Kotelnich is a
river port||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-|}A port is a facility for receiving ships and/or transferring cargo. It is usually found at the edge of an ocean, sea, river, or lake. The best ports have deep water in channels or berths, and protection from the wind and waves...
town in
Kirov OblastKirov Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Kirov.-Time zone:Kirov Oblast is located in the Moscow Time Zone . UTC offset is +0300 /+0400 ....
,
RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
, located on the right bank of the
Vyatka RiverThe Vyatka River is a river in Kirov Oblast and the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia, right tributary of the Kama River. It is 1,314 km in length. The area of its basin is 129,000 km²....
near its
confluenceConfluence, in geography, describes the meeting of two or more bodies of water. It usually refers to the point where a tributary joins a more major river, called the mainstem, when that major river is also the highest order stream in the drainage basin....
with the
MolomaMoloma River is a river in Kirov Oblast in Russia, an arm of the Vyatka River. The length of the river is 419 km, the area of its basin is 12,700 km². The Moloma freezes up in early November and stays icebound until late April....
, along the route of the
Trans-Siberian RailwayThe Trans-Siberian Railway or Trans-Siberian Railroad is a network of railways connecting Moscow and European Russia with the Russian Far East provinces, Mongolia, China and the Sea of Japan.-Route development:The original plans and funding for construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway...
, 124 km south-west of Kirov. Population:
The settlement of
Koksharov was first mentioned in 1143 as a
MariThe Mari are a Volga-Finnic people who have traditionally lived along the Volga and Kama rivers in Russia. The majority of Maris today live in the Mari El Republic, with significant populations in the Tatarstan and Bashkortostan republics...
town. In 1182 it was occupied by
RussiansThe Russian people are an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries....
and renamed Kotelnich. Town status was granted to it in 1780.
The strip of the Vyatka's right bank on which Kotelnich stands is a part of a
pareiasaurThe Pareiasaurs - Family Pareiasauridae - are a clade of medium-sized to large herbivorous anapsid reptiles that flourished during the Permian period....
remains site, which is one of the largest in the world.
Ancient literary monuments and archaeological excavations have demonstrated that Kotelnich was founded in the end of XII century.
Kotelnich is a
river port||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-|}A port is a facility for receiving ships and/or transferring cargo. It is usually found at the edge of an ocean, sea, river, or lake. The best ports have deep water in channels or berths, and protection from the wind and waves...
town in
Kirov OblastKirov Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Kirov.-Time zone:Kirov Oblast is located in the Moscow Time Zone . UTC offset is +0300 /+0400 ....
,
RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
, located on the right bank of the
Vyatka RiverThe Vyatka River is a river in Kirov Oblast and the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia, right tributary of the Kama River. It is 1,314 km in length. The area of its basin is 129,000 km²....
near its
confluenceConfluence, in geography, describes the meeting of two or more bodies of water. It usually refers to the point where a tributary joins a more major river, called the mainstem, when that major river is also the highest order stream in the drainage basin....
with the
MolomaMoloma River is a river in Kirov Oblast in Russia, an arm of the Vyatka River. The length of the river is 419 km, the area of its basin is 12,700 km². The Moloma freezes up in early November and stays icebound until late April....
, along the route of the
Trans-Siberian RailwayThe Trans-Siberian Railway or Trans-Siberian Railroad is a network of railways connecting Moscow and European Russia with the Russian Far East provinces, Mongolia, China and the Sea of Japan.-Route development:The original plans and funding for construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway...
, 124 km south-west of Kirov. Population:
The settlement of
Koksharov was first mentioned in 1143 as a
MariThe Mari are a Volga-Finnic people who have traditionally lived along the Volga and Kama rivers in Russia. The majority of Maris today live in the Mari El Republic, with significant populations in the Tatarstan and Bashkortostan republics...
town. In 1182 it was occupied by
RussiansThe Russian people are an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries....
and renamed Kotelnich. Town status was granted to it in 1780.
The strip of the Vyatka's right bank on which Kotelnich stands is a part of a
pareiasaurThe Pareiasaurs - Family Pareiasauridae - are a clade of medium-sized to large herbivorous anapsid reptiles that flourished during the Permian period....
remains site, which is one of the largest in the world.
XII - XVI: foundation & joining the russian state
Ancient literary monuments and archaeological excavations have demonstrated that Kotelnich was founded in the end of XII century. The aboriginal people there was the
MarisThe Mari are a Volga-Finnic people who have traditionally lived along the Volga and Kama rivers in Russia. The majority of Maris today live in the Mari El Republic, with significant populations in the Tatarstan and Bashkortostan republics...
(Cheremis) according to P. I. Rychkov and N. M. Karamzin. The first documents that prove the city status of Kotelnich date from the middle of XV. For a long time
VyatkaThe Vyatka River is a river in Kirov Oblast and the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia, right tributary of the Kama River. It is 1,314 km in length. The area of its basin is 129,000 km²....
region was a strong antagonist of
MoscowThe Grand Duchy of Moscow was a medieval Russian polity centered on Moscow between 1340 and 1547. The Grand Duchy of Moscow, as the state is known in Russian records, has been referred to by many Western sources as Muscovy. However, this term is also sometimes applied to the Tsardom of Russia...
and its attempts to consolidate all the isolated Russian lands. Resistance was broken soon, and Kotelnich was conquered in 1459 together with many other towns of the region. By 1489 its rebellious population was resettled to distant places and the city itself became an ordinary fortress on the north-east border of the
Moscow stateThe Grand Duchy of Moscow was a medieval Russian polity centered on Moscow between 1340 and 1547. The Grand Duchy of Moscow, as the state is known in Russian records, has been referred to by many Western sources as Muscovy. However, this term is also sometimes applied to the Tsardom of Russia...
. It covered the rich northern lands from ruinos raids of
tatarsTatars , sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic ethnic group mainly inhabiting Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. They numbered 10 million in the late 20th Century, which includes all subgroups of Tatar people, such as...
. In 1542 a 4-thousand tatar troop was defeated near Kotelnich.
In the middle of XVI the region was divided into four parts with Kotelnich in the head of one part. A deputy was sent from
MoscowMoscow is the capital and the largest city of Russia. It is also the largest metropolitan area in Europe, and ranks among the largest urban areas in the world. Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the world, a...
, but it wasn't powerful enough to resist a great amount of robber bands that filled the locality. In 1558 the system of
vice-regencyIn Russian history, Mestnichesvo was a feudal hierarchical system in Russia from 15th till the 17th century. The name comes from "Место" in Russian...
was liquidated and much power was given to a local group representative bodies.
In the end of the XVI century there was built a
Siberian RouteThe Siberian Route , also known as the Moscow Route and Great Route , was a historic route that connected European Russia to Siberia and China...
that passed through Kotelnich. A listing conducted in 1595 revealed a population of 430 citizens.
XII - XIX: beginnings of the fair; complicated growth
Time of TroublesThe Time of Troubles was a period of Russian history comprising the years of interregnum between the death of the last Russian Tsar Feodor Ivanovich of the Rurik Dynasty in 1598 and the establishment of the Romanov Dynasty in 1613...
was a significant moment: the town was captured by armed bands that devastated churches, raped women and turned Kotelnich into a local center of the uprising for the "tzar Dmitri" (
False Dmitriy IFalse Dmitriy I was the Tsar of Russia from 21 July 1605 until his death on 17 May 1606 under the name of Dimitriy Ioannovich . He is sometimes referred to under the usurped title of Dmitriy II...
). After the liberation in December 1609 Kotelnich has fallen into decay; it became the smallest town in
VyatkaVyatka may refer to:*Vyatka River, a river in Russia*Vyatka, former name of the city of Kirov, Kirov Oblast, Russia*Vyatka Region, an informal name of Kirov Oblast of Russia*Vyatka Motor Scooter, a Russian copy of Italy's Vespa Motor Scooter...
region. Though during the next forty years its economy restored that led to the opening of a large fair Alekseevskaya (in honour of tzar Alexei Mikhailovich). Population ascertained by listing in 1654 was five times more than in 1629 because of increasing number of new settlers inspired by an abundance of unoccupied land. Great contribution was also made by colonization activity of
monasteriesMonastery , a term derived from the Greek word μοναστήριον, neut. of μοναστήριος - monasterios denotes the building, or complex of buildings, that houses a room reserved for prayer Monastery (plural: monasteries), a term derived from the Greek word μοναστήριον, neut. of μοναστήριος - monasterios...
. This development was interrupted by epidemic of mortal
ulcerA peptic ulcer, also known as ulcus pepticum, PUD or peptic ulcer disease, is an ulcer of an area of the gastrointestinal tract that is usually acidic and thus extremely painful...
in 1658. A weight of new local and state duties diminished the human prosperity. Eventually in 1686 Kotelnich including its three big churches was completely burnt down.
In the XVIII century its population and economy grew slowly restrained by recruit enrolment and money exactions for the building of
Saint PetersburgSaint Petersburg is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. The city's other names were Petrograd and Leningrad...
and attendant projects. However the churches were rebuilt despite the prohibition on stone construction. In the days of
Catherine IICatherine II , also known as Catherine the Great, born . She was Empress of Russia from until . Under her direct auspices the Russian Empire expanded, improved its administration, and continued to modernize along Western European lines...
Kotelnich became a center of a district that remains until the present moment. It also received an emblem and self-government rights, including elections of city chief and formation of a local council (
dumaA Duma is any of various representative assemblies in modern Russia and Russian history. The State Duma in the Russian Empire and Russian Federation corresponds to the lower house of the parliament. Simply it is a form of Russian governmental institution, that was formed after the last Czar,...
). By 1795 its population was past one thousand people for the first time (448 men and 606 women). Kotelnich began to develop as a connecting link between
PermPerm is a city and administrative center of Perm Krai, Russia. It is situated on the banks of the Kama River, in the European part of Russia near the Ural Mountains....
,
KazanKazan is the capital city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, and one of Russia's largest cities. It is a major industrial, commercial and cultural center, and remains the most important center of Tatar culture. Since April 2009 Kazan has the legal right to brand itself as the "Third Capital" of...
,
KostromaKostroma is an historic city in central Russia, the administrative centre of Kostroma Oblast. A part of the Golden ring of the Russian towns, it is located at the confluence of the Volga and Kostroma Rivers...
and
VyatkaVyatka may refer to:*Vyatka River, a river in Russia*Vyatka, former name of the city of Kirov, Kirov Oblast, Russia*Vyatka Region, an informal name of Kirov Oblast of Russia*Vyatka Motor Scooter, a Russian copy of Italy's Vespa Motor Scooter...
. There was opened the first post-office, small public college with 30 pupils, city hospital for 10 patients and a private pharmacy (1831).
XIX century was rather successful. The fair in Kotelnich acquired a great interregional significance. In various years it was included in the best ten fairs in Russia due to a great volume of sales. Basic products sold in this market were horses and sewing-machines. Still wide popularity of the fair didn't stimulate the internal trade or productive work in Kotelnich. Town earned sufficient money from leasing warehouses and trade spaces. By the end of the century (1897) population of the town increased to 4240 people and the territory to 1,8 km².
XX: revolutions and wars; definitive stagnation
In the XX Kotelnich developed as a transport junction. A main railway from Saint Petersburg to Vyatka went through Kotelnich in 1902–1905 when the bridge across the river was built. As a result the fair Alekseevskaya lost its significant role. The beginning of the century was also marked by the appearance of water-supply, 36 cabmen, oil-lamps on the streets, telephone communication and 22 prostitutes.
Workers and soldiers in Kotelnich joined the protest actions during the First World War. Disorder of 6 thousand mobilized citizens was suppressed roughly with 10 people killed and 12 injured.
BolshevikThe Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903...
power in 1917 came to Kotelnich comparatively late, by armed means. During the
civil warThe Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Soviets under the domination of the Bolshevik party assumed power, first in Petrograd The Russian Civil War (1917–1923) was a multi-party war that...
Kotelnich passed from hand to hand many times. Terrible fire in 1926 destroyed two thirds of the town and left more than 7 thousand people homeless. Kotelnich hardly didn't't become a small rural settlement after that. Local legislative committee was forced to persuade the republican power to keep its city status and to rebuild what was destroyed.
In 1926 a fair was conducted for the last time and most trade businesses were closed. During the next 10 years there were built several small and middle-size industrial enterprises like building materials factory, sawing and brick plants.
CouncilA soviet originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. According to the official historiography of the Soviet Union, the first Soviet was organized during the 1905 Russian Revolution in Ivanovo in May 1905...
of working and
red-armyThe Red Army The Red Army The Red Army was the Soviet government’s revolutionary militia beginning in the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the USSR. Since 1946, after the Second World War, it was called the Soviet Army.The 'Red...
deputees wasn't quite successful in execution of its functions that lead to a frequent changes of local leadership. Housing well-being decreased to 2,8 meters per one person. Kotelnich was often left without an electricity because the capacity of local electric power station was low. Delivery of foodstuffs reduced and death-rate grew quickly. Many people refused to work. 239 were subjected to
repressionGreat Purge was a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin in 1937–1938. It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and Government officials, repression of peasants, Red Army leadership, and the persecution of...
for political reasons by 1952 (more than a half was shot). Kotelnich became a place of exile for many notable priests.
From July 1941 it was an evacuational point where thousands of people from north-west Russia were moved. By February 1943 the population of the town mounted to 32,5 thousand. There wasn't much space to settle all the evacuees. Many families from the western regions were lodged together with local ones in their own apartments. Though it was to send many people to the rural locality. There were organized four evacuational hospitals, and 50 thousand fighters recovered there and returned to the battle-front; 619 died. 654 natives of Kotelnich parished in the battles of
World War IIWorld War II, or the Second World War , was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including all great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
.
First post-war years were depressive. A strong crisis was experienced in production and dwelling. It was so until the late sixties when many plants were reconstructed or newly built. The biggest are "Micrometer", a ferro-concrete and furniture plants (21 enterprise in all). By eightees each citizen had a little more than 13 sq meters of dwelling space. Several schools, colleges and cultural establishments appeared at that time.
Reforms conducted in the end of the century lead to a rapid decrease of population, employment and industrial production. The capacities of local plants were used only on one fifth. Modern Russian economy is based on raw materials and leaves a little chance to Kotelnich to grow in any important sphere.