Polygonaceae is a
familyIn biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
of
flowering plantThe flowering plants , also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of synapomorphies...
s known
informallyA common name of a taxon or organism is a name in general use within a community; it is often contrasted with the scientific name for the same organism...
as the "knotweed family" or "smartweed family"— "buckwheat family" in the United States. The
nameA botanical name is a formal scientific name conforming to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature and, if it concerns a plant cultigen, the additional cultivar and/or Group epithets must conform to the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants...
is
basedBasionym is a term used in botany, regulated by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature...
on the
genusIn biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
PolygonumPolygonum is a genus in the Polygonaceae family. Common names include knotweed, knotgrass, bistort, tear-thumb, mile-a-minute, and several others. In the Middle English glossary of herbs "Alphita" , it was known as ars-smerte. There have been various opinions about how broadly the genus should be...
and was first used by
Antoine Laurent de JussieuAntoine Laurent de Jussieu was a French botanist, notable as the first to propose a natural classification of flowering plants; much of his system remains in use today.-Life:...
in 1789 in his book,
Genera Plantarum. The name refers to the many swollen nodes that the stems of some species have. It is
derivedEtymology is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time.For languages with a long written history, etymologists make use of texts in these languages and texts about the languages to gather knowledge about how words were used during...
from
GreekGreek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;...
;
poly means many and
goni means knee or joint.
Polygonaceae comprises about 1200
speciesIn biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...
. These are distributed into about 50 genera. The largest genera are
EriogonumEriogonum is the scientific name for a genus of flowering plants, in the family Polygonaceae. The genus is found in North America and is known as wild buckwheat. This is a highly species-rich genus, and indications are that active speciation is continuing...
(240 species),
RumexThe docks and sorrels, genus Rumex L., are a genus of about 200 species of annual, biennial and perennial herbs in the buckwheat family Polygonaceae....
(200 species),
CoccolobaCoccoloba is a genus of about 120–150 species of flowering plants in the family Polygonaceae. The genus is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, in South America, the Caribbean and Central America, with two species extending into Florida.The species are shrubs and trees,...
(120 species),
PersicariaPersicaria is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae, collectively known as smartweeds or pinkweeds. The genus was formerly included in the genus Polygonum.The genus includes both annuals and perennials...
(100 species) and
CalligonumCalligonum is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with about 80 species around the Mediterranean, Asia and in the North America.-Characteristics:...
(80 species). The family is present worldwide, but is most
diverseBiodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet. Biodiversity is a measure of the health of ecosystems. Biodiversity is in part a function of climate. In terrestrial habitats, tropical regions are typically rich whereas polar regions...
in the North Temperate Zone.
Several species are
cultivatedHorticulture is the industry and science of plant cultivation including the process of preparing soil for the planting of seeds, tubers, or cuttings. Horticulturists work and conduct research in the disciplines of plant propagation and cultivation, crop production, plant breeding and genetic...
as
ornamentalsOrnamental plants are plants that are grown for decorative purposes in gardens and landscape design projects, as house plants, for cut flowers and specimen display...
A few species of
TriplarisTriplaris is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with about 25 species distributed in the Americas. Some species are used for lumber....
provide
lumberLumber or timber is wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural material for construction, or wood pulp for paper production....
. The fruit of the sea grape (
Coccoloba uviferaCoccoloba uvifera is a species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family, Polygonaceae, that is native to coastal beaches throughout tropical America and the Caribbean, including southern Florida, the Bahamas, Barbados and Bermuda...
) is eaten, and in
FloridaFlorida is a state in the southeastern United States, located on the nation's Atlantic and Gulf coasts. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. With a population of 18,801,310 as measured by the 2010 census, it...
,
jellyFruit preserves are preparations of fruits and sugar, often canned or sealed for long-term storage. The preparation of fruit preserves today often involves adding commercial or natural pectin as a gelling agent, although sugar or honey may be used, as well. Prior to World War II, fruit preserve...
is made from it and sold
commerciallyWhile business refers to the value-creating activities of an organization for profit, commerce means the whole system of an economy that constitutes an environment for business. The system includes legal, economic, political, social, cultural, and technological systems that are in operation in any...
. The seeds of two species of
FagopyrumThe genus Fagopyrum in the flowering plant family Polygonaceae contains 15 to 16 species of plants, including two important crop plants, the Buckwheat or Japanese Buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum, and the Tartary Buckwheat Fagopyrum tataricum. They have similar uses, and are classed as pseudocereals,...
, known as
buckwheatBuckwheat refers to a variety of plants in the dicot family Polygonaceae: the Eurasian genus Fagopyrum, the North American genus Eriogonum, and the Northern Hemisphere genus Fallopia. Either of the latter two may be referred to as "wild buckwheat"...
, provide
grainthumb|150px|Barleythumb|150px|LentilGrains are small, hard, dry seeds harvested for human food or animal feed Agronomists also call the plants producing such seeds grains or grain crops....
. The
petiolesIn botany, the petiole is the stalk attaching the leaf blade to the stem. The petiole usually has the same internal structure as the stem. Outgrowths appearing on each side of the petiole are called stipules. Leaves lacking a petiole are called sessile, or clasping when they partly surround the...
of rhubarb (
RheumRheum is a genus of about 60 perennial plants in the family Polygonaceae. The genus includes the vegetable rhubarb The species have large somewhat triangular shaped leaves with long, fleshy petioles. The flowers are small, greenish-white to rose-red, and grouped in large compound leafy...
rhabarbarum and hybrids) are a food item. The leaves of the common
sorrelCommon sorrel or garden sorrel , often simply called sorrel, is a perennial herb that is cultivated as a garden herb or leaf vegetable...
(
RumexThe docks and sorrels, genus Rumex L., are a genus of about 200 species of annual, biennial and perennial herbs in the buckwheat family Polygonaceae....
acetosa) are eaten in
saladSalad is any of a wide variety of dishes, including vegetable salads; salads of pasta, legumes, eggs, or grains; mixed salads incorporating meat, poultry, or seafood; and fruit salads. They may include a mixture of cold and hot, often including raw vegetables or fruits.Green salads include leaf...
s or as a potherb.
Polygonaceae contains some of the worst
weedsA ruderal species is a plant species that is first to colonize disturbed lands. The disturbance may be natural , or due to human influence – constructional , or agricultural .Ruderal species typically dominate the disturbed area...
. These include species of
Persicaria, Emex, Rumex, and
Polygonum, such as
Japanese knotweedJapanese Knotweed is a large, herbaceous perennial plant, native to eastern Asia in Japan, China and Korea...
.
Taxonomy
Polygonaceae is very well-defined and has long been universally recognized. In the
APG III systemThe APG III system of flowering plant classification is the third version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy...
, it is placed in the
orderIn scientific classification used in biology, the order is# a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, family, genus, and species, with order fitting in between class and family...
CaryophyllalesCaryophyllales is an order of flowering plants that includes the cacti, carnations, amaranths, ice plants, and many carnivorous plants. Many members are succulent, having fleshy stems or leaves.-Description:...
. Within the order, it lies outside of the large
cladeA clade is a group consisting of a species and all its descendants. In the terms of biological systematics, a clade is a single "branch" on the "tree of life". The idea that such a "natural group" of organisms should be grouped together and given a taxonomic name is central to biological...
known as the core Caryophyllales. It is sister to the family
PlumbaginaceaePlumbaginaceae is a family of flowering plants, with a cosmopolitan distribution. The family is sometimes referred to as the leadwort family or the plumbago family....
, which it does not resemble
morphologicallyPlant morphology or phytomorphology is the study of the physical form and external structure of plants. This is usually considered distinct from plant anatomy, which is the study of the internal structure of plants, especially at the microscopic level...
.
The last comprehensive revision of the family was published in 1993 by John Brandbyge as part of
The Families and Genera of Vascular PlantsA system of plant taxonomy, the Kubitzki system is the product of an ongoing survey of vascular plants, entitled The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants....
. Brandbyge followed
earlier systems of
plant classificationThe history of plant systematics—the biological classification of plants—stretches from the work of ancient Greek to modern evolutionary biologists. As a field of science, plant systematics came into being only slowly, early plant lore usually being treated as part of the study of...
in dividing Polygonaceae into two subfamilies, Eriogonoideae and Polygonoideae. Since 1993, the
circumscriptionsIn taxonomy, circumscription is the definition of the limits of a taxonomic group of organisms. One goal of taxonomy is to achieve a stable circumscription for every taxonomic group. Achieving stability can be simple or difficult....
of these two subfamilies have been changed in light of phylogenetic
studiesResearch can be defined as the scientific search for knowledge, or as any systematic investigation, to establish novel facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas, or develop new theories, usually using a scientific method...
of
DNA sequenceThe sequence or primary structure of a nucleic acid is the composition of atoms that make up the nucleic acid and the chemical bonds that bond those atoms. Because nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are unbranched polymers, this specification is equivalent to specifying the sequence of...
s. Genera related to
Coccoloba and
Triplaris were moved from Polygonoideae to Eriogonoideae. The genus
Symmeria does not belong to either of these subfamilies because it is sister to the rest of the family.
Afrobrunnichia might constitute a new subfamily as well.
Brandbyge wrote descriptions for 43 genera of Polygonaceae in 1993. Since that time, a few more genera have been erected, and some
segregatesIn taxonomy, a segregate, or a segregate taxon is created when a taxon is split off, from another taxon. This other taxon will be better known, usually bigger, and will continue to exist, even after the segregate taxon has been split off...
of
Brunnichia,
Eriogonum, and
Persicaria have been given generic
statusIn biological classification, rank is the level in a taxonomic hierarchy. Examples of taxonomic ranks are species, genus, family, and class. Each rank subsumes under it a number of less general categories...
in major works. Some of the genera are not monophyletic and their limits will eventually be revised. These include
Ruprechtia,
Eriogonum,
Chorizanthe,
Persicaria,
Aconogonon,
Polygonum,
Fallopia, and
Muehlenbeckia.
Description
Most Polygonaceae are
perennialA perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives for more than two years. The term is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter lived annuals and biennials. The term is sometimes misused by commercial gardeners or horticulturalists to describe only herbaceous perennials...
herbaceousA herbaceous plant is a plant that has leaves and stems that die down at the end of the growing season to the soil level. They have no persistent woody stem above ground...
plants with swollen nodes, but
treeA tree is a perennial woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or trunk with clear apical dominance. A minimum height specification at maturity is cited by some authors, varying from 3 m to...
s,
shrubA shrub or bush is distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and shorter height, usually under 5–6 m tall. A large number of plants may become either shrubs or trees, depending on the growing conditions they experience...
s and
vineA vine in the narrowest sense is the grapevine , but more generally it can refer to any plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent, that is to say climbing, stems or runners...
s are also present. The
leaves-History:Vocalist Arnar Gudjonsson was formerly the guitarist with Mower, and he was joined by Hallur Hallsson , Arnar Ólafsson , Bjarni Grímsson , and Andri Ásgrímsson . Late in 2001 they played with Emiliana Torrini and drew early praise from the New York Times...
of Polygonaceae are simple, and arranged
alternatelyIn botany, phyllotaxis or phyllotaxy is the arrangement of leaves on a plant stem .- Pattern structure :...
on the
stemsA stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant. The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes, the nodes hold buds which grow into one or more leaves, inflorescence , conifer cones, roots, other stems etc. The internodes distance one node from another...
. Each leaf has a peculiar pair of fused, sheathing
stipuleIn botany, stipule is a term coined by Linnaeus which refers to outgrowths borne on either side of the base of a leafstalk...
s known as an
ochreaOchrea, commonly spelled ocrea, is a structure formed of stipules fused into a sheath surrounding the stem. It is a diagnostic character in the Polygonaceae.In palms it denotes an extension of the leaf sheath beyond the petiole insertion....
(plural: ochreae). Those species that do not have the nodal ocrea can be identified by their possession of involucrate
flower headsThe capitulum is considered the most derived form of inflorescence. Flower heads found outside Asteraceae show lesser degrees of specialization....
. The
flowerA flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants . The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs...
s are normally bisexual, small, and actinomorphic, with a perianth of 3-6
sepalA sepal is a part of the flower of angiosperms . Collectively the sepals form the calyx, which is the outermost whorl of parts that form a flower. Usually green, sepals have the typical function of protecting the petals when the flower is in bud...
s. After
floweringAnthesis is the period during which a flower is fully open and functional. It may also refer to the onset of that period.The onset of anthesis is spectacular in some species. In Banksia species, for example, anthesis involves the extension of the style far beyond the upper perianth parts...
, the sepals often become thickened and enlarged around the developing
fruitIn broad terms, a fruit is a structure of a plant that contains its seeds.The term has different meanings dependent on context. In non-technical usage, such as food preparation, fruit normally means the fleshy seed-associated structures of certain plants that are sweet and edible in the raw state,...
. Flowers lack a corolla and in some, the sepals are petal-like and colorful. The androecium is composed of 3 to 8
stamenThe stamen is the pollen producing reproductive organ of a flower...
s that are normally free or
unitedConnation in plants is the developmental fusion of organs of the same type, for example, petals to one another to form a tubular corolla. This is in contrast to adnation, the fusion of dissimilar organs.-Terms for connation of flower parts:...
at the base. The
ovaryIn the flowering plants, an ovary is a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or gynoecium. Specifically, it is the part of the pistil which holds the ovule and is located above or below or at the point of connection with the base of the petals and sepals...
consists of three united carpels that form a single
loculeA locule is a small cavity or compartment within an organ or part of an organism ....
which produces only one
ovuleOvule means "small egg". In seed plants, the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells. It consists of three parts: The integument forming its outer layer, the nucellus , and the megaspore-derived female gametophyte in its center...
. The ovary is superior with basal or free-central placentation. The
gynoeciumGynoecium is most commonly used as a collective term for all carpels in a flower. A carpel is the ovule and seed producing reproductive organ in flowering plants. Carpels are derived from ovule-bearing leaves which evolved to form a closed structure containing the ovules...
terminates in 1 to 3 styles, each of which ends in a single
stigmaThe stigma is the receptive tip of a carpel, or of several fused carpels, in the gynoecium of a flower. The stigma receives pollen at pollination and it is on the stigma that the pollen grain germinates. The stigma is adapted to catch and trap pollen with various hairs, flaps, or sculpturings...
.
Genera
Lists of genera of Polygonaceae can be found on the
internetThe Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users worldwide...
. In the list below, the first three columns are the 43 genera described by Brandbyge in
The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. The fourth column is an incomplete list of genera that have been recognized in recent works.
- Antigonon
Antigonon is a genus of flowering plants in the buckwheat family, Polygonaceae. It contains four species of lianas native to Mexico and Central America.-Species:The four species in the genus are:*Antigonon cinerascens...
- Aristocapsa
Aristocapsa is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with a single species restricted to California. It is known by the common names Indian Valley spineflower or Indian Valley spinecape, and it is endemic to the inland southern Coast Ranges of Monterey and San Luis Obispo Counties.-External...
- Atraphaxis
Atraphaxis is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with about 18 species....
- Brunnichia
The genus Brunnichia, also known as redvine or buckwheat vine, are perennial woody vines native to the United States.Redvine species are a pest when they grow within crops; for example, B. ovata is a significant problem in soybean crops in the Mississippi Delta....
- Calligonum
Calligonum is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with about 80 species around the Mediterranean, Asia and in the North America.-Characteristics:...
- Centrostegia
Centrostegia is a monotypic genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with a single species in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Centrostegia thurberi is known by the common names Thurber's spineflower and red triangles. It is a petite herb with a distinct red...
- Chorizanthe
Chorizanthe is a genus of plants in the buckwheat family known generally as spineflowers. These are small, squat, herbaceous plants with spiny-looking inflorescences of flowers. The flowers may be in shades of red or yellow to white. The bracts are pointed and sometimes tipped with a hooked awn,...
- Coccoloba
Coccoloba is a genus of about 120–150 species of flowering plants in the family Polygonaceae. The genus is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, in South America, the Caribbean and Central America, with two species extending into Florida.The species are shrubs and trees,...
- Dedeckera
The monotypic genus Dedeckera contains the single species Dedeckera eurekensis, a plant known by the common name July gold which is endemic to California. It is found in the mountains east and south of the Sierra Nevada, especially the Inyo and White Mountains.July gold is a member of the buckwheat...
- Dodecahema
Dodecahema is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with a single species restricted to California, where it is an endangered species on the state and federal levels. Its common name is slender-horned spineflower. This is a small annual plant forming a patch of spreading basal leaves a few...
- Emex
Emex is a genus of annual herbaceous plants of the Polygonaceae family. There are only two species in this genus: Emex australis, commonly known as doublegee or three-cornered jack, which is a weed in Australia, and Emex spinosa or lesser jack....
- Eriogonum
Eriogonum is the scientific name for a genus of flowering plants, in the family Polygonaceae. The genus is found in North America and is known as wild buckwheat. This is a highly species-rich genus, and indications are that active speciation is continuing...
- Fagopyrum
The genus Fagopyrum in the flowering plant family Polygonaceae contains 15 to 16 species of plants, including two important crop plants, the Buckwheat or Japanese Buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum, and the Tartary Buckwheat Fagopyrum tataricum. They have similar uses, and are classed as pseudocereals,...
- Fallopia
Fallopia is a genus of about 12–15 species of flowering plants in the family Polygonaceae, often included in a wider treatment of the related genus Polygonum in the past. The genus is native to temperate and subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere...
- Gilmania
|
Goodmania Goodmania is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae containing the single species Goodmania luteola. Its common name is yellow spinecape. It is a tiny annual herb forming small patches on the ground no more than a few centimeters high and wide. It has fuzzy club-shaped leaves and bears bright...
GymnopodiumGymnopodium is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with three species of shrubs in Central America....
HarfordiaHarfordia, also called Rabbit's Purse, is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with a single species in Baja California.-External links:*...
HollisteriaHollisteria is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with a single species which is endemic to California. It is known by the common name false spikeflower.The genus was named for California rancher William Welles Hollister....
KoenigiaKoenigia is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with about seven species. These include:*Koenigia islandica - Iceland Purslane....
LastarriaeaLastarriaea is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with three species. One is native to western North America, and the other two are found in southern South AmericaSpecies include:*Lastarriaea coriacea - leather spineflower-External links:*...
LeptogonumLeptogonum is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with three species on the island of Hispaniola....
MucroneaMucronea is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with two species restricted to California. Known generally as spineflowers, they are closely related to genus Chorizanthe. They are annual herbs producing slender, erect, glandular stems from taproots. The leaves are located around the base...
MuehlenbeckiaMuehlenbeckia or the Maidenhair genus is native to the southern hemisphere, especially South America, Papua New Guinea, Australia and New Zealand and has been introduced both by birds and cultivation to temperate locales north of the equator. Some are tiny alpine mat-forming plants whereas others...
NemacaulisNemacaulis is a monotypic plant genus in the buckwheat family containing the single species Nemacaulis denudata, which is known by the common names woollyheads and cottonheads. This plant is a somewhat nondescript delicate annual herb with thin, spindly, naked stems and woolly white flowerheads...
NeomillspaughiaNeomillspaughia is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with two species in Central America....
OxygonumOxygonum is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with about 30 species....
OxyriaOxyria is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with two species....
OxythecaOxytheca is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with seven species found in dry and temperate parts of the Americas. The taxonomy of this genus is in flux, with some species often listed under tentative new names.Species include:...
|
PersicariaPersicaria is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae, collectively known as smartweeds or pinkweeds. The genus was formerly included in the genus Polygonum.The genus includes both annuals and perennials...
PodopterusPodopterus is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with about four species in Mexico and Central America....
PolygonellaPolygonella is a genus of flowering plants in the knotweed and smartweed family, Polygonaceae. Members of this genus are sometimes called jointweed or wireweed.-Selected species:...
PolygonumPolygonum is a genus in the Polygonaceae family. Common names include knotweed, knotgrass, bistort, tear-thumb, mile-a-minute, and several others. In the Middle English glossary of herbs "Alphita" , it was known as ars-smerte. There have been various opinions about how broadly the genus should be...
PteropyrumPteropyrum is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with about five species in western Asia....
PterostegiaPterostegia is a monotypic plant genus containing only the single species Pterostegia drymarioides, which is known as the woodland threadstem or woodland pterostegia. It is native to the western United States. This is a very small annual spreading or climbing plant with very thin, hairy stems. The...
Reynoutria
RheumRheum is a genus of about 60 perennial plants in the family Polygonaceae. The genus includes the vegetable rhubarb The species have large somewhat triangular shaped leaves with long, fleshy petioles. The flowers are small, greenish-white to rose-red, and grouped in large compound leafy...
RumexThe docks and sorrels, genus Rumex L., are a genus of about 200 species of annual, biennial and perennial herbs in the buckwheat family Polygonaceae....
RuprechtiaRuprechtia is a genus of plant in family Polygonaceae. It contains the following species :* Ruprechtia apetala, Weddell* Ruprechtia howardiana* Ruprechtia tangarana...
StenogonumStenogonum is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with 2 species endemic to North America....
SymmeriaSymmeria is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with a single species distributed in North and South America as well as western Africa....
SystenothecaSystenotheca is a monotypic plant genus in the buckwheat family containing the single species Systenotheca vortriedei, which is known by the common name Vortriede's spineflower.-Description:...
TriplarisTriplaris is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with about 25 species distributed in the Americas. Some species are used for lumber....
|
Acanthoscyphus
Aconogonon
Afrobrunnichia Afrobrunnichia is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with two species in West Africa....
BistortaBistorta is a genus of flowering plants in the Polygonaceae family, often included in Polygonum or in Persicaria.- Selected species :* Bistorta bistortoides Small* Bistorta officinalis Delarbre...
HomalocladiumCentipede Plant or Tapeworm Plant is a plant in the knotweed family from New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. It is also known as Ribbon Bush.-External links:*USDA PLANTS: ...
Johanneshowellia
KnorringiaKnorringia is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with a single species in central Asia....
ParapteropyrumParapteropyrum is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with a single species endemic to Tibet....
PteroxygonumPteroxygonum is a plant genus in the family Polygonaceae....
Rubrivena
Sidotheca |
Phylogeny
The following
phylogenetic treeA phylogenetic tree or evolutionary tree is a branching diagram or "tree" showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical and/or genetic characteristics...
is based on two papers on the molecular phylogenetics of Polygonaceae.
External links