Macedonia

    The Diocese of Macedonia was a Roman diocese of the later Roman Empire, forming part of the Prefecture of Illyricum. Its capital was Thessalonica....
    :Thessalia, Epirus vetus and nova, Macedonia salutaris.


Old German Academic Use

In German academia a doctoral advisor is called the Doktorvater. However in the 18th century and before, the doctoral system was quite different. Instead of a Doktorvater, as such, the candidate had a praeses to act as mentor and who would also head the oral viva voce exam. In the 18th century the praeses often chose the subject and compiled the theses and the candidate had only to defend. Sometimes there were several candidates at the same time defending the same thesis, in order to save time.

Modern use

The chair
Chair (official)

The chairman is the highest office of an organized group such as a Board of directors, committee, or deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is typically elected or appointed by the members of the group....
 of a student society
Student society

A student society or student organization is an organization, operated by students at a university, whose membership normally consists only of students....
 in the Netherlands
Netherlands

The Netherlands is a country that is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The Netherlands is located in North-West Europe, and bordered by the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east....
 or Belgium
Belgium

* A small German-speaking Community of Belgium exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political and cultural conflicts are reflected in the history of Belgium and a complex Communities and regions of Belgium....
 may be called a praeses; in Dutch
Dutch language

Dutch is a West Germanic languages spoken by over 22 million people as a first language, and about 5 million people as a second language."1% of the EU population claims to speak Dutch well enough in order to have a conversation." Outside the European Union the number of second language speakers of Dutch is very small. Most native...
 there is also a purist spelling, "preses." Various minor offices may be designated be a compound title, e.g. "dooppraeses" in charge of initiation
Initiation

Initiation is a rite of passage ceremony marking entrance or acceptance into a group or society. It could also be a formal admission to adulthood in a community or one of its formal components....
 and associated hazing
Hazing

File:Bizutage pilote gazelle.jpgHazing is a ritualistic test and a task involving harassment, abuse or humiliation used as a way of initiation a person into a gang, club, military organization or other group....
.

The leader of the Aquila Legis Fraternity, a law based fraternity in the Philippines, is called Praeses.

In Norway
Norway

Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a constitutional monarchy in Northern Europe that occupies the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula....
, the office of archbishop
Archbishop

In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated bishop. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion and others, this means that they lead a diocese of particular importance called an archdiocese, or in the Anglican Communion an Ecclesiastical Province, but this is not always the case....
 has been abolished. Instead, the Church of Norway
Church of Norway

The Church of Norway is the state church of Norway. The church confesses the Lutheranism Christianity faith. It has as its foundation the Christian Bible, the Apostles' Creed, Nicene Creed, Athanasian Creed, Luther's Small Catechism and the Augsburg Confession....
 has a Bishop’s Conference which is presided over by a praeses which is elected for four years.

Roman Catholic monastic istitutions, especially Franciscans use the term to indicate the presiding officer of a collegial meeting of the order.