List of subjects in Gray's Anatomy: XII. Surface anatomy and Surface Markings
Encyclopedia
- Bones
- external occipital protuberanceExternal occipital protuberanceNear the middle of the occipital squama is the external occipital protuberance, and extending lateralward from it on either side is the superior nuchal line, and above this the faintly marked highest nuchal line.It is less pronounced in females....
- superior nuchal line
- median nuchal crest
- mastoid processMastoid processThe mastoid process is a conical prominence projecting from the undersurface of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. It is located just behind the external acoustic meatus, and lateral to the styloid process...
- external occipital protuberance
- Bones
- transverse process of the atlas
- zygomatic archZygomatic archThe zygomatic arch or cheek bone is formed by the zygomatic process of temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone , the two being united by an oblique suture; the tendon of the Temporalis passes medial to the arch to gain insertion into the coronoid process...
- superior temporal line
- parietal eminences
- frontal eminences
- superciliary archesSuperciliary archesOn the squama frontalis of the frontal bone of the skull, below the frontal eminences, and separated from them by a shallow groove, are two arched elevations, the superciliary arches; these are prominent medially, and are joined to one another by a smooth elevation named the glabella.Typically, the...
- glabellaGlabellaThe glabella, in humans, is the space between the eyebrows and above the nose. It is slightly elevated, and joins the two superciliary ridges.-Etymology:The term is derived from the Latin glabellus, meaning smooth, as this area is usually hairless....
- nasionNasionThe nasion is the intersection of the frontal and two nasal bones of the human skull. Its manifestation on the visible surface of the face is a distinctly depressed area directly between the eyes, just superior to the bridge of the nose....
(frontonasal suture) - nasal bones
- orbital margin
- supraorbital notchSupraorbital notchThe Supraorbital notch is a small groove at superior and medial margin of the orbit in the frontal bone. The supraorbital nerve passes through this notch prior to dividing into superficial and deep components that provide sensory innervation to the ipsilateral forehead...
- zygomatic boneZygomatic boneThe zygomatic bone is a paired bone of the human skull. It articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. The zygomatic is homologous to the jugal bone of other tetrapods...
- zygomatic tubercle
- zygomaticofrontal sutureZygomaticofrontal sutureThe Zygomaticofrontal suture is the cranial suture between the zygomatic bone and the frontal bone. It accounts for much of the structural integrity of the skull casing....
- mandible
- hyoid boneHyoid boneThe hyoid bone is a horseshoe-shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. At rest, it lies at the level of the base of the mandible in the front and the third cervical vertebra behind.Unlike other bones, the hyoid is only distantly...
- Joints and Muscles
- temporomandibular articulation
- Joints and Muscles
- Orbicularis oculi
- Procerus
- labial muscles
- Masseter
- Temporalis
- Platysma
- Sternocleidomastoideus
- Joints and Muscles
- Sternohyoideus
- Sternothyreoideus
- Digastricus
- Trapezius
- supraclavicular fossaSupraclavicular fossaThe Supraclavicular fossa is an indentation immediately above the clavicle.In terminologia anatomica, it is divided into fossa supraclavicularis major and fossa supraclavicularis minor-External links:*...
- Omohyoideus
- Arteries
- subclavian arterySubclavian arteryIn human anatomy, the subclavian arteries are two major arteries of the upper thorax , below the clavicle . They receive blood from the top of the aorta...
- transverse cervical
- commonCommon carotid arteryIn human anatomy, the common carotid artery is an artery that supplies the head and neck with oxygenated blood; it divides in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries. - Structure :...
and external carotid arteries - external maxillary artery
- occipital arteryOccipital arteryThe occipital artery arises from the external carotid artery opposite the facial artery, its path is below the posterior belly of digastric to the occipital region. This artery supplies blood to the back of the scalp and sterno-mastoid muscles...
- posterior auricularPosterior auricular arteryThe posterior auricular artery is a small artery and arises from the external carotid artery, above the Digastric muscle and Stylohyoid muscle, opposite the apex of the styloid process....
- superficial temporal arterySuperficial temporal arteryIn human anatomy, the superficial temporal artery is a major artery of the head. It arises from the external carotid artery when it bifurcates into the superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery....
- supraorbital artery
- subclavian artery
- Preauricular lymph glands: point
- boneBoneBones are rigid organs that constitute part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals. Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue...
s of cranium - Reid's base lineReid's base lineReid's base line is used for an unambiguous definition of the orientation of the human skull in conventional radiography, computer tomography , and magnetic resonance imaging studies...
- FaceFaceThe face is a central sense organ complex, for those animals that have one, normally on the ventral surface of the head, and can, depending on the definition in the human case, include the hair, forehead, eyebrow, eyelashes, eyes, nose, ears, cheeks, mouth, lips, philtrum, temple, teeth, skin, and...
- Meningeal artery
- maxillary artery
- frontal sinusFrontal sinusSinuses are mucosa-lined airspaces within the bones of the face and skull. The frontal sinuses, situated behind the superciliary arches, are absent at birth, but are generally fairly well developed between the seventh and eighth years, only reaching their full size after puberty...
- ventricleVentricular systemThe ventricular system is a set of structures containing cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. It is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.-Components:The system comprises four ventricles:* right and left lateral ventricles* third ventricle...
of brainBrainThe brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals—only a few primitive invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, sea squirts and starfishes do not have one. It is located in the head, usually close to primary sensory apparatus such as vision, hearing,... - maxillary sinusMaxillary sinusThe pyramid shaped maxillary sinus is the largest of the paranasal sinuses, and drains into the nose. It is present at birth as rudimentary air cells, and develops throughout childhood.-General characteristics:...
- middle meningeal arteryMiddle meningeal arteryThe middle meningeal artery is typically the third branch of the first part of the maxillary artery, one of the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery...
- transverse sinus
- Parotid ductParotid ductThe parotid duct, also known as Stensen's duct, is the route that saliva takes from the parotid gland into the mouth.It passes through the buccal fat, buccopharyngeal fascia, and buccinator muscle then opens into the vestibule of the mouth next to the maxillary second molar tooth. The buccinator...
- parotid ductParotid ductThe parotid duct, also known as Stensen's duct, is the route that saliva takes from the parotid gland into the mouth.It passes through the buccal fat, buccopharyngeal fascia, and buccinator muscle then opens into the vestibule of the mouth next to the maxillary second molar tooth. The buccinator...
- glandGlandA gland is an organ in an animal's body that synthesizes a substance for release of substances such as hormones or breast milk, often into the bloodstream or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface .- Types :...
- trigeminal nerveTrigeminal nerveThe trigeminal nerve contains both sensory and motor fibres. It is responsible for sensation in the face and certain motor functions such as biting, chewing, and swallowing. Sensory information from the face and body is processed by parallel pathways in the central nervous system...
- Trigeminal impression
- Eyelids
- caruncula lacrimalis
- eyeHuman eyeThe human eye is an organ which reacts to light for several purposes. As a conscious sense organ, the eye allows vision. Rod and cone cells in the retina allow conscious light perception and vision including color differentiation and the perception of depth...
- lacrimal puncta
- sac
- larynxLarynxThe larynx , commonly called the voice box, is an organ in the neck of amphibians, reptiles and mammals involved in breathing, sound production, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration. It manipulates pitch and volume...
- nasal part of pharynxPharynxThe human pharynx is the part of the throat situated immediately posterior to the mouth and nasal cavity, and anterior to the esophagus and larynx. The human pharynx is conventionally divided into three sections: the nasopharynx , the oropharynx , and the laryngopharynx...
- nasolacrimal ductNasolacrimal ductThe nasolacrimal duct carries tears from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity. Excess tears flow through nasolacrimal duct which drains into the inferior nasal meatus...
- palpebral fissurePalpebral fissurePalpebral fissure is the anatomic name for the separation between the upper and lower eyelids. In adults, this measures about 10mm vertically and 30mm horizontally.It can be reduced in horizontal size by fetal alcohol syndrome and in Williams Syndrome...
- plica semilunaris
- pupilPupilThe pupil is a hole located in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to enter the retina. It appears black because most of the light entering the pupil is absorbed by the tissues inside the eye. In humans the pupil is round, but other species, such as some cats, have slit pupils. In...
- LarynxLarynxThe larynx , commonly called the voice box, is an organ in the neck of amphibians, reptiles and mammals involved in breathing, sound production, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration. It manipulates pitch and volume...
- hyoid boneHyoid boneThe hyoid bone is a horseshoe-shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. At rest, it lies at the level of the base of the mandible in the front and the third cervical vertebra behind.Unlike other bones, the hyoid is only distantly...
- neckNeckThe neck is the part of the body, on many terrestrial or secondarily aquatic vertebrates, that distinguishes the head from the torso or trunk. The adjective signifying "of the neck" is cervical .-Boner anatomy: The cervical spine:The cervical portion of the human spine comprises seven boney...
- tracheaVertebrate tracheaIn tetrapod anatomy the trachea, or windpipe, is a tube that connects the pharynx or larynx to the lungs, allowing the passage of air. It is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium cells with goblet cells that produce mucus...
- tympanic antrum
- Carotid arch
- Carotid arch
- common carotid arteryCommon carotid arteryIn human anatomy, the common carotid artery is an artery that supplies the head and neck with oxygenated blood; it divides in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries. - Structure :...
- external carotid arteryExternal carotid arteryIn human anatomy, the external carotid artery is a major artery of the head and neck. It arises from the common carotid artery when it bifurcates into the external and internal carotid artery.-Course:...
- Subclavian arteries: markingMarkingMarking may refer to:* An annotation* A perforation* Road surface marking, such as lines or words, or the stripes of a zebra crossing on a road surface* Card marking* Direct part marking * Exam markingPhotographic film markings* Postal marking...
of: - accessory nerveAccessory nerveIn anatomy, the accessory nerve is a nerve that controls specific muscles of the shoulder and neck. As part of it was formerly believed to originate in the brain, it is considered a cranial nerve...
- backBack- People :* Adam Back, British cryptographer* Charles Back, South African winemaker* Chris Back , Australian politician* Ernst Emil Alexander Back , German physicist* Frédéric Back , Canadian animator...
- plexusPlexusA plexus is a part of nervous system. Plexus has a slightly different definition in vertebrates and in invertebrates.- In vertebrates :In vertebrates, a plexus is an area where nerves branch and rejoin. The electrical signals do not mix; rather, the fibres travel together with their electrical...
- cervical cutaneous nerve
- facial nerveFacial nerveThe facial nerve is the seventh of twelve paired cranial nerves. It emerges from the brainstem between the pons and the medulla, and controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and oral cavity...
- great auricular nerve
- veins
- lesser occipital nerveLesser occipital nerveThe lesser occipital nerve or small occipital nerve is a cutaneous spinal nerve arising between the second and third cervical vertebrae, along with the greater occipital nerve...
- phrenic nervePhrenic nerveThe phrenic nerve originates mainly from the 4th cervical nerve, but also receives contributions from the 5th and 3rd cervical nerves in humans....
- subclavian arterySubclavian arteryIn human anatomy, the subclavian arteries are two major arteries of the upper thorax , below the clavicle . They receive blood from the top of the aorta...
- submaxillary gland
- supraclavicular nervesSupraclavicular nervesThe supraclavicular nerves arise from the third and fourth cervical nerves; they emerge beneath the posterior border of the Sternocleidomastoideus, and descend in the posterior triangle of the neck beneath the platysma and deep cervical fascia.-Branches:Near the clavicle they perforate the fascia...
- vertebral columnVertebral columnIn human anatomy, the vertebral column is a column usually consisting of 24 articulating vertebrae, and 9 fused vertebrae in the sacrum and the coccyx. It is situated in the dorsal aspect of the torso, separated by intervertebral discs...
- BoneBoneBones are rigid organs that constitute part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals. Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue...
s- ribs
- sternum
- jugular notch
- sternal angleSternal angleThe sternal angle or 'angle of Louis', from the Latin angulus Ludovici is the anterior angle formed by the junction of the manubrium and the body of the sternum in the form of a secondary cartilaginous joint . This is also called the manubriosternal joint or Angle of Louis...
- infrasternal notch
- xiphoid processXiphoid processThe xiphoid process, or xiphisternum or metasternum, is a small cartilaginous process of the lower part of the sternum which is usually ossified in the adult human. By age 15 to 29, the xiphoid usually fuses to the body of the sternum with a fibrous joint. Unlike the synovial articulation of major...
- MuscleMuscleMuscle is a contractile tissue of animals and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. Muscle cells contain contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. They are classified as skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscles. Their function is to...
s- triangle of ausculation
- Mamma
- mammary papilla
- Diaphragm
- Surface Lines
- midsternal lineMidsternal lineOn the front of the thorax, one of the most important vertical lines is the midsternal line, the middle line of the sternum.It can be interpreted as a component of the median plane....
- mammary line
- midclavicular lineMidclavicular lineA midclavicular line is a vertical line crossing through the left or right clavicle.-Clinical significance:It is useful for evaluating hepatomegaly and identifying heart sounds, as well as finding the gallbladder...
- lateral sternal line
- parasternal lineParasternal lineThe parasternal line is a vertical line on the front of the thorax. It is midway between the lateral sternal and the mammary line.-External links:* http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/medicine/pulmonar/apd/ap.htm...
- anterior axillary lineAnterior axillary lineThe anterior axillary line is a coronal line on the anterior torso marked by the anterior axillary fold.-External links:* http://www.meddean.luc.edu/Lumen/MedEd/MEDICINE/PULMONAR/apd/lines.htm...
- posterior axillary linePosterior axillary lineThe posterior axillary line is a coronal line on the posterior torso marked by the posterior axillary fold.-External links:* http://www.meddean.luc.edu/Lumen/MedEd/MEDICINE/PULMONAR/apd/lines.htm...
- midaxillary lineMidaxillary lineThe midaxillary line is a coronal line on the torso between the anterior axillary line and the posterior axillary line.It is a landmark used in thoracentesis.-External links:* http://www.meddean.luc.edu/Lumen/MedEd/MEDICINE/PULMONAR/apd/lines.htm...
- scapular lineScapular lineThe scapular line, also known as the linea scapularis, is a vertical line passing through the inferior angle of the scapula.It has been used in the evaluation of brachial plexus birth palsy.-External links:...
- midsternal line
- Pleurae
- Lungs
- lower border
- posterior borders
- oblique fissureOblique fissureIn the lung, the oblique fissure separates the inferior lobe of either lung from the remainder of the lung. The oblique fissure extends from the spinous process of T2...
- horizontal fissureHorizontal fissure of right lungThe horizontal fissure of right lung is a fissure separating the superior lobe from the middle lobe.The left lung has no middle lobe, so there is no horizontal fissure on that lung....
- TracheaVertebrate tracheaIn tetrapod anatomy the trachea, or windpipe, is a tube that connects the pharynx or larynx to the lungs, allowing the passage of air. It is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium cells with goblet cells that produce mucus...
- EsophagusEsophagusThe esophagus is an organ in vertebrates which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. During swallowing, food passes from the mouth through the pharynx into the esophagus and travels via peristalsis to the stomach...
- HeartHeartThe heart is a myogenic muscular organ found in all animals with a circulatory system , that is responsible for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions...
- coronary sulcusCoronary sulcusThe atria of the heart are separated from the ventricles by the coronary sulcus ; this contains the trunks of the nutrient vessels of the heart, and is deficient in front, where it is crossed by the root of the pulmonary artery.-External links:*...
- anterior longitudinal sulcusAnterior longitudinal sulcusThe ventricles of the heart are separated by two grooves, one of which, the anterior longitudinal sulcus , is situated on the sternocostal surface of the heart, close to its left margin. The other groove separating the ventricles is the posterior interventricular sulcus....
- pulmonary orifice
- aortic orifice
- left atrioventricular openingLeft atrioventricular openingThe left atrioventricular opening is placed below and to the left of the aortic orifice.It is a little smaller than the corresponding aperture of the opposite side....
- right atrioventricular opening
- coronary sulcus
- Arteries
- ascending aortaAscending aortaThe ascending aorta is a portion of the aorta commencing at the upper part of the base of the left ventricle, on a level with the lower border of the third costal cartilage behind the left half of the sternum; it passes obliquely upward, forward, and to the right, in the direction of the heart’s...
- aortic archAortic archThe arch of the aorta or the transverse aortic arch is the part of the aorta that begins at the level of the upper border of the second sternocostal articulation of the right side, and runs at first upward, backward, and to the left in front of the trachea; it is then directed backward on the left...
- innominate artery
- left common carotid artery
- internal mammary artery
- ascending aorta
- Veins
- right innominate vein
- left innominate vein
- superior vena cavaSuperior vena cavaThe superior vena cava is truly superior, a large diameter, yet short, vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body to the heart's right atrium...
- inferior vena cavaInferior vena cavaThe inferior vena cava , also known as the posterior vena cava, is the large vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the lower half of the body into the right atrium of the heart....
- SkinSkin-Dermis:The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a basement membrane. It also harbors many Mechanoreceptors that provide the sense of touch and heat...
- iliac furrow
- fold of the groin
- striae gravidarumStriae gravidarumOften referred to as pregnancy stretch marks, striae gravidarum is a form of scarring of the skin of the abdominal due to sudden weight gain during pregnancy. These off-color blemishes are caused by the tearing of the dermis, resulting in atrophy and loss of rete ridges. These scars often appear as...
or striae albicantes - linea nigra
- BoneBoneBones are rigid organs that constitute part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals. Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue...
s
- MuscleMuscleMuscle is a contractile tissue of animals and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. Muscle cells contain contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. They are classified as skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscles. Their function is to...
s- Obliquus externus
- lumbar triangleLumbar triangleThe lumbar triangle can refer to either the inferior lumbar triangle, which lies superficially, or the superior lumbar triangle, which is deep and superior to the inferior triangle...
- Rectus abdominis
- linea semilunarisLinea semilunarisThe linea semilunaris is a curved tendinous line placed one on either side of the rectus abdominis.Each corresponds with the lateral border of the rectus, extends from the cartilage of the ninth rib to the pubic tubercle, and is formed by the aponeurosis of the internal oblique at its line of...
- tendinous inscriptions
- VesselsBlood vesselThe blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system that transports blood throughout the body. There are three major types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart; the capillaries, which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and...
- abdominal aortaAbdominal aortaThe abdominal aorta is the largest artery in the abdominal cavity. As part of the aorta, it is a direct continuation of the descending aorta .-Path:...
- abdominal aorta
- Viscera
- digestive tube
- Muscles
- Rectus
- Obliquus externus
- umbilicusNavelThe navel is a scar on the abdomen caused when the umbilical cord is removed from a newborn baby...
- subcutaneous inguinal ring
- abdominal inguinal ring
- inguinal canalInguinal canalThe inguinal canal is a passage in the anterior abdominal wall which in men conveys the spermatic cord and in women the round ligament. The inguinal canal is larger and more prominent in men.-Site:...
- surface lines
- transpyloric line
- transtubercular line
- surface lines
- zones
- subcostal zone
- umbilical zone
- hypogastric zone
- regions
- epigastric region
- right and left hypochondriac region
- umbilical regionUmbilical regionThe umbilical region, in the anatomists' abdominal pelvic nine-region scheme, is the area surrounding the umbilicus . This region of the abdomen contains part of the stomach, the head of the pancreas, the duodenum, a section of the transverse colon and the lower aspects of the left and right kidney...
- right and left lumbar region
- hypogastric region or pubic region
- right and left iliac region or inguinal region
- zones
- stomachStomachThe stomach is a muscular, hollow, dilated part of the alimentary canal which functions as an important organ of the digestive tract in some animals, including vertebrates, echinoderms, insects , and molluscs. It is involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication .The stomach is...
- space of Traube
- DuodenumDuodenumThe duodenum is the first section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms anterior intestine or proximal intestine may be used instead of duodenum...
- Small intestineSmall intestineThe small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract following the stomach and followed by the large intestine, and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place. In invertebrates such as worms, the terms "gastrointestinal tract" and "large intestine" are often used to...
- ileocolic junction
- Cecum and Vermiform Process
- cecumCecumThe cecum or caecum is a pouch, connecting the ileum with the ascending colon of the large intestine. It is separated from the ileum by the ileocecal valve or Bauhin's valve, and is considered to be the beginning of the large intestine. It is also separated from the colon by the cecocolic...
- vermiform process
- cecum
- Ascending colonAscending colonThe ascending colon is smaller in caliber than the cecum.It passes upward, from its commencement at the cecum, opposite the colic valve, to the under surface of the right lobe of the liver, on the right of the gall-bladder, where it is lodged in a shallow depression, the colic impression; here it...
- right colic flexure
- Transverse colonTransverse colonThe transverse colon, the longest and most movable part of the colon, passes with a downward convexity from the right hypochondrium region across the abdomen, opposite the confines of the epigastric and umbilical zones, into the left hypochondrium region, where it curves sharply on itself beneath...
- Descending colonDescending colonThe descending colon of humans passes downward through the left hypochondrium and lumbar regions, along the lateral border of the left kidney....
- left colic flexure
- Iliac colonIliac colonThe iliac colon is situated in the left iliac fossa, and is about 12 to 15 cm. long.It begins at the level of the iliac crest, where it is continuous with the descending colon, and ends in the sigmoid colon at the superior aperture of the lesser pelvis....
- LiverLiverThe liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. It has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion...
- gall-bladder
- PancreasPancreasThe pancreas is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine system of vertebrates. It is both an endocrine gland producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, as well as a digestive organ, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that assist...
- SpleenSpleenThe spleen is an organ found in virtually all vertebrate animals with important roles in regard to red blood cells and the immune system. In humans, it is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve of blood in case of hemorrhagic shock...
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Vessels
- inferior epigastric arteryInferior epigastric arteryIn human anatomy, inferior epigastric artery refers to the artery that arises from the external iliac artery and anastomoses with the superior epigastric artery...
- Hesselbach's triangle
- abdominal aortaAbdominal aortaThe abdominal aorta is the largest artery in the abdominal cavity. As part of the aorta, it is a direct continuation of the descending aorta .-Path:...
- inferior epigastric artery
- Vessels
- common iliac arteryCommon iliac arteryThe common iliac arteries are two large arteries that originate from the aortic bifurcation at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra. They bifurcate into the external iliac artery and internal iliac artery ....
- external iliac arteryExternal iliac arteryThe external iliac arteries are two major arteries which bifurcate off the common iliac arteries anterior to the sacroiliac joint of the pelvis. They proceed anterior and inferior along the medial border of the psoas major muscles...
- celiac arteryCeliac arteryThe celiac artery, also known as the celiac trunk, is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta. Branching from the aorta anterior to the upper border of L1 vertebra in humans, it is one of three anterior/ midline branches of the abdominal aorta The celiac (or coeliac) artery, also known as...
- superior mesenteric arterySuperior mesenteric arteryIn human anatomy, the superior mesenteric artery arises from the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta, just inferior to the origin of the celiac trunk, and supplies the intestine from the lower part of the duodenum through two-thirds of the transverse colon, as well as the pancreas.-Location...
- renal arteries
- inferior mesenteric arteryInferior mesenteric arteryIn human anatomy, the inferior mesenteric artery, often abbreviated as IMA, supplies the large intestine from the left colic flexure to the upper part of the rectum, which includes the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and part of the rectum...
- common iliac artery
- Male Urogenital Organs
- corpora cavernosa penis
- glans penisGlans penisThe glans penis is the sensitive bulbous structure at the distal end of the penis. The glans penis is anatomically homologous to the clitoral glans of the female...
- scrotumScrotumIn some male mammals the scrotum is a dual-chambered protuberance of skin and muscle containing the testicles and divided by a septum. It is an extension of the perineum, and is located between the penis and anus. In humans and some other mammals, the base of the scrotum becomes covered with curly...
- testis
- epididymisEpididymisThe epididymis is part of the male reproductive system and is present in all male amniotes. It is a narrow, tightly-coiled tube connecting the efferent ducts from the rear of each testicle to its vas deferens. A similar, but probably non-homologous, structure is found in cartilaginous...
- spermatic cordSpermatic cordThe spermatic cord is the name given to the cord-like structure in males formed by the ductus deferens and surrounding tissue that run from the abdomen down to each testicle.-Contents of spermatic cord:...
- trigoneTrigoneThe trigone is a smooth triangular region of the internal urinary bladder formed by the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice....
- torus uretericus
- plicae uretericae
- ureters
- urethraUrethraIn anatomy, the urethra is a tube that connects the urinary bladder to the genitals for the removal of fluids out of the body. In males, the urethra travels through the penis, and carries semen as well as urine...
- Female Urogenital Organs
- pudendal cleft
- vaginaVaginaThe vagina is a fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female placental mammals and marsupials, or to the cloaca in female birds, monotremes, and some reptiles. Female insects and other invertebrates also have a vagina, which is the terminal part of the...
- urethraUrethraIn anatomy, the urethra is a tube that connects the urinary bladder to the genitals for the removal of fluids out of the body. In males, the urethra travels through the penis, and carries semen as well as urine...
- hymenHymenThe hymen is a membrane that surrounds or partially covers the external vaginal opening. It forms part of the vulva, or external genitalia. The size of the hymenal opening increases with age. Although an often practiced method, it is not possible to confirm with certainty that a girl or woman is a...
- fossa navicularisFossa navicularisFossa navicularis is an alternate name for two different boat-shaped depressions:* fossa of vestibule of vagina* navicular fossa of male urethra...
- greater vestibular gland (Bartholin’s)
- Female Urogenital Organs
- anal canalAnal canalThe anal canal is the terminal part of the large intestine.It is situated between the rectum and anus, below the level of the pelvic diaphragm. It lies in the anal triangle of perineum in between the right and left ischioanal fossa....
- rectumRectumThe rectum is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus. The human rectum is about 12 cm long...
- rectouterine excavation
- vaginal fornices
- cervixCervixThe cervix is the lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina. It is cylindrical or conical in shape and protrudes through the upper anterior vaginal wall...
- body of the uterus
- uterine tubes
- ovaries
- vestibuleVulval vestibuleThe Vulval vestibule is a part of the vulva between the labia minora into which the urethral opening and the vaginal opening open...
- glansGlansThe glans is a vascular structure located at the tip of the penis in men or a homologous genital structure of the clitoris in women.-Structure:...
- prepuce of the clitoris
- mons pubisMons pubisIn human anatomy or in mammals in general, the mons pubis , also known as the mons veneris or simply the mons, is the adipose tissue lying above the pubic bone of adult females, anterior to the pubic symphysis...
- anal canal
- bones
- radiusRadiusIn classical geometry, a radius of a circle or sphere is any line segment from its center to its perimeter. By extension, the radius of a circle or sphere is the length of any such segment, which is half the diameter. If the object does not have an obvious center, the term may refer to its...
- navicular
- greater multangular
- pisiform
- hamate boneHamate boneThe hamate bone is a bone in the human hand that may be readily distinguished by its wedge-shaped form, and the hook-like process which projects from its volar surface. It is situated at the medial and lower angle of the carpus, with its base downward, resting on the fourth and fifth metacarpal...
- triangular bone
- metacarpal bones
- phalanges
- radius
- ArticulationsJointA joint is the location at which two or more bones make contact. They are constructed to allow movement and provide mechanical support, and are classified structurally and functionally.-Classification:...
- sternoclavicular joint
- acromioclavicular jointAcromioclavicular jointThe acromioclavicular joint, or AC joint, is a joint at the top of the shoulder. It is the junction between the acromion and the clavicle. -Function:...
- shoulder-joint
- elbow-joint
- radiohumeral joint
- proximal radioulnar joint
- distal radioulnar joint
- wrist-joint
- midcarpal articulation
- metacarpophalangeal jointMetacarpophalangeal jointThe metacarpophalangeal joints are of the condyloid kind, formed by the reception of the rounded heads of the metacarpal bones into shallow cavities on the proximal ends of the first phalanges, with the exception of that of the thumb, which presents more of the characters of a ginglymoid joint...
- interphalangeal joint
- Muscles
- Trapezius
- Latissimus dorsi
- Pectoralis major
- Pectoralis minor
- Serratus anterior
- Muscles
- Deltoideus
- Teres major
- Coracobrachialis
- Biceps brachii
- Muscles
- Brachialis
- Triceps brachii
- Pronator teres
- Flexor carpi radialis
- Palmaris longus
- Flexor digitorum sublimis
- Flexor carpi ulnaris
- BrachioradialisBrachioradialisBrachioradialis is a muscle of the forearm that acts to flex the forearm at the elbow. It is also capable of both pronation and supination, depending on the position of the forearm...
- Extensores carpi radiales longus and brevis
- Extensor digitorum communis, Extensor digiti quinti proprius, and the Extensor carpi ulnaris
- BrachioradialisBrachioradialisBrachioradialis is a muscle of the forearm that acts to flex the forearm at the elbow. It is also capable of both pronation and supination, depending on the position of the forearm...
- Anconæus
- Abductor pollicis longus
- Extensor pollicis brevis
- Muscles
- Palmaris brevis
- Interossei dorsales
- Arteries
- subclavian arterySubclavian arteryIn human anatomy, the subclavian arteries are two major arteries of the upper thorax , below the clavicle . They receive blood from the top of the aorta...
- axillary arteryAxillary arteryIn human anatomy, the axillary artery is a large blood vessel that conveys oxygenated blood to the lateral aspect of the thorax, the axilla and the upper limb...
- brachial arteryBrachial arteryThe brachial artery is the major blood vessel of the arm.It is the continuation of the axillary artery beyond the lower margin of teres major muscle. It continues down the ventral surface of the arm until it reaches the cubital fossa at the elbow. It then divides into the radial and ulnar arteries...
- radial arteryRadial arteryIn human anatomy, the radial artery is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the lateral aspect of the forearm.-Course:The radial artery arises from the bifurcation of the brachial artery in the cubital fossa. It runs distally on the anterior part of the forearm...
- subclavian artery
- Veins
- Nerves
- brachial plexusBrachial plexusThe brachial plexus is a network of nerve fibers, running from the spine, formed by the ventral rami of the lower four cervical and first thoracic nerve roots...
- ulnar nerveUlnar nerveIn human anatomy, the ulnar nerve is a nerve which runs near the ulna bone. The ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint is in relation with the ulnar nerve. The nerve is the largest unprotected nerve in the human body , so injury is common...
- brachial plexus
- Bony Landmarks
- Articulations
- acromioclavicular jointAcromioclavicular jointThe acromioclavicular joint, or AC joint, is a joint at the top of the shoulder. It is the junction between the acromion and the clavicle. -Function:...
- elbow-joint
- wrist-joint
- acromioclavicular joint
- MuscleMuscleMuscle is a contractile tissue of animals and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. Muscle cells contain contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. They are classified as skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscles. Their function is to...
s- Latissimus dorsi
- Pectoralis major
- Pectoralis minor
- anticubital fossa
- Mucous Sheaths
- Arteries
- axillary arteryAxillary arteryIn human anatomy, the axillary artery is a large blood vessel that conveys oxygenated blood to the lateral aspect of the thorax, the axilla and the upper limb...
- thoracoacromial arteryThoracoacromial arteryThe thoracoacromial artery is a short trunk, which arises from the forepart of the axillary artery, its origin being generally overlapped by the upper edge of the Pectoralis minor.-Branches:...
- lateral thoracic arteryLateral thoracic arteryIn human anatomy, the lateral thoracic artery is a blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the lateral structures of the thorax and breast....
- subscapular arterySubscapular arteryThe subscapular artery, the largest branch of the axillary artery, arises at the lower border of the Subscapularis muscle, which it follows to the inferior angle of the scapula, where it anastomoses with the lateral thoracic and intercostal arteries and with the descending branch of the transverse...
- axillary artery
- Arteries
- scapular circumflex artery
- humeral circumflex arteryHumeral circumflex arteryHumeral circumflex artery can refer to:* Posterior humeral circumflex artery* Anterior humeral circumflex artery...
- brachial arteryBrachial arteryThe brachial artery is the major blood vessel of the arm.It is the continuation of the axillary artery beyond the lower margin of teres major muscle. It continues down the ventral surface of the arm until it reaches the cubital fossa at the elbow. It then divides into the radial and ulnar arteries...
- profunda artery
- nutrient arteryNutrient arteryThe medullary or nutrient artery, usually accompanied by one or two veins, sends branches upward and downward to the bone marrow, which ramify in the medullary membrane, and give twigs to the adjoining canals. Nutrient Arteries are the most apparent blood vessels of the bones....
- superior ulnar collateral arterySuperior ulnar collateral arteryThe superior ulnar collateral artery , of small size, arises from the brachial a little below the middle of the arm; it frequently springs from the upper part of the a...
- inferior ulnar collateral arteryInferior ulnar collateral arteryThe inferior ulnar collateral artery arises about 5 cm. above the elbow.-Course:It passes medialward upon the Brachialis, and piercing the medial intermuscular septum, winds around the back of the humerus between the Triceps brachii and the bone, forming, by its junction with the profunda brachii,...
- radial arteryRadial arteryIn human anatomy, the radial artery is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the lateral aspect of the forearm.-Course:The radial artery arises from the bifurcation of the brachial artery in the cubital fossa. It runs distally on the anterior part of the forearm...
- ulnar arteryUlnar arteryThe ulnar artery is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the medial aspect of the forearm. It arises from the brachial artery and terminates in the superficial palmar arch, which joins with the superficial branch of the radial artery...
- superficial volar arch
- deep volar arch
- Nerves
- median nerveMedian nerveThe median nerve is a nerve in humans and other animals. It is in the upper limb. It is one of the five main nerves originating from the brachial plexus....
- ulnar nerveUlnar nerveIn human anatomy, the ulnar nerve is a nerve which runs near the ulna bone. The ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint is in relation with the ulnar nerve. The nerve is the largest unprotected nerve in the human body , so injury is common...
- median nerve
- Nerves
- radial nerveRadial nerveThe radial nerve is a nerve in the human body that supplies the upper limb. It supplies the medial and lateral heads of the triceps brachii muscle of the arm, as well as all 12 muscles in the posterior osteofascial compartment of the forearm and the associated joints and overlying skin.It...
- superficial radial nerve
- axillary nerveAxillary nerveThe axillary nerve or the circumflex nerve is a nerve of the human body, that comes off the of the brachial plexus at the level of the axilla and carries nerve fibers from C5 and C6...
- radial nerve
- BoneBoneBones are rigid organs that constitute part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals. Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue...
s- patella
- tibiaTibiaThe tibia , shinbone, or shankbone is the larger and stronger of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates , and connects the knee with the ankle bones....
- fibula
- talusTalus bone-External links:* *...
- calcaneus
- navicular
- first metatarsal boneFirst metatarsal boneThe first metatarsal bone is the bone in the body of the foot just behind the big toe.It is remarkable for its great thickness, and is the shortest of the metatarsal bones.The body is strong, and of well-marked prismoid form....
- fifth metatarsal boneFifth metatarsal boneThe fifth metatarsal bone is recognized by a rough eminence, the tuberosity, on the lateral side of its base.The base articulates behind, by a triangular surface cut obliquely in a transverse direction, with the cuboid; and medially, with the fourth metatarsal.On the medial part of its dorsal...
- metatarsal bones
- BoneBoneBones are rigid organs that constitute part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals. Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue...
s- phalanges
- Articulations
- hip-joint
- knee-joint
- ankle-joint
- Muscles
- Tensor fasciæ latæ
- SartoriusSartorius muscleThe Sartorius muscle – the longest muscle in the human body – is a long thin muscle that runs down the length of the thigh. Its upper portion forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle.-Origin and insertion:...
- Rectus femoris
- Vastus lateralis
- Vastus medialisVastus medialisThe vastus medialis , often called the 'teardrop' muscle, is a medially located muscle of the quadriceps.-Function:The vasti appear to act largely in a co-ordinated manner throughout the control of knee extension...
- Vastus intermedius
- Adductor longus
- Muscles
- Adductor magnus
- GracilisGracilis muscleThe gracilis is the most superficial muscle on the medial side of the thigh. It is thin and flattened, broad above, narrow and tapering below.-Origin and insertion:...
- Glutæus maximus
- Biceps femoris
- Muscles
- Semimembranosus
- Semitendinosus
- Tibialis anterior
- Peronæus longus
- Peronæus brevis
- Extensor digitorum brevis
- Interossei dorsales
- Gastrocnemius
- Soleus
- Tibialis posterior
- Abductor digiti quintiAbductor digiti minimi muscle (foot)The Abductor digiti minimi is a muscle which lies along the lateral border of the foot, and is in relation by its medial margin with the lateral plantar vessels and nerves....
- Abductor hallucis
- Muscles
- Flexor digitorum brevis
- Arteries
- femoral arteryFemoral arteryThe femoral artery is a general term comprising a few large arteries in the thigh. They begin at the inguinal ligament and end just above the knee at adductor canal or Hunter's canal traversing the extent of the femur bone....
- popliteal arteryPopliteal arteryIn human anatomy, the popliteal artery is defined as the extension of the "superficial" femoral artery after passing through the adductor canal and adductor hiatus above the knee...
- anterior tibial arteryAnterior tibial arteryThe anterior tibial artery of the lower limb carries blood to the anterior compartment of the leg and dorsal surface of the foot, from the popliteal artery.It is accompanied by a deep vein, the anterior tibial vein, along its course....
- dorsalis pedis
- femoral artery
- Arteries
- posterior tibial arteryPosterior tibial arteryThe posterior tibial artery of the lower limb carries blood to the posterior compartment of the leg and plantar surface of the foot, from the popliteal artery...
- posterior tibial artery
- Veins
- Nerves
- common peroneal nerve
- Bony Landmarks
- Bryant's triangleBryant's triangleA surface marking of clinical importance is Bryant’s triangle , which is mapped out thus:* the base of the triangle is a line from the anterior superior iliac spine to the top of the greater trochanter....
- Dislocation of hipDislocation of hipDislocation of the hip is a common injury to the hip joint. Dislocation occurs when the ball–shaped head of the femur comes out of the cup–shaped acetabulum set in the pelvis. This may happen to a varying degree. A dislocated hip, much more common in girls than in boys, is a condition...
- Dislocation of hip
- Bryant's triangle
- Articulations
- sacroiliac articulations
- knee-joint
- ankle-joint
- talonavicular joint
- calcaneocuboid joint
- talonavicular joint
- fifth tarsometatarsal joint
- fourth and third tarsometatarsal joints
- first tarsometatarsal joint
- second tarsometatarsal joint
- metatarsophalangeal joints
- Muscles
- femoral triangleFemoral triangleThe femoral triangle is an anatomical region of the upper inner human thigh.-Boundaries:It is bounded by:* the inguinal ligament* the medial border of the adductor longus muscle...
- adductor canalAdductor canalThe adductor canal is an aponeurotic tunnel in the middle third of the thigh, extending from the apex of the femoral triangle to the opening in the Adductor magnus, the Adductor hiatus.-Boundary:...
- popliteal fossaPopliteal fossaThe popliteal fossa is a shallow depression located at the back of the knee joint. The bones of the popliteal fossa are the femur and the tibia.-Boundaries:The boundaries of the fossa are:-Roof:...
- femoral triangle
- Mucous Sheaths
- arteries
- superior gluteal arterySuperior gluteal arteryThe superior gluteal artery is the largest branch of the internal iliac artery, and appears to be the continuation of the posterior division of that vessel....
- inferior gluteal arteryInferior gluteal arteryThe inferior gluteal artery , the larger of the two terminal branches of the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery, is distributed chiefly to the buttock and back of the thigh....
and internal pudendal arteryInternal pudendal arteryThe internal pudendal artery is an artery that branches off the internal iliac artery, providing blood to the external genitalia.The internal pudendal artery is the terminal branch of the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery...
- superior gluteal artery
- arteries
- femoral arteryFemoral arteryThe femoral artery is a general term comprising a few large arteries in the thigh. They begin at the inguinal ligament and end just above the knee at adductor canal or Hunter's canal traversing the extent of the femur bone....
- profunda femoris
- popliteal arteryPopliteal arteryIn human anatomy, the popliteal artery is defined as the extension of the "superficial" femoral artery after passing through the adductor canal and adductor hiatus above the knee...
- anterior tibial arteryAnterior tibial arteryThe anterior tibial artery of the lower limb carries blood to the anterior compartment of the leg and dorsal surface of the foot, from the popliteal artery.It is accompanied by a deep vein, the anterior tibial vein, along its course....
- dorsalis pedis arteryDorsalis pedis arteryIn human anatomy, the dorsalis pedis artery , is a blood vessel of the lower limb that carries oxygenated blood from the dorsal surface of the foot. It arises at the anterior aspect of the ankle joint and is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery...
- posterior tibial arteryPosterior tibial arteryThe posterior tibial artery of the lower limb carries blood to the posterior compartment of the leg and plantar surface of the foot, from the popliteal artery...
- peroneal artery
- medial plantar arteryMedial plantar arteryThe medial plantar artery , much smaller than the lateral, passes forward along the medial side of the foot.It is at first situated above the Abductor hallucis, and then between it and the Flexor digitorum brevis, both of which it supplies.At the base of the first metatarsal bone, where it is much...
and lateral plantar arteryLateral plantar arteryThe lateral plantar artery , much larger than the medial, passes obliquely lateralward and forward to the base of the fifth metatarsal bone.... - plantar archPlantar archThe plantar arch is formed from:* deep plantar artery, from the dorsalis pedis - aka dorsal artery of the foot* lateral plantar arteryThe plantar arch supplies the underside, or sole, of the foot....
- femoral artery
- Veins
- great saphenous veinGreat saphenous veinThe great saphenous vein , also long saphenous vein, is the large superficial vein of the leg and thigh.The terms "safaina" and "el safin" have both been claimed as the origin for the word "saphenous."-Path:The GSV originates from where the dorsal vein of the first digit...
- small saphenous veinSmall saphenous veinThe small saphenous vein , is a relatively large vein of the superficial posterior leg.-Path:Its origin is where the dorsal vein from the fifth digit merges with the dorsal venous arch of the foot, which attaches to the great saphenous vein...
- great saphenous vein
- Nerves
- sciatic nerveSciatic nerveThe sciatic nerve is a large nerve fiber in humans and other animals. It begins in the lower back and runs through the buttock and down the lower limb...
- tibial nerveTibial nerveThe tibial nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve passes through the popliteal fossa to pass below the arch of soleus.In the popliteal fossa the nerve gives off branches to gastrocnemius, popliteus, soleus and plantaris muscles, an articular branch to the knee joint, and a...
- common peroneal nerve
- deep peroneal nerve
- tibial nerveTibial nerveThe tibial nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve passes through the popliteal fossa to pass below the arch of soleus.In the popliteal fossa the nerve gives off branches to gastrocnemius, popliteus, soleus and plantaris muscles, an articular branch to the knee joint, and a...
- sciatic nerve