Organizational studies,
organizational behaviour, and
organizational theory is the systematic study and careful application of knowledge about how people - as individuals and as groups - act within organizations.
Overview
Organizational Behaviour studies encompasses the study of organizations from multiple viewpoints, methods, and levels of analysis. For instance, one
textbookA textbook is a manual of instruction or a standard book in any branch of study. They are produced according to the demand of educational institutions...
divides these multiple viewpoints into three perspectives: modern, symbolic, and postmodern. Another traditional distinction, present especially in American academia, is between the study of "micro" organizational behavior -- which refers to individual and
group dynamicsGroup dynamics is the study of groups, and also a general term for group processes. Relevant to the fields of psychology, sociology, and communication studies, a group is two or more individuals who are connected to each other by social relationships...
in an organizational setting -- and "macro" organizational theory which studies whole organizations, how they adapt, and the strategies and structures that guide them. To this distinction, some scholars have added an interest in "meso" -- primarily interested in power, culture, and the networks of individuals and units in organizations -- and "field" level analysis which study how whole populations of organizations interact. In
EuropeEurope is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus Mountains , and the Black Sea to the southeast...
these distinctions do exist as well, but are more rarely reflected in departmental divisions.
Whenever people interact in organizations, many factors come into play. Modern organizational studies attempt to understand and model these factors. Like all modernist social sciences, organizational studies seek to
controlControl is used in a variety of contexts to express "mastery" or "proficiency": e.g. "Music students attending a master class are expected to have full control of basic skills such as rhythm and pitch" and more generally an ability to purposefully direct change.Control may also refer to:-Film:* A...
, predict, and explain. There is some controversy over the ethics of controlling workers' behaviour. As such, organizational behaviour or OB (and its cousin, Industrial psychology) have at times been accused of being the scientific tool of the powerful. Those accusations notwithstanding, OB can play a major role in organizational development and success.
One of the main goal of organizational theorists is, according ot Simms (1994) is "to revitalize organizational theory and develop a better conceptualization of organizational life." An organizational theorist should carefully consider levels assumptions being made in theory, and is concerned to help managers and administrators.
History
The Greek philosopher
PlatoPlato , was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world...
wrote about the essence of leadership.
AristotleAristotle was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology.Together with Plato and Socrates , Aristotle is one of...
addressed the topic of persuasive communication. The writings of 16th century Italian philosopher
Niccolò MachiavelliNiccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli was an Italian philosopher, writer, and is considered one of the main founders of modern political science. He was a diplomat, political philosopher, musician, and playwright, but, foremost, he was a civil servant of the Florentine Republic...
laid the foundation for contemporary work on organizational power and politics. In 1776,
Adam SmithAdam Smith was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations...
advocated a new form of organizational structure based on the division of labour. One hundred years later, German sociologist
Max WeberMaximilian Carl Emil Weber was a German lawyer, politician, historian, sociologist and political economist, who profoundly influenced social theory and the remit of sociology itself. His major works dealt with the rationalization, bureaucratization, and 'disenchantment' he associated with the...
wrote about rational organizations and initiated discussion of charismatic leadership. Soon after,
Frederick Winslow TaylorFrederick Winslow Taylor , widely known as F. W. Taylor, was an American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency...
introduced the systematic use of goal setting and rewards to motivate employees. In the 1920s, Australian-born Harvard professor
Elton MayoGeorge Elton Mayo was an Australian psychologist, sociologist and organization theorist.He lectured at the University of Queensland from 1911 to 1923 before moving to the University of Pennsylvania, but spent most of his career at Harvard Business School , where he was professor of industrial...
and his colleagues conducted productivity studies at Western Electric's Hawthorne plant in the United States.
Though it traces its roots back to
Max WeberMaximilian Carl Emil Weber was a German lawyer, politician, historian, sociologist and political economist, who profoundly influenced social theory and the remit of sociology itself. His major works dealt with the rationalization, bureaucratization, and 'disenchantment' he associated with the...
and earlier, organizational studies is generally considered to have begun as an academic discipline with the advent of
scientific managementScientific management is a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows, with the objective of improving labor productivity...
in the 1890s, with Taylorism representing the peak of this movement. Proponents of scientific management held that rationalizing the organization with precise sets of instructions and time-motion studies would lead to increased productivity. Studies of different
compensationRemuneration is pay or salary, typically a monetary payment for services rendered, as in an employment. Usage of the word is considered formal.-Types:Renumeration can include:*Commission*Compensation methods...
systems were carried out.
After the First World War, the focus of organizational studies shifted to analysis of how human factors and psychology affected organizations, a transformation propelled by the identification of the
Hawthorne EffectThe Hawthorne effect is a form of reactivity whereby subjects improve an aspect of their behavior being experimentally measured simply in response to the fact that they are being studied, not in response to any particular experimental manipulation....
. This
Human Relations MovementHuman Relations Movement refers to those researchers of organizational development who study the behavior of people in groups, in particular workplace groups. It originated in the 1920s' Hawthorne studies, which examined the effects of social relations, motivation and employee satisfaction on...
focused on teams,
motivationMotivation is the activation or energization of goal-oriented behavior. Motivation may be internal or external. The term is generally used for humans but, theoretically, it can also be used to describe the causes for animal behavior as well. This article refers to human motivation...
, and the actualization of the goals of individuals within organizations.
Prominent early scholars included
Chester BarnardChester Irving Barnard was an American business executive, public administrator, and the author of pioneering work in management theory and organizational studies. His landmark 1938 book, Functions of the Executive, sets out a theory of organization and of the functions of executives in...
,
Henri FayolHenri Fayol was a French mining engineer, director of mines, and management theorist, who developed independent of the theory of Scientific Management, a general theory of business administration also known as Fayolism...
,
Frederick HerzbergFrederick Irving Herzberg was a psychologist who became one of the most influential names in business management. He is most famous for introducing job enrichment and the Motivator-Hygiene theory...
,
Abraham MaslowAbraham Harold Maslow was an American psychologist. He is noted for his conceptualization of a "hierarchy of human needs", and is considered the founder of humanistic psychology.-Biography:...
,
David McClellandDavid C. McClelland was an American psychological theorist. Noted for his work on achievement motivation and consciousness, he published a number of works from the 1950s until the 1990s and had a hand in the creation of the scoring system for the Thematic Apperception Test.-Career:McClelland, born...
, and
Victor VroomVictor Vroom is a business school professor at the Yale School of Management, who was born on 9 August 1932 in Montreal, Canada. He holds a PhD from University of Michigan....
.
The Second World War further shifted the field, as the invention of large-scale logistics and
operations researchOperations research or Quantitative management, as termed in the USA, Canada, South Africa and Australia, and operational research, as termed in Europe, is an interdisciplinary branch of applied mathematics that uses methods such as mathematical modeling, statistics, and algorithms to arrive at...
led to a renewed interest in rationalist approaches to the study of organizations. Interest grew in theory and methods native to the sciences, including
systems theorySystems theory is an interdisciplinary theory about the nature of complex systems in nature, society, and science, and is a framework by which one can investigate and/or describe any group of objects that work together to produce some result. This could be a single organism, any organization or...
, the study of organizations with a complexity theory perspective and complexity strategy. Influential work was done by Herbert Alexander Simon and
James G. MarchJames Gardner March is Professor Emeritus at Stanford University, best known for his research on organizations and organizational decision making.- Biography :...
and the so-called "
Carnegie SchoolThe "Carnegie School" was a so called "Freshwater" economics intellectual movement in the 1950s and 1960s based at Carnegie Mellon University and led by Herbert Simon, James March, and Richard Cyert...
" of organizational behavior.
In the 1960s and 1970s, the field was strongly influenced by
social psychologySocial psychology is a type of social science that is concerned with individuals' thoughts, feelings and behavior as they affect or are affected by other individuals...
and the emphasis in academic study was on
quantitative researchQuantitative research is the systematic scientific investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships. The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to natural phenomena...
. An explosion of theorizing, much of it at Stanford University and Carnegie Mellon, produced
Bounded RationalityIn game theory, bounded rationality is a concept based on the fact that rationality of individuals is limited by the information they have, the cognitive limitations of their minds, and the finite amount of time they have to make decisions. This contrasts with the concept of rationality as...
,
Informal OrganizationThe informal organization is the interlocking social structure that governs how people work together in practice. It is the aggregate of behaviors, interactions, norms, personal and professional connections through which work gets done and relationships are built among people who share a common...
,
Contingency TheoryContingency theory is a class of behavioural theory that claims that there is no best way to organize a corporation, to lead a company, or to make decisions. Instead, the optimal course of action is contingent upon the internal and external situation...
, Resource Dependence,
Institutional TheoryInstitutional theory is "A widely accepted theoretical posture that emphasizes rational myths, isomorphism, and legitimacy."There are two dominant trends in institutional theory:* Old Institutionalism sometimes associated with Historical institutionalism...
, and
Organizational EcologyOrganizational ecology is a theoretical and empirical approach in the social sciences that is especially used in organizational studies...
theories, among many others.
Starting in the 1980s, cultural explanations of organizations and change became an important part of study. Qualitative methods of study became more acceptable, informed by
anthropologyAnthropology is the study of human beings, everywhere and throughout time....
,
psychologyPsychology is an academic and applied discipline involving the systematic, and sometimes scientific, study of human or animal mental functions and behavior...
and
sociologySociology is the scientific or systematic study of human societies. It is a branch of social science that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop and refine a body of knowledge about human social structure and activity, often with the goal of applying such...
. A leading scholar was
Karl WeickKarl E. Weick is an American organizational theorist who is noted for introducing the notions of "loose coupling", "mindfulness", and "sensemaking" into organizational studies...
.
Specific Contributions
Frederick Winslow Taylor
Frederick Winslow TaylorFrederick Winslow Taylor , widely known as F. W. Taylor, was an American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency...
(1856-1915) was the first person who attempted to study human behavior at work using a systematic approach. Taylor studied human characteristics, social environment, task, physical environment, capacity, speed, durability, cost and their interaction with each other. His overall objective was to reduce and/or remove human variability. Taylor worked to achieve his goal of making work behaviors stable and predictable so that maximum output could be achieved. He relied strongly upon monetary incentive systems, believing that humans are primarily motivated by money. He faced some strong criticism, including being accused of telling managers to treat workers as machines without minds, but his work was very productive and laid many foundation principles for modern management studies. An enlightening book about the life of Frederick Winslow Taylor and his studies is that by Kanigel (1997).
Elton Mayo
Elton MayoGeorge Elton Mayo was an Australian psychologist, sociologist and organization theorist.He lectured at the University of Queensland from 1911 to 1923 before moving to the University of Pennsylvania, but spent most of his career at Harvard Business School , where he was professor of industrial...
, an Australian national, headed the Hawthorne Studies at Harvard. In his classic writing in 1931, Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization, he advised managers to deal with emotional needs of employees at work.
Mary Parker Follett
Mary Parker FollettMary Parker Follett was an American social worker, management consultant and pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior. She also authored a number of books and numerous essays, articles and speeches on democracy, human relations, political philosophy, psychology,...
was a pioneer management consultant in the industrial world. As a writer, she provided analyses on workers as having complex combinations of attitude, beliefs, and needs. She told managers to motivate employees on their job performance, a "pull" rather than a "push" strategy.
Douglas McGregor
Douglas McGregorDouglas McGregor was a Management professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management and president of Antioch College from 1948 to 1954. His 1960 book The Human Side of Enterprise had a profound influence on education practices...
proposed two theories/assumptions, which are very nearly the opposite of each other, about human nature based on his experience as a management consultant. His first theory was “Theory X”, which is pessimistic and negative; and according to McGregor it is how managers traditionally perceive their workers. Then, in order to help managers replace that theory/assumption, he gave “Theory Y” which takes a more modern and positive approach. He believed that managers could achieve more if they start perceiving their employees as self-energized, committed, responsible and creative beings. By means of his Theory Y, he in fact challenged the traditional theorists to adopt a developmental approach to their employees. He also wrote a book, The Human Side of Enterprise, in 1960; this book has become a foundation for the modern view of employees at work.
Current state of the field
Organizational behaviour is currently a growing field. Organizational studies departments generally form part of business schools, although many universities also have industrial psychology and industrial economics programs.
The field is highly influential in the business world with practitioners like
Peter DruckerPeter Ferdinand Drucker was a writer, management consultant, and self-described “social ecologist.” His books and scholarly and popular articles explored how humans are organized across the business, government and the nonprofit sectors of society...
and
Peter SengePeter Michael Senge is an American scientist and director of the Center for Organizational Learning at the MIT Sloan School of Management. He is known as author of the book The Fifth Discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization from 1990...
, who turned the academic research into
businessA business is a legally recognized organization designed to provide goods and/or services to consumers. Businesses are predominant in capitalist economies, most being privately owned and formed to earn profit that will increase the wealth of its owners and grow the business itself...
practices. Organizational behaviour is becoming more important in the global economy as people with diverse backgrounds and cultural values have to work together effectively and efficiently. It is also under increasing criticism as a field for its ethnocentric and pro-capitalist assumptions (see
Critical Management StudiesCritical management studies is a loose but rapidly growing grouping of politically left wing and theoretically innovative approaches to management, business and organisation...
).
During the last 20 years organizational behavior study and practice has developed and expanded through creating integrations with other domains:
- Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of human beings, everywhere and throughout time....
became an interesting prism to understanding firms as communities, by introducing concepts like Organizational cultureOrganizational culture is an idea in the field of Organizational studies and management which describes the psychology, attitudes, experiences, beliefs and values of an organization...
, 'organizational rituals' and 'symbolic acts' enabling new ways to understand organizations as communities.
- Leadership Understanding
Leadership studies is a multidisciplinary academic field of study that focuses on leadership in organizational contexts and in human life. Leadership studies has origins in the social sciences , in humanities , as well as in professional and applied fields of study...
: the crucial role of leadership at various level of an organization in the process of change managementChange management is a structured approach to transitioning individuals, teams, and organizations from a current state to a desired future state...
.
- Ethics and their importance as pillars of any vision and one of the most important driving forces in an organization.
Methods used in organizational studies
A variety of methods are used in organizational studies. They include quantitative methods found in other social sciences such as multiple regression,
non-parametric statisticsIn statistics, the term non-parametric statistics covers a range of topics:*distribution free methods which do not rely on assumptions that the data are drawn from a given probability distribution. As such it is the opposite of parametric statistics...
, time dependent analysis, and ANOVA. In addition, computer simulation in organizational studies has a long history in organizational studies. Qualitative methods are also used, such as
ethnographyEthnography is a branch of anthropology. It is a methodological strategy used to provide descriptions of human societies, which as a methodology does not prescribe any particular method , but instead prescribes the nature of the study Ethnography (Greek ethnos = folk/people and graphein =...
, which involves direct
participant observationParticipant observation is a type of research strategy. It is a widely used methodology in many disciplines, particularly, cultural anthropology, but also sociology, communication studies, and social psychology...
, single and multiple
case analysisCase analysis is one of the most general and applicable methods of analytical thinking, depending only on the division of a problem, decision or situation into a sufficient number of separate cases. Analysing each such case individually may be enough to resolve the initial question...
, and other historical methods. In the last fifteen years or so, there has been greater focus on language, metaphors, and
organizational storytellingThe study of organizational storytelling, sometimes called “Narrative Knowledge,” attempts to recount events in the form of a story within the context of an organization. It is an emerging discipline in the fields of management, strategy and organization studies.Storytelling has long been a...
.
Systems framework
The systems framework is also fundamental to organizational theory as
organizationAn organization is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals, which controls its own performance, and which has a boundary separating it from its environment...
s are complex dynamic goal-oriented processes. One of the early thinkers in the field was
Alexander BogdanovAlexander Aleksandrovich Bogdanov was a Russian physician, philosopher, economist, science fiction writer, and revolutionary of Belarusian ethnicity whose scientific interests ranged from the universal systems theory to the possibility of human rejuvenation through blood...
, who developed his
TectologyTectology is a term used by Alexander Bogdanov to describe a discipline that consisted of unifying all social, biological and physical sciences, by considering them as systems of relationships, and by seeking the organizational principles that underlie all systems...
, a theory widely considered a precursor of Bertalanffy's General
Systems TheorySystems theory is an interdisciplinary theory about the nature of complex systems in nature, society, and science, and is a framework by which one can investigate and/or describe any group of objects that work together to produce some result. This could be a single organism, any organization or...
, aiming to model and design human organizations.
Kurt LewinKurt Zadek Lewin , a German-American psychologist, is one of the modern pioneers of social, organizational, and applied psychology....
was particularly influential in developing the systems perspective within organizational theory and coined the term "systems of ideology", from his frustration with behavioural psychologies that became an obstacle to sustainable work in psychology (see Ash 1992: 198-207). The complexity theory perspective on organizations is another systems view of organizations.
The systems approach to organizations relies heavily upon achieving
negative entropyThe negentropy, also negative entropy or syntropy, of a living system is the entropy that it exports to keep its own entropy low; it lies at the intersection of entropy and life...
through openness and
feedbackFeedback describes the situation when output from an event or phenomenon in the past will influence the same event/phenomenon in the present or future....
. A systemic view on organizations is transdisciplinary and integrative. In other words, it transcends the perspectives of individual disciplines, integrating them on the basis of a common "code", or more exactly, on the basis of the formal apparatus provided by systems theory. The systems approach gives primacy to the interrelationships, not to the elements of the system. It is from these dynamic interrelationships that new properties of the system emerge. In recent years,
systems thinkingSystems thinking is any process of estimating or inferring how local policies, actions, or changes influence the state of the neighboring universe...
has been developed to provide techniques for studying systems in
holisticHolism is the idea that all the properties of a given system cannot be determined or explained by its component parts alone...
ways to supplement traditional
reductionisticReductionism can either mean an approach to understand the nature of complex things by reducing them to the interactions of their parts, or to simpler or more fundamental things or a philosophical position that a complex system is nothing but the sum of its parts, and that an account of it can be...
methods. In this more recent tradition, systems theory in organizational studies is considered by some as a
humanisticHumanism is a perspective common to a wide range of ethical stances that attaches importance to human dignity, concerns, and capabilities, particularly rationality. Although the word has many senses, its meaning comes into focus when contrasted to the supernatural or to appeals to authority...
extension of the
natural scienceIn Science, the term natural science refers to a naturalistic approach to the study of the universe, which is understood as obeying rules or laws of natural origin...
s.
Theories and models of organizational studies
Decision making
- Mintzberg's managerial roles
- Rational Decision-Making Model
- Scientific management
Scientific management is a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows, with the objective of improving labor productivity...
- Garbage Can Model
The garbage can model is a theory within the science of public administration that explains organizational decision making from a systemic-anarchic perspective.- Development of the garbage can model :...
Organization structures and dynamics
- Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy is the collective organizational structure, procedures, protocols, and set of regulations in place to manage activity, usually in large organizations and government...
- Complexity theory and organizations
Complexity theory has been used in the field of strategic management and organizational studies, sometimes called complexity strategy.- Overview :...
- Contingency theory
Contingency theory is a class of behavioural theory that claims that there is no best way to organize a corporation, to lead a company, or to make decisions. Instead, the optimal course of action is contingent upon the internal and external situation...
- Evolutionary Theory and organizations
- Hybrid organisation
- Incentive theory (organization)
- Informal Organization
The informal organization is the interlocking social structure that governs how people work together in practice. It is the aggregate of behaviors, interactions, norms, personal and professional connections through which work gets done and relationships are built among people who share a common...
- Institutional theory
Institutional theory is "A widely accepted theoretical posture that emphasizes rational myths, isomorphism, and legitimacy."There are two dominant trends in institutional theory:* Old Institutionalism sometimes associated with Historical institutionalism...
- Merger integration
Merger integration, or post-merger integration refers to the aspect of an organizational merger that involves combining the original socio-technical systems of the merging organizations into one such newly-combined system.-Overview:...
- Organizational ecology
Organizational ecology is a theoretical and empirical approach in the social sciences that is especially used in organizational studies...
- Model of Organizational Citizenship behaviour
- Model of organizational justice
Organizational justice is the study of people’s perception of fairness in organizations.Organizational literature tends to focus on three specific forms of justice perceptions:...
- Model of Organizational Misbehaviour
- Resource dependence theory
The procurement of external resources is an important tenet of both the strategic and tactical management of any company. Nevertheless, a theory of the consequences of this importance was not formalized until the 1970s, with the publication of The External Control of Organizations: A Resource...
- Transaction cost
In economics and related disciplines, a transaction cost is a cost incurred in making an economic exchange . For example, most people, when buying or selling a stock, must pay a commission to their broker; that commission is a transaction cost of doing the stock deal...
- Hofstede's Framework for Assessing Cultures
- Mintzberg's Organigraph
An organigraph is a graphical representation of a company's structure or processes. It is used as an alternative to a traditional organizational chart as it does not imply the same degree of linear hierarchy that an organizational chart does....
Personality traits theories
- Big Five personality traits
In contemporary psychology, the "Big Five" factors of personality are five broad domains or dimensions of personality which have been scientifically discovered to define human personality at the highest level of organization...
- Holland's Typology of Personality and Congruent Occupations
- Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator assessment is a psychometric questionnaire designed to measure psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions. These preferences were extrapolated from the typological theories originated by Carl Gustav Jung, as published in his 1921...
Control and stress modelling
- Herzberg's Two factor theory
Two-factor theory was developed by Frederick Herzberg, a psychologist who found that job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction acted independently of each other...
- Theory X and Theory Y
Theory X and Theory Y are theories of human motivation created and developed by Douglas McGregor at the MIT Sloan School of Management in the 1960s that have been used in human resource management, organizational behavior, organizational communication and organizational development. They describe...
Motivation in organizations
Motivation the forces either internal or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and resistance to pursue a certain course of action. According to Baron et al. (2008): "Although motivation is a broad and complex concept, organizational scientists have agreed on its basic characteristics. Drawing from various social sciences, we define
motivationMotivation is the activation or energization of goal-oriented behavior. Motivation may be internal or external. The term is generally used for humans but, theoretically, it can also be used to describe the causes for animal behavior as well. This article refers to human motivation...
as the set of processes that arouse, direct, and maintain human behavior toward attaining some goal"
There are many different motivation theories such as:
- Attribution theory
Attribution theory is a social psychology theory developed by Fritz Heider, Harold Kelley, Edward E. Jones, and Lee Ross.The theory is concerned with the ways in which people explain the behavior of others or themselves with something else...
- Equity theory
Equity Theory attempts to explain relational satisfaction in terms of perceptions of fair/unfair distributions of resources within interpersonal relationships. Equity theory is considered as one of the justice theories...
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology, proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper A Theory of Human Motivation, which he subsequently extended to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity....
- Incentive theory (psychology)
- Model of emotional labor
Emotional labor is a form of emotional regulation wherein workers are expected to display certain emotions as part of their job, and to promote organizational goals...
in organizations
- Frederick Herzberg
Frederick Irving Herzberg was a psychologist who became one of the most influential names in business management. He is most famous for introducing job enrichment and the Motivator-Hygiene theory...
two-factor theory
Organization-focused journals
Primary organization-focused journals
- Academy of Management
The Academy of Management is one of the premiere professional associations for scholars dedicated to creating and disseminating knowledge about management and organizations. Founded in 1936 by two professors, the Academy of Management is the oldest and largest scholarly management association in...
Journal
- Academy of Management
The Academy of Management is one of the premiere professional associations for scholars dedicated to creating and disseminating knowledge about management and organizations. Founded in 1936 by two professors, the Academy of Management is the oldest and largest scholarly management association in...
Review
- Administrative Science Quarterly
Administrative Science Quarterly is an academic journal covering the broad field of organizational studies. Founded in 1956, the journal is published by the S.C. Johnson Graduate School of Management at Cornell University. ASQ is ranked the #1 academic journal by Eigenfactor....
- Journal of Management
The Journal of Management is a peer-reviewed academic journal sponsored by the Southern Management Association that publishes both empirical and theoretical research articles in the field of management. The regular journal is published on a bimonthly basis...
- Journal of Organizational Behavior
The Journal of Organizational Behavior is a peer reviewed journal that Wiley Interscience publishes eight times per year. The Journal regularly publishes empirical reports and theoretical reviews of research in the field of organizational behavior.First published in 1980 as the Journal of...
- Management Communication Quarterly
- Management Science: A Journal of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
Management Science: A Journal of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences is a refereed, scholarly journal published by INFORMS...
*Journal of Management Studies
- Organization Science: A Journal of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
Organization Science: A Journal of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences is a peer-reviewed scholarly journal published by the Institutive for Operations Research and the Management Sciences INFORMS...
- Strategic Management Journal
- Strategic Organization - SO!
Other journals
- Journal of Applied Psychology
Journal of Applied Psychology is a publication of the APA.It has a high impact factor for its field. It typically publishes high quality empirical papers....
- Organization Studies
- Organization
An organization is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals, which controls its own performance, and which has a boundary separating it from its environment...
- Management Learning Management Learning
- International Journal of Knowledge Culture and Change Management
- Journal of Organizational Change Management *European Management Review *Anthropology of Work Review
- Research in Organizational behaviour
- Organizational behaviour and Human Decision Processes
- Human Relations
- Journal of Management Development
See also
- Organization design
Organization design involves the creation of roles, processes, and formal reporting relationships in an organization. One can distinguish between two phases in an organization design process: Strategic grouping, which establishes the overall structure of the organization, , and operational design,...
- Organization development
Organization development is often defined as a planned, top-down, organization-wide effort to increase the organization's effectiveness and health. According to Warren Bennis, OD is a complex strategy intended to change the beliefs, attitudes, values, and structure of organizations so that they...
- Organizational Dissent
Organizational dissent is the “expression of disagreement or contradictory opinions about organizational practices and policies” . Since dissent involves disagreement it can lead to conflict, which if not resolved, can lead to violence and struggle. As a result, many organizations send the...
- Organizational engineering
- Theory :Organizational Engineering is a form of Organizational Development. It was created by Dr. Gary Salton of Professional Communications, Inc. It has been developing continuously since 1994 on both theoretical and applied levels....
- Introduction to Organizational Behaviour
Further reading
- Ash, M.G. 1992. "Cultural Contexts and Scientific Change in Psychology: Kurt Lewin in Iowa." American Psychologist, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 198-207.
- Hatch, M.J., "Organization Theory: Modern, symbolic, and postmodern perspectives." 2nd Ed. Oxford University Press (2006) ISBN 0-19-926021-4.
- Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational Behavior - Concepts, Controversies, Applications. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall (2004) ISBN
0-13-170901-1.
- Scott, W. Richard. Organizations and Organizing: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems Perspectives. Pearson Prentice Hall (2007) ISBN 0-13-195893-3.
- Weick, Karl E. The Social Psychology of Organizing 2nd Ed. McGraw Hill (1979) ISBN 0-07-554808-9.
- Simon, Herbert A. Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organizations, 4th ed. 1997, The Free Press.
- Tompkins, Jonathan R. "Organization Theory and Public Management".Thompson Wadsworth (2005) ISBN 978-0-534-17468-2
- Kanigel, R. (1997). The One Best Way, Frederick Winslow Taylor and the Enigma of Efficiency. London: Brown and Co.