Nacophorini
Encyclopedia
The Nacophorini are one of the smaller tribe
s of geometer moth
s in the subfamily Ennominae
. They are the most diverse Ennominae of Australia
and are widespread in the Americas
. If the Africa
n genera
tentatively placed herein indeed belong here, the distribution of the Nacophorini is distinctly Gondwana
n, with their probable origin either of Australia, South America or even Antarctica (which was not ice-covered until a few million years ago). In Eurasia
, they are rare by comparison.
Despite the lack of thorough study of this tribe in modern times, as traditionally delimited they are probably nearly monophyletic, requiring only a few genera
to be moved in and out of this group to make it correspond to a clade
; as this involves the type species
, the correct name for this clade might be Lithinini or maybe Campaeini, which are both liable to be eventually merged with the Nacophorini. The Azelinini
, Ennomini
and perhaps the Caberini are probably their closest living relatives, and a more radical approach to monophyly would be to merge the Nacophorini, Lithinini and possibly the Campaeini into the Ennomini.
s, though some species
are more delicate. Exceptional among their subfamily, many have slim wings. They typically rest with the hindwings tucked under the forewings. Nacophorini have long antenna
e, and most if not all have terminal sensilla
e shaped like stout pegs and sensillae basiconicae on the flagellomeres or rami
. The "horn" between the antenna sockets which is present in many geometer moths is usually exceptionally well-developed in the Nacophorini. Some have a crest of thorns on their thorax
, and a few have a spine at the tip of their foreleg tibia
. The hindleg tibia is usually swollen in males, which also often have a "penciltip" of hairs tucked into a groove. Together with a comb of seta
e on the third abdominal
segment, these structures probably serve to distribute pheromone
s, and while the abdominal comb is found in many Ennominae
, the full set of structures is rarely found outside of the Nacophorini, which usually possess at least a swollen tibia or tibial "pencil", and often both.
Wnile the female genitalia are rather nondescript, there are a number of features of the male genitalia that are usually not exclusive to Nacophorini, but in combination are quite characteristic. Like in most Boarmiini
, the valva
l costa
typically has a batch of bristles on its underside near the tip, whereas the harpe or "clasper" of Nacophorini lacks the complex modifications found in Boarmiini. The aedagus has a pointed tip in almost all members of this tribe, displaying little of the variation found in related geometer moths. The anellus
usually has extensions at the side, which extend from the edge of the juxta
and can be lobes or spines, small or large, covered in bristles or nude. But unlike the similar-looking but probably analog
ous structures found in Ourapterygini
these "furcae" are entirely or almost symmetrical in Nacophorini. The Lithinini and the Tasmania
n Ennominae traditionally placed in the Archiearinae
also have such symmetrical furcae, indicating the close relationship between them and the Nacophorini.
. Caterpillar
s of the Australia
n and South America
n genera feed predominantly on Myrtaceae
, including Campomanesia
, Eucalyptus
, Eugenia
and guava
s (Psidium). A rather notorious nacophorine species from the tropical Americas is the Brazilian Eucalyptus Brown Looper (Thyrinteina arnobia), which can be a commercially significant pest in eucalyptus plantations. Faboideae
and Mimosoideae
have also been recorded as foodplants.
Caterpillars of the Africa
n species tentatiely placed in this tribe have been recorded from Cunoniaceae
, Ericaceae
, Fabaceae
and Thymelaceae. Caterpillars of Declana
from New Zealand
, also tentatively placed in the Nacophorini, have been found on Myrtaceae (eucalyptus, Kunzea
and Leptospermum
), Pinaceae
– larch
es (Larix), pine
s (Pinus, notably Monterey Pine
, P. radiata) and Coast Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) –, and southern beeches (Nothofagaceae). In addition, they were found on a species of Olearia
, the only euasterid recorded as foodplant of Nacophorini to date.
, usually placed in the Nacophorini, is in many aspects suspiciously similar to Pero
of the Azelinini
and Rhinodia
of the Caberini. It is liable to be moved to either of these tribes.
Phaeoura
, which includes Nacophora nowadays, appears to be closer to the Ennomini
. As this includes the type species
Phaeoura quernaria, Lithinini which might warrant merging with the Nacophorini would then supersede the name "Nacophorini", which would become a junior synonym of the Ennomini. The enigmatic genus Hoplosauris
, of uncertain placement in the Ennominae
, is in some respects intermediate between the Nacophorini and the Ennomini.
While the taxonomic
and systematic
questions are in need of thorough study, the situation regarding the Lithinini is more clear. Their genus Idiodes
and some species formerly placed in the paraphyletic Metrocampa (at least "M." ada and "M." biplaga) appear very close to nacophorine genera – to Thalaina
, and to Conosara
and Corula
, respectively. The Lithinini and the Nacophorini share the same apomorphies of the male genitalia, and their caterpillar
s are also very similar. It is unknown whether the somewhat more distinct Campaeini would warrant inclusion in this group too.
The Tasmania
n genera Acalyphes
and Dirce
and possibly the South America
n Archiearides
, traditionally placed in the subfamily Archiearinae
, seem to be close relatives of the Australia
n nacophorines Niceteria
and Paralaea
and would probably need to be moved to the present tribe. And finally, there are some Africa
n genera as well as Declana
from New Zealand
which are tentatively assigned to the Nacophorini.
Tribe (biology)
In biology, a tribe is a taxonomic rank between family and genus. It is sometimes subdivided into subtribes.Some examples include the tribes: Canini, Acalypheae, Hominini, Bombini, and Antidesmeae.-See also:* Biological classification* Rank...
s of geometer moth
Geometer moth
The geometer moths or Geometridae are a family of the order Lepidoptera...
s in the subfamily Ennominae
Ennominae
Ennominae is the largest subfamily of the geometer moth family with some 9,700 described species in 1,100 genera. They are usually fairly small moth species, though some grow considerably larger. This subfamily has a global distribution. It includes some species that are notorious defoliating...
. They are the most diverse Ennominae of Australia
Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
and are widespread in the Americas
Americas
The Americas, or America , are lands in the Western hemisphere, also known as the New World. In English, the plural form the Americas is often used to refer to the landmasses of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions, while the singular form America is primarily...
. If the Africa
Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area...
n genera
Genera
Genera is a commercial operating system and development environment for Lisp machines developed by Symbolics. It is essentially a fork of an earlier operating system originating on the MIT AI Lab's Lisp machines which Symbolics had used in common with LMI and Texas Instruments...
tentatively placed herein indeed belong here, the distribution of the Nacophorini is distinctly Gondwana
Gondwana
In paleogeography, Gondwana , originally Gondwanaland, was the southernmost of two supercontinents that later became parts of the Pangaea supercontinent. It existed from approximately 510 to 180 million years ago . Gondwana is believed to have sutured between ca. 570 and 510 Mya,...
n, with their probable origin either of Australia, South America or even Antarctica (which was not ice-covered until a few million years ago). In Eurasia
Eurasia
Eurasia is a continent or supercontinent comprising the traditional continents of Europe and Asia ; covering about 52,990,000 km2 or about 10.6% of the Earth's surface located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres...
, they are rare by comparison.
Despite the lack of thorough study of this tribe in modern times, as traditionally delimited they are probably nearly monophyletic, requiring only a few genera
Genera
Genera is a commercial operating system and development environment for Lisp machines developed by Symbolics. It is essentially a fork of an earlier operating system originating on the MIT AI Lab's Lisp machines which Symbolics had used in common with LMI and Texas Instruments...
to be moved in and out of this group to make it correspond to a clade
Clade
A clade is a group consisting of a species and all its descendants. In the terms of biological systematics, a clade is a single "branch" on the "tree of life". The idea that such a "natural group" of organisms should be grouped together and given a taxonomic name is central to biological...
; as this involves the type species
Type species
In biological nomenclature, a type species is both a concept and a practical system which is used in the classification and nomenclature of animals and plants. The value of a "type species" lies in the fact that it makes clear what is meant by a particular genus name. A type species is the species...
, the correct name for this clade might be Lithinini or maybe Campaeini, which are both liable to be eventually merged with the Nacophorini. The Azelinini
Azelinini
The Azelinini are a tribe of geometer moths in the subfamily Ennominae, with many species in the Southern Hemisphere, particularly in South America. Several species are found in North America as well...
, Ennomini
Ennomini
The Ennomini are a tribe of geometer moths in the Ennominae subfamily. They are large-bodied and rather nondescript Ennominae, overall showing many similarities to the closely related Azelinini and Nacophorini....
and perhaps the Caberini are probably their closest living relatives, and a more radical approach to monophyly would be to merge the Nacophorini, Lithinini and possibly the Campaeini into the Ennomini.
Description
Nacophorini are generally robust and quite hairy geometer mothGeometer moth
The geometer moths or Geometridae are a family of the order Lepidoptera...
s, though some species
Species
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...
are more delicate. Exceptional among their subfamily, many have slim wings. They typically rest with the hindwings tucked under the forewings. Nacophorini have long antenna
Antenna (biology)
Antennae in biology have historically been paired appendages used for sensing in arthropods. More recently, the term has also been applied to cilium structures present in most cell types of eukaryotes....
e, and most if not all have terminal sensilla
Sensilla
A sensillum is an insect sensory organ protruding from the cuticle, or sometime lying within or beneath it. Sensilla are divided in chemical, mechanical , thermal and visual....
e shaped like stout pegs and sensillae basiconicae on the flagellomeres or rami
Ramus
Ramus can refer to:* A branch* A portion of a bone , as in the Ramus of the mandible or Superior pubic ramus* A nerve ramus such as the Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve* Petrus Ramus...
. The "horn" between the antenna sockets which is present in many geometer moths is usually exceptionally well-developed in the Nacophorini. Some have a crest of thorns on their thorax
Thorax
The thorax is a division of an animal's body that lies between the head and the abdomen.-In tetrapods:...
, and a few have a spine at the tip of their foreleg tibia
Arthropod leg
The arthropod leg is a form of jointed appendage of arthropods, usually used for walking. Many of the terms used for arthropod leg segments are of Latin origin, and may be confused with terms for bones: coxa , trochanter , femur, tibia, tarsus, ischium, metatarsus, carpus, dactylus ,...
. The hindleg tibia is usually swollen in males, which also often have a "penciltip" of hairs tucked into a groove. Together with a comb of seta
Seta
Seta is a biological term derived from the Latin word for "bristle". It refers to a number of different bristle- or hair-like structures on living organisms.-Animal setae:In zoology, most "setae" occur in invertebrates....
e on the third abdominal
Abdomen
In vertebrates such as mammals the abdomen constitutes the part of the body between the thorax and pelvis. The region enclosed by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity...
segment, these structures probably serve to distribute pheromone
Pheromone
A pheromone is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species. Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting outside the body of the secreting individual to impact the behavior of the receiving individual...
s, and while the abdominal comb is found in many Ennominae
Ennominae
Ennominae is the largest subfamily of the geometer moth family with some 9,700 described species in 1,100 genera. They are usually fairly small moth species, though some grow considerably larger. This subfamily has a global distribution. It includes some species that are notorious defoliating...
, the full set of structures is rarely found outside of the Nacophorini, which usually possess at least a swollen tibia or tibial "pencil", and often both.
Wnile the female genitalia are rather nondescript, there are a number of features of the male genitalia that are usually not exclusive to Nacophorini, but in combination are quite characteristic. Like in most Boarmiini
Boarmiini
The Boarmiini are a large tribe of geometer moths in the Ennominae subfamily.-Description and systematics:...
, the valva
Valva
In biology, a clasper is a male anatomical structure found some groups of animals, used in mating.Male cartilaginous fish have claspers formed from the posterior portion of their pelvic fin which serve as intromittent organs used to channel semen into the female's cloaca during mating...
l costa
Costa
Costa may refer to:* Costa , including origin of the name and people sharing the surname* Costa, scientific term, from Latin costa "rib" ** In botany, the central strand of a bryophyte leaf or thallus...
typically has a batch of bristles on its underside near the tip, whereas the harpe or "clasper" of Nacophorini lacks the complex modifications found in Boarmiini. The aedagus has a pointed tip in almost all members of this tribe, displaying little of the variation found in related geometer moths. The anellus
Anellus
Anellus is a genus of moths of the Micronoctuidae family.-References: 2008: Revision of the Micronoctuidae . Part 2, Taxonomy of the Belluliinae, Magninae and Parachrostiinae. 1867: 1-136....
usually has extensions at the side, which extend from the edge of the juxta
Juxta
For the open source bibliographical software, see Juxta .The juxta is an organ in the males of most Lepidoptera that supports the aedeagus, the organ used for reproduction in insects. The juxta is located between the two valvae....
and can be lobes or spines, small or large, covered in bristles or nude. But unlike the similar-looking but probably analog
Analogy (biology)
An analogy is a trait or an organ that appears similar in two unrelated organisms. The cladistic term for the same phenomenon is homoplasy, from Greek for same form. Biological anologies are often the result of convergent evolution....
ous structures found in Ourapterygini
Ourapterygini
The Ourapterygini are one of the large tribes of geometer moths in the Ennominae subfamily. They are particularly plentiful in the Neotropics. Ourapterygini are generally held to be the youngest tribe of their subfamily, and at least seasonally have characteristic apomorphic asymmetrical processes...
these "furcae" are entirely or almost symmetrical in Nacophorini. The Lithinini and the Tasmania
Tasmania
Tasmania is an Australian island and state. It is south of the continent, separated by Bass Strait. The state includes the island of Tasmania—the 26th largest island in the world—and the surrounding islands. The state has a population of 507,626 , of whom almost half reside in the greater Hobart...
n Ennominae traditionally placed in the Archiearinae
Archiearinae
Archiearinae is a subfamily of the geometer moth family .-Genera:The subfamily contains the following genera:*Acalyphes*Archiearides*Archiearis*Boudinotiana*Caenosynteles*Dirce*Lachnocephala*Leucobrephos...
also have such symmetrical furcae, indicating the close relationship between them and the Nacophorini.
Ecology
Larval foodplants are mainly RosidaeRosidae
Under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature , Rosidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used; the only requirement being that it includes the family Rosaceae....
. Caterpillar
Caterpillar
Caterpillars are the larval form of members of the order Lepidoptera . They are mostly herbivorous in food habit, although some species are insectivorous. Caterpillars are voracious feeders and many of them are considered to be pests in agriculture...
s of the Australia
Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
n and South America
South America
South America is a continent situated in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. The continent is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east...
n genera feed predominantly on Myrtaceae
Myrtaceae
The Myrtaceae or Myrtle family are a family of dicotyledon plants, placed within the order Myrtales. Myrtle, clove, guava, feijoa, allspice, and eucalyptus belong here. All species are woody, with essential oils, and flower parts in multiples of four or five...
, including Campomanesia
Campomanesia
Campomanesia is a genus of the botanical family Myrtaceae.Selected species* Campomanesia adamantium Blume*Campomanesia phaea*Campomanesia pubescens O.Berg*Campomanesia velutina O.Berg-External links:...
, Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus is a diverse genus of flowering trees in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. Members of the genus dominate the tree flora of Australia...
, Eugenia
Eugenia
Eugenia is a genus of flowering plants in the myrtle family Myrtaceae. It has a worldwide, although highly uneven, distribution in tropical and subtropical regions. The bulk of the approximately 1,000 species occur in the New World tropics, especially in the northern Andes, the Caribbean, and the...
and guava
Guava
Guavas are plants in the myrtle family genus Psidium , which contains about 100 species of tropical shrubs and small trees. They are native to Mexico, Central America, and northern South America...
s (Psidium). A rather notorious nacophorine species from the tropical Americas is the Brazilian Eucalyptus Brown Looper (Thyrinteina arnobia), which can be a commercially significant pest in eucalyptus plantations. Faboideae
Faboideae
Faboideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. One acceptable alternative name for the subfamily is Papilionoideae....
and Mimosoideae
Mimosoideae
Mimosoideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae characterized by flowers with small petals and numerous prominent stamens...
have also been recorded as foodplants.
Caterpillars of the Africa
Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area...
n species tentatiely placed in this tribe have been recorded from Cunoniaceae
Cunoniaceae
The Cunoniaceae is a family of 26 genera and about 350 species of woody plants in the Antarctic flora, with many laurifolia species with glossy leaves endemic to laurel forest habitat. The family is native to Australia, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New Zealand, southern South America, the Mascarene...
, Ericaceae
Ericaceae
The Ericaceae, commonly known as the heath or heather family, is a group of mostly calcifuge flowering plants. The family is large, with roughly 4000 species spread across 126 genera, making it the 14th most speciose family of flowering plants...
, Fabaceae
Fabaceae
The Fabaceae or Leguminosae, commonly known as the legume, pea, or bean family, is a large and economically important family of flowering plants. The group is the third largest land plant family, behind only the Orchidaceae and Asteraceae, with 730 genera and over 19,400 species...
and Thymelaceae. Caterpillars of Declana
Declana
Declana is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-Species:* Declana antronivea * Declana floccosa – Forest Semi-Looper Walker, 1858* Declana junctilinea * Declana leptomera...
from New Zealand
New Zealand
New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga...
, also tentatively placed in the Nacophorini, have been found on Myrtaceae (eucalyptus, Kunzea
Kunzea
Kunzea is a genus of 36-40 species of shrub in the myrtle family Myrtaceae. They are native to Australia, with one species extending to New Zealand. They are found throughout the Australian continent with most species occurring in southwestern Western Australia...
and Leptospermum
Leptospermum
Leptospermum is a genus of about 80-86 species of plants in the myrtle family Myrtaceae. Most species are endemic to Australia, with the greatest diversity in the south of the continent; but one species extends to New Zealand, another to Malaysia, and L. recurvum is endemic to Malaysia.They...
), Pinaceae
Pinaceae
Pinaceae are trees or shrubs, including many of the well-known conifers of commercial importance such as cedars, firs, hemlocks, larches, pines and spruces. The family is included in the order Pinales, formerly known as Coniferales. Pinaceae are supported as monophyletic by its protein-type sieve...
– larch
Larch
Larches are conifers in the genus Larix, in the family Pinaceae. Growing from 15 to 50m tall, they are native to much of the cooler temperate northern hemisphere, on lowlands in the north and high on mountains further south...
es (Larix), pine
Pine
Pines are trees in the genus Pinus ,in the family Pinaceae. They make up the monotypic subfamily Pinoideae. There are about 115 species of pine, although different authorities accept between 105 and 125 species.-Etymology:...
s (Pinus, notably Monterey Pine
Monterey Pine
The Monterey Pine, Pinus radiata, family Pinaceae, also known as the Insignis Pine or Radiata Pine is a species of pine native to the Central Coast of California....
, P. radiata) and Coast Douglas-fir
Coast Douglas-fir
Pseudotsuga menziesii, known as Douglas-fir, Oregon Pine, or Douglas spruce, is an evergreen conifer species native to western North America. Its variety Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii, also known as coast Douglas-fir grows in the coastal regions, from west-central British Columbia, Canada...
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) –, and southern beeches (Nothofagaceae). In addition, they were found on a species of Olearia
Olearia
Olearia is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Asteraceae. There are about 130 different species within the genus found mostly in Australia, New Guinea and New Zealand...
, the only euasterid recorded as foodplant of Nacophorini to date.
Systematics
The genera OrathaOratha
Oratha is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
, usually placed in the Nacophorini, is in many aspects suspiciously similar to Pero
Pero (moth)
Pero is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
of the Azelinini
Azelinini
The Azelinini are a tribe of geometer moths in the subfamily Ennominae, with many species in the Southern Hemisphere, particularly in South America. Several species are found in North America as well...
and Rhinodia
Rhinodia
Rhinodia is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
of the Caberini. It is liable to be moved to either of these tribes.
Phaeoura
Phaeoura
Phaeoura is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
, which includes Nacophora nowadays, appears to be closer to the Ennomini
Ennomini
The Ennomini are a tribe of geometer moths in the Ennominae subfamily. They are large-bodied and rather nondescript Ennominae, overall showing many similarities to the closely related Azelinini and Nacophorini....
. As this includes the type species
Type species
In biological nomenclature, a type species is both a concept and a practical system which is used in the classification and nomenclature of animals and plants. The value of a "type species" lies in the fact that it makes clear what is meant by a particular genus name. A type species is the species...
Phaeoura quernaria, Lithinini which might warrant merging with the Nacophorini would then supersede the name "Nacophorini", which would become a junior synonym of the Ennomini. The enigmatic genus Hoplosauris
Hoplosauris
Hoplosauris is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
, of uncertain placement in the Ennominae
Ennominae
Ennominae is the largest subfamily of the geometer moth family with some 9,700 described species in 1,100 genera. They are usually fairly small moth species, though some grow considerably larger. This subfamily has a global distribution. It includes some species that are notorious defoliating...
, is in some respects intermediate between the Nacophorini and the Ennomini.
While the taxonomic
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the science of identifying and naming species, and arranging them into a classification. The field of taxonomy, sometimes referred to as "biological taxonomy", revolves around the description and use of taxonomic units, known as taxa...
and systematic
Systematics
Biological systematics is the study of the diversification of terrestrial life, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time. Relationships are visualized as evolutionary trees...
questions are in need of thorough study, the situation regarding the Lithinini is more clear. Their genus Idiodes
Idiodes
Idiodes is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
and some species formerly placed in the paraphyletic Metrocampa (at least "M." ada and "M." biplaga) appear very close to nacophorine genera – to Thalaina
Thalaina
Thalaina is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-Species:Species include:* Thalaina clara – Walker, 1855* Thalaina selenaea – Doubleday, 1845-References:*...
, and to Conosara
Conosara
Conosara is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-Species:* Conosara castanea Meyrick, 1892* Conosara pammicta Turner, 1919-References:* *...
and Corula
Corula
Corula is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:* *...
, respectively. The Lithinini and the Nacophorini share the same apomorphies of the male genitalia, and their caterpillar
Caterpillar
Caterpillars are the larval form of members of the order Lepidoptera . They are mostly herbivorous in food habit, although some species are insectivorous. Caterpillars are voracious feeders and many of them are considered to be pests in agriculture...
s are also very similar. It is unknown whether the somewhat more distinct Campaeini would warrant inclusion in this group too.
The Tasmania
Tasmania
Tasmania is an Australian island and state. It is south of the continent, separated by Bass Strait. The state includes the island of Tasmania—the 26th largest island in the world—and the surrounding islands. The state has a population of 507,626 , of whom almost half reside in the greater Hobart...
n genera Acalyphes
Acalyphes
Acalyphes is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
and Dirce
Dirce (moth)
Dirce is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-Species:* Dirce aesiodora Turner, 1922* Dirce lunaris * Dirce oriplancta Turner, 1926* Dirce solaris -References:* *...
and possibly the South America
South America
South America is a continent situated in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. The continent is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east...
n Archiearides
Archiearides
Archiearides is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae....
, traditionally placed in the subfamily Archiearinae
Archiearinae
Archiearinae is a subfamily of the geometer moth family .-Genera:The subfamily contains the following genera:*Acalyphes*Archiearides*Archiearis*Boudinotiana*Caenosynteles*Dirce*Lachnocephala*Leucobrephos...
, seem to be close relatives of the Australia
Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
n nacophorines Niceteria
Niceteria
Niceteria is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
and Paralaea
Paralaea
Paralaea is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
and would probably need to be moved to the present tribe. And finally, there are some Africa
Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area...
n genera as well as Declana
Declana
Declana is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-Species:* Declana antronivea * Declana floccosa – Forest Semi-Looper Walker, 1858* Declana junctilinea * Declana leptomera...
from New Zealand
New Zealand
New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga...
which are tentatively assigned to the Nacophorini.
Selected genera
As numerous ennomine genera have not yet been assigned to a tribe, the genus list should be considered preliminary.- Achagua
- AcrasiaAcrasia (moth)Acrasia is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae....
(tentatively placed here) - AethaloidaAethaloidaAethaloida is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- AmeloraAmeloraAmelora is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-Species:* Amelora acontistica * Amelora adusta Turner, 1947* Amelora amblopa Guest, 1887* Amelora anepiscepta Turner, 1947* Amelora arotraea Meyrick, 1892...
- AndrochelaAndrochelaAndrochela is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae....
- AnimomyiaAnimomyiaAnimomyia is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-Species:* Animomyia dilatata Rindge, 1974* Animomyia hardwicki Rindge, 1974* Animomyia minuta Rindge, 1974* Animomyia morta Dyar, 1908* Animomyia nuda Rindge, 1974...
- AnischnopterisAnischnopterisAnischnopteris is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae....
- AphilopotaAphilopotaAphilopota is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae....
(tentatively placed here) - ArchephanesArchephanesArchephanes is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- ArgyrophoraArgyrophoraArgyrophora is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae....
(tentatively placed here) - BetulodesBetulodesBetulodes is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- CallioratisCallioratisCallioratis is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-Species:* Callioratis abraxas Felder, 1874* Callioratis apicisecta Prout, 1915* Callioratis abraxis* Callioratis millarii* Callioratis boisduvalii...
(tentatively placed here) - Canelo
- CapusaCapusaCapusa is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-Species:* Capusa chionopleura Turner, 1926* Capusa cuculloides * Capusa graodes Turner, 1919* Capusa leptoneura * Capusa senilis Walker, 1857...
- CassythaphagaCassythaphagaCassythaphaga is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- CeratonyxCeratonyxCeratonyx is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-Species:* Ceratonyx arizonensis * Ceratonyx permagnaria * Ceratonyx satanaria Guenée, 1857-References:* *...
- CharcaCharcaCharca is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- ChleniasChleniasChlenias is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-Species:* Chlenias banksiaria * Chlenias basichorda Turner, 1919* Chlenias belophora * Chlenias cyclosticha Lower, 1915...
- ChrysomimaChrysomimaChrysomima is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:* *...
- CiampaCiampa (moth)Ciampa is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-Species:* Ciampa arietaria * Ciampa chordota * Ciampa heteromorpha * Ciampa melanostrepta -References:* *...
- CidariophanesCidariophanesCidariophanes is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- ConosaraConosaraConosara is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-Species:* Conosara castanea Meyrick, 1892* Conosara pammicta Turner, 1919-References:* *...
- CorulaCorulaCorula is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:* *...
- CycloprorodesCycloprorodesCycloprorodes is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:* *...
- DeclanaDeclanaDeclana is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-Species:* Declana antronivea * Declana floccosa – Forest Semi-Looper Walker, 1858* Declana junctilinea * Declana leptomera...
(tentatively placed here) - DectochilusDectochilusDectochilus is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- DiptychisDiptychisDiptychis is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
(tentatively placed here) - DolabrossaDolabrossaDolabrossa is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- DrepanogynisDrepanogynisDrepanogynis is a genus in the geometer moth family . Long considered to hold about 5 dozen species, this number has been doubled after the last major revision. They are stout-bodied and hairy by geometer moth standards, usually have pale hindwings and rest with their wings angled upwards like a...
(tentatively placed here) - ErilophodesErilophodesErilophodes is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:**...
- FiseraFiseraFisera is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- FurcatroxFurcatroxFurcatrox is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- GabriolaGabriola (moth)Gabriola is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:** American Museum of Natural History .-External links:* on flickr. Accessed on 2010-01-02....
- GastrinaGastrinaGastrina is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- HasodimaHasodimaHasodima is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- HebdomophrudaHebdomophrudaHebdomophruda is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
(tentatively placed here) - HemimorinaHemimorinaHemimorina is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- HemnypiaHemnypiaHemnypia is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- HolochroaHolochroaHolochroa is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:* *...
- Illa (tentatively placed here)
- IschnopterisIschnopterisIschnopteris is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- LackranaLackranaLackrana is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- MaunaMaunaMauna is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
(tentatively placed here) - MelanodesMelanodesMelanodes is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- MicroligiaMicroligiaMicroligia is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
(tentatively placed here) - MictodocaMictodocaMictodoca is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- MnesampelaMnesampelaMnesampela is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- MochlotonaMochlotonaMochlotona is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- NazcaNazca (moth)Nazca is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- NiceteriaNiceteriaNiceteria is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- NisistaNisistaNisista is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-Species:*Nisista galearia *Nisista notodontaria Walker, 1860*Nisista serrata -References:**...
- OrathaOrathaOratha is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
(probably belongs in AzelininiAzelininiThe Azelinini are a tribe of geometer moths in the subfamily Ennominae, with many species in the Southern Hemisphere, particularly in South America. Several species are found in North America as well...
or Caberini) - Pachycnemoides (tentatively placed here)
- PalleopaPalleopaPalleopa is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- PapagoPapago (moth)Papago is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- ParalaeaParalaeaParalaea is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- ParexcelsaParexcelsaParexcelsa is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- PhaeouraPhaeouraPhaeoura is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
(probably belongs in EnnominiEnnominiThe Ennomini are a tribe of geometer moths in the Ennominae subfamily. They are large-bodied and rather nondescript Ennominae, overall showing many similarities to the closely related Azelinini and Nacophorini....
, includes Nacophora) - PlesanemmaPlesanemmaPlesanemma is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- PseudomaenasPseudomaenasPseudomaenas is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
(tentatively placed here) - RhynchopsotaRhynchopsotaRhynchopsota is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- RucanaRucanaRucana is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- SmyriodesSmyriodesSmyriodes is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- StibaromaStibaromaStibaroma is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- ThalainaThalainaThalaina is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-Species:Species include:* Thalaina clara – Walker, 1855* Thalaina selenaea – Doubleday, 1845-References:*...
- ThyrinteinaThyrinteinaThyrinteina is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- VeniliodesVeniliodesVeniliodes is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
(tentatively placed here) - YermoiaYermoiaYermoia is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
- ZerenopsisZerenopsisZerenopsis is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
(tentatively placed here)
As noted above, Acalyphes
Acalyphes
Acalyphes is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-References:*...
, Dirce
Dirce (moth)
Dirce is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae.-Species:* Dirce aesiodora Turner, 1922* Dirce lunaris * Dirce oriplancta Turner, 1926* Dirce solaris -References:* *...
and possibly Archiearides
Archiearides
Archiearides is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae....
would seem to need moving here from the Archiearinae
Archiearinae
Archiearinae is a subfamily of the geometer moth family .-Genera:The subfamily contains the following genera:*Acalyphes*Archiearides*Archiearis*Boudinotiana*Caenosynteles*Dirce*Lachnocephala*Leucobrephos...
, and at least some Lithinini and perhaps Campaeini seem to belong here too.