Marc-Antoine Jullien de Paris
Encyclopedia
Marc-Antoine Jullien, called Jullien fils, (born Paris
, March 10, 1775 - died there April 4, 1848) was a French
revolutionary
and man of letters.
in the National Convention
, he entered the Collège de Navarre
in 1785; his studies were interrupted by the beginning of the Revolution. Encouraged by his ardently patriotic mother, he attempted a career in journalism, in 1790 becoming a collaborator on the Journal du Soir. The following year, he became a member of the Jacobin Club
, in which he became an opponent of war.
In the spring of 1792, Jullien was sent to London
by the Marquis de Condorcet
, at the time president of the comité diplomatique of the Legislative Assembly
. There he served as a student-diplomat, becoming an intermediary between the more liberal English factions and the Girondist
s. Among those he met there were Talleyrand and Lord Stanhope
. Returning to France that autumn, he was named aide-commissairem and then commissaire des guerres, of the army of the Pyrenees
, in January 1793. He was soon transferred to Tarbes
"due to age". He rejoined the army of the Pyrenees on April 16, entering Paris with them on August 4.
Jullien then became a protege of Robespierre
, and was sent by the Committee of Public Safety
on a mission to several Atlantic ports, beginning on September 10, 1793. Charged with ensuring surveillance of the military situation and of Jacobin
propaganda, he attempted to gain for himself a rapport with public feeling. In Nantes
, on February 4, 1794, he wrote a letter to Robespierre in which he denounced Carrier
At Bordeaux
, he stood in opposition to Jean-Lambert Tallien
and his mistress, Thérésa Cabarrus. He left Bordeaux to return to Paris on April 24, 1794; there he was named to the Executive Committee on Public Instruction. On May 18, he returned to Bordeaux, to purify the municipality and the Jacobin Club and seek out hidden Girondists among the deputies.
Jullien would likely have become a major player in the Revolution had it not been for the execution, by guillotine
, of Robespierre in July 1793. Made destitute, he was arrested on August 10 and sent to prison; he would be held at the maison de santé of Notre-Dame-des-Champs, and would testify at Carrier's trial. He disavowed his association with Robespierre and was released, through the intervention of his father, on October 14, 1795. Ten days later, the insurrection of 13 Vendémiaire
was stopped.
Jullien next became one of the founders of the Club du Panthéon, returning to journalism with the creation of L'Orateur plébéien, a democratic and moderate pamphlet, with Ève Demaillot and Jean-Jacques Leuliette. On March 13, 1796, Merlin de Douai
helped him enter the Ministère de la Police, where he became responsible for lists of emigrans. He soon became suspected of Babouvist
sympathies, and was forced to hide after the discovery of the Conspiracy of Equals in May 1796; he reappeared in October of the same year.
Jullien next joined the Army of Italy
, becoming a writer for its mail service from August to November 1797. He then accompanied Napoleon I
, in May 1798, on his journey to Egypt
. There he became ill, and returned to France with Louis Bonaparte
. Becoming well, he entered the service of general Championnet
, becoming an adviser on December 28, 1978. Among the initiators of the Neapolitan Republic, he became secretary general to Championnet's provisional government on January 26, 1799. He was quickly recalled by the Directory
, and was arrested on February 24. On March 12 he stood before a military tribunal
, but was freed by the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII
on June 18.
Accommodating the coup of 18 Brumaire
to satisfaction, Jullien proposed a plan to unify the Italian states in July 1800. Immediately becoming indignant at anti-Jacobin proscriptions, following the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise
he was relegated to handling administrative functions in Paris. He received the cross of the Légion d'honneur
in 1803. After a visit to Madame de Staël
at Chaumont-sur-Loire
, through which he raised Napoleon's suspicions, he was sent to the Kingdom of Italy
in 1810; while passing through Yverdon, he became acquainted with the Swiss
pedagogue Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
.
In 1813. Jullien was jailed due to his opposition to the Empire. Freed during the Bourbon Restoration
, he published numerous opposition journals between 1815 and 1817, becoming known in the process as a pedagogue. He corresponded regularly with Pestalozzi, to whom he sent his first three sons, at Yverdon, and became a promoter of the Monitorial System of education. In 1819 he founded Revue encyclopédique.
Jullien died in Paris in 1848.
. The eldest of the six, Pierre-Adolphe (born Amiens
, February 13, 1803 - died 1873) was a technician, later becoming engineer-in-chief of the Corps of Bridges and Roads
; in this capacity he oversaw construction of the Paris-Lyon
railroad.
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
, March 10, 1775 - died there April 4, 1848) was a French
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
revolutionary
French Revolution
The French Revolution , sometimes distinguished as the 'Great French Revolution' , was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France and Europe. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years...
and man of letters.
Life
Son of Marc Antoine Jullien, deputy from DrômeDrôme
Drôme , a department in southeastern France, takes its name from the Drôme River.-History:The French National Constituent Assembly set up Drôme as one of the original 83 departments of France on March 4, 1790, during the French Revolution...
in the National Convention
National Convention
During the French Revolution, the National Convention or Convention, in France, comprised the constitutional and legislative assembly which sat from 20 September 1792 to 26 October 1795 . It held executive power in France during the first years of the French First Republic...
, he entered the Collège de Navarre
Collège de Navarre
The College of Navarre was one of the colleges of the historic University of Paris, rivaling the Sorbonne and renowned for its library. It was founded by Queen Joan I of Navarre in 1305, who provided for three departments, the arts with 20 students, philosophy with 30 and theology with 20...
in 1785; his studies were interrupted by the beginning of the Revolution. Encouraged by his ardently patriotic mother, he attempted a career in journalism, in 1790 becoming a collaborator on the Journal du Soir. The following year, he became a member of the Jacobin Club
Jacobin Club
The Jacobin Club was the most famous and influential political club in the development of the French Revolution, so-named because of the Dominican convent where they met, located in the Rue St. Jacques , Paris. The club originated as the Club Benthorn, formed at Versailles from a group of Breton...
, in which he became an opponent of war.
In the spring of 1792, Jullien was sent to London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
by the Marquis de Condorcet
Marquis de Condorcet
Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de Condorcet , known as Nicolas de Condorcet, was a French philosopher, mathematician, and early political scientist whose Condorcet method in voting tally selects the candidate who would beat each of the other candidates in a run-off election...
, at the time president of the comité diplomatique of the Legislative Assembly
Legislative Assembly (France)
During the French Revolution, the Legislative Assembly was the legislature of France from 1 October 1791 to September 1792. It provided the focus of political debate and revolutionary law-making between the periods of the National Constituent Assembly and of the National Convention.The Legislative...
. There he served as a student-diplomat, becoming an intermediary between the more liberal English factions and the Girondist
Girondist
The Girondists were a political faction in France within the Legislative Assembly and the National Convention during the French Revolution...
s. Among those he met there were Talleyrand and Lord Stanhope
Philip Stanhope, 5th Earl of Chesterfield
Philip Stanhope, 5th Earl of Chesterfield KG, PC, FRS, FSA , known as Philip Stanhope until 1773, was a British politician and diplomat...
. Returning to France that autumn, he was named aide-commissairem and then commissaire des guerres, of the army of the Pyrenees
Pyrenees
The Pyrenees is a range of mountains in southwest Europe that forms a natural border between France and Spain...
, in January 1793. He was soon transferred to Tarbes
Tarbes
Tarbes is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in south-western France.It is part of the historical region of Gascony. It is the second largest metropolitan area of Midi-Pyrénées, with 110,000 inhabitants....
"due to age". He rejoined the army of the Pyrenees on April 16, entering Paris with them on August 4.
Jullien then became a protege of Robespierre
Maximilien Robespierre
Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre is one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution. He largely dominated the Committee of Public Safety and was instrumental in the period of the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror, which ended with his...
, and was sent by the Committee of Public Safety
Committee of Public Safety
The Committee of Public Safety , created in April 1793 by the National Convention and then restructured in July 1793, formed the de facto executive government in France during the Reign of Terror , a stage of the French Revolution...
on a mission to several Atlantic ports, beginning on September 10, 1793. Charged with ensuring surveillance of the military situation and of Jacobin
Jacobin (politics)
A Jacobin , in the context of the French Revolution, was a member of the Jacobin Club, a revolutionary far-left political movement. The Jacobin Club was the most famous political club of the French Revolution. So called from the Dominican convent where they originally met, in the Rue St. Jacques ,...
propaganda, he attempted to gain for himself a rapport with public feeling. In Nantes
Nantes
Nantes is a city in western France, located on the Loire River, from the Atlantic coast. The city is the 6th largest in France, while its metropolitan area ranks 8th with over 800,000 inhabitants....
, on February 4, 1794, he wrote a letter to Robespierre in which he denounced Carrier
Jean-Baptiste Carrier
Jean-Baptiste Carrier was a French Revolutionary, known for his cruelty to his enemies, especially to clergy.-Biography:...
At Bordeaux
Bordeaux
Bordeaux is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France.The Bordeaux-Arcachon-Libourne metropolitan area, has a population of 1,010,000 and constitutes the sixth-largest urban area in France. It is the capital of the Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture...
, he stood in opposition to Jean-Lambert Tallien
Jean-Lambert Tallien
Jean-Lambert Tallien , was a French political figure of the revolutionary period.-Clerk and journalist:He was the son of the maître d'hôtel of the Marquis de Bercy, and was born in Paris. The marquis, noticing his ability, had him educated, and got him a place as a lawyer's clerk...
and his mistress, Thérésa Cabarrus. He left Bordeaux to return to Paris on April 24, 1794; there he was named to the Executive Committee on Public Instruction. On May 18, he returned to Bordeaux, to purify the municipality and the Jacobin Club and seek out hidden Girondists among the deputies.
Jullien would likely have become a major player in the Revolution had it not been for the execution, by guillotine
Guillotine
The guillotine is a device used for carrying out :executions by decapitation. It consists of a tall upright frame from which an angled blade is suspended. This blade is raised with a rope and then allowed to drop, severing the head from the body...
, of Robespierre in July 1793. Made destitute, he was arrested on August 10 and sent to prison; he would be held at the maison de santé of Notre-Dame-des-Champs, and would testify at Carrier's trial. He disavowed his association with Robespierre and was released, through the intervention of his father, on October 14, 1795. Ten days later, the insurrection of 13 Vendémiaire
13 Vendémiaire
13 Vendémiaire Year 4 is the name given to a battle between the French Revolutionary troops and Royalist forces in the streets of Paris...
was stopped.
Jullien next became one of the founders of the Club du Panthéon, returning to journalism with the creation of L'Orateur plébéien, a democratic and moderate pamphlet, with Ève Demaillot and Jean-Jacques Leuliette. On March 13, 1796, Merlin de Douai
Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai was a French politician and lawyer.-Early years:Merlin de Douai was born at Arleux, Nord, and was called to the Flemish bar association in 1775...
helped him enter the Ministère de la Police, where he became responsible for lists of emigrans. He soon became suspected of Babouvist
François-Noël Babeuf
François-Noël Babeuf , known as Gracchus Babeuf , was a French political agitator and journalist of the Revolutionary period...
sympathies, and was forced to hide after the discovery of the Conspiracy of Equals in May 1796; he reappeared in October of the same year.
Jullien next joined the Army of Italy
Army of Italy (France)
The Army of Italy was a Field army of the French Army stationed on the Italian border and used for operations in Italy itself. Though it existed in some form in the 16th century through to the present, it is best known for its role during the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic...
, becoming a writer for its mail service from August to November 1797. He then accompanied Napoleon I
Napoleon I
Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military and political leader during the latter stages of the French Revolution.As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815...
, in May 1798, on his journey to Egypt
Egypt
Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...
. There he became ill, and returned to France with Louis Bonaparte
Louis Bonaparte
Louis Napoléon Bonaparte, Prince Français, Comte de Saint-Leu , King of Holland , was the fifth surviving child and the fourth surviving son of Carlo Buonaparte and Letizia Ramolino...
. Becoming well, he entered the service of general Championnet
Jean Étienne Championnet
Jean Étienne Vachier, called Championnet , French general, enlisted in the army at an early age and served in the Great Siege of Gibraltar....
, becoming an adviser on December 28, 1978. Among the initiators of the Neapolitan Republic, he became secretary general to Championnet's provisional government on January 26, 1799. He was quickly recalled by the Directory
French Directory
The Directory was a body of five Directors that held executive power in France following the Convention and preceding the Consulate...
, and was arrested on February 24. On March 12 he stood before a military tribunal
Military tribunal
A military tribunal is a kind of military court designed to try members of enemy forces during wartime, operating outside the scope of conventional criminal and civil proceedings. The judges are military officers and fulfill the role of jurors...
, but was freed by the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII
Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII
The Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII , also known as the Revenge of the Councils was a bloodless coup in France that occurred on 18 June 1799—30 Prairial Year VII by the French Republican Calendar...
on June 18.
Accommodating the coup of 18 Brumaire
18 Brumaire
The coup of 18 Brumaire was the coup d'état by which General Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the French Directory, replacing it with the French Consulate...
to satisfaction, Jullien proposed a plan to unify the Italian states in July 1800. Immediately becoming indignant at anti-Jacobin proscriptions, following the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise
Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise
The plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise, also known as the Machine infernale plot, was an assassination attempt on the life of the First Consul of France, Napoleon Bonaparte, in Paris on 24 December 1800...
he was relegated to handling administrative functions in Paris. He received the cross of the Légion d'honneur
Légion d'honneur
The Legion of Honour, or in full the National Order of the Legion of Honour is a French order established by Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul of the Consulat which succeeded to the First Republic, on 19 May 1802...
in 1803. After a visit to Madame de Staël
Anne Louise Germaine de Staël
Anne Louise Germaine de Staël-Holstein , commonly known as Madame de Staël, was a French-speaking Swiss author living in Paris and abroad. She influenced literary tastes in Europe at the turn of the 19th century.- Childhood :...
at Chaumont-sur-Loire
Chaumont-sur-Loire
Chaumont-sur-Loire is a commune in the Loir-et-Cher département in central France.-See also:* Château de Chaumont* Communes of the Loir-et-Cher department...
, through which he raised Napoleon's suspicions, he was sent to the Kingdom of Italy
Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)
The Kingdom of Italy was a state founded in Northern Italy by Napoleon, fully influenced by revolutionary France, that ended with his defeat and fall.-Constitutional statutes:...
in 1810; while passing through Yverdon, he became acquainted with the Swiss
Switzerland
Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....
pedagogue Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi was a Swiss pedagogue and educational reformer who exemplified Romanticism in his approach....
.
In 1813. Jullien was jailed due to his opposition to the Empire. Freed during the Bourbon Restoration
Bourbon Restoration
The Bourbon Restoration is the name given to the period following the successive events of the French Revolution , the end of the First Republic , and then the forcible end of the First French Empire under Napoleon – when a coalition of European powers restored by arms the monarchy to the...
, he published numerous opposition journals between 1815 and 1817, becoming known in the process as a pedagogue. He corresponded regularly with Pestalozzi, to whom he sent his first three sons, at Yverdon, and became a promoter of the Monitorial System of education. In 1819 he founded Revue encyclopédique.
Jullien died in Paris in 1848.
Marriage and family
In 1801 Jullien married Sophie-Juvence Nioche (died 1832); she bore him six children, among whom a daughter, Antoinette-Stéphanie, was the mother of Édouard LockroyÉdouard Lockroy
Édouard Lockroy was a French politician.He was born in Paris, the son of Joseph Philippe Simon , an actor and dramatist who took the name of Lockroy....
. The eldest of the six, Pierre-Adolphe (born Amiens
Amiens
Amiens is a city and commune in northern France, north of Paris and south-west of Lille. It is the capital of the Somme department in Picardy...
, February 13, 1803 - died 1873) was a technician, later becoming engineer-in-chief of the Corps of Bridges and Roads
Corps of Bridges and Roads (France)
The Corps of Bridges is a great technical corps of the French state. It is formed of the State Engineers of the Bridges.People entering the Corps are educated at the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées...
; in this capacity he oversaw construction of the Paris-Lyon
Lyon
Lyon , is a city in east-central France in the Rhône-Alpes region, situated between Paris and Marseille. Lyon is located at from Paris, from Marseille, from Geneva, from Turin, and from Barcelona. The residents of the city are called Lyonnais....
railroad.
Works
- Opinion de Marc antoine Jullien sur le jugement de Louis XVI, 1792, 4 p.
- Rapport des opérations faites à Vannes (with Pierre-Louis Prieur), 1793
- Marc-Antoine Jullien aux représentans du peuple composant le Comité de Salut public: rapport de ma mission à Bordeaux : Paris, ce 24 thermidor an 9 second de la République française, 1794
- Appel aux véritables amis de la patrie, de la liberté et de la paix, ou, Tableau des principaux résultats de l'Administration des Consuls et des ressources actuelles de la République française, 1801, 187 p.
- Essai sur l'emploi du tems; ou, Méthode qui a pour objet de bien régler sa vie, premier moyen d'être heureux; destinée spécialement à l'usage des jeunes gens de 15 à 25 ans, 1810
- Esprit de la méthode d'éducation de Pestalozzi, suivie et pratiquée dans l'Institut d'Éducation d'Yverdun, en Suisse, 1812
- Quelques fragmens extraits du porte-feuille politique de Buonaparte ou mémoires sur les intérêts politiques de l'Italie et sur ceux de la France, 1814, 52 p.
- Quelques réflexions sur l'esprit qui doit inspirer les écrivains politiques, amis de la patrie et du roi, et diriger les membres des collèges électoraux dans le choix des nouveaux députés. (Douze août 1815), 1815, 14 p.
- Esquisse et vues préliminaires d'un ouvrage sur l'éducation comparée, et séries de questions sur l'éducation, 1817, 56 p.
- Esquisse d'un essai sur la philosophie des sciences, contenant un nouveau projet d'une division générale des connoissances humaines;: contenant un nouveau projet d'une division générale des connoissances humaines, 1819
- Tableau synoptique des connoissances humaines, d'après une nouvelle méthode de classification, 1819
- Coup d'œil sur les progrès des connaissances humaines, en 1824, 1824, 21 p.
- La France en 1825 ou mes regrets et mes espérances: discours en vers, 1825, 151 p.
- Épître à Mr. Vandernat, ancien ministre de la République Batave, retiré dans une solitude philosophique auprès d'Arnhem, 1826
- Notice biographique sur Marc-Antoine Jullien : précédée d'un coup d'œil sur la situation politique et les besoins de la France et suivie de documents inédits, de lettres et de pièces jutificatives, 1831, 73 p.
- Lettre a la nation Anglaise, sur l'union des peuples et la civilisation comparée, sur l'instrument économique du tems, appelé biomètre, ou montre morale suivie de quelques poésies, et d'un discours en vers sur les principaux savans, littérateurs, poëtes et artistes, qu'a produits la Grande-Bretagne, 1833, 50 p.
- Essai général d'éducation physique, morale et intellectuelle. Suivi d'un plan d'éducation pratique pour l'enfance, l'adolescence et la jeunesse, ou recherches sur les principes d'une éducation perfectionnée..., 1835, 494 p.
- Exposé de la méthode d'éducation de Pestalozzi, telle qu'elle a été pratiquée sous sa direction pendant dix années de 1806 à 1816 dans l'institut d'Yverdun, en Suisse, 1842
- Le congrès scientifique d'Italie: Réuni à Milan, le 12 September 1844, 1844
- À l'Angleterre savante et littéraire..., 1845
- Une mission en Vendée, 1793, notes [by M. A. Jullien] recueillies par É. Lockroy, 1893