Khabarovsk Krai is a
federal subjectRussia is a federation that consists of 83 subjects. These subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council . However, they do differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy...
of
RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
(a
kraiKrai or kray is a term used to refer to nine of Russia's 83 federal subjects. The term is often translated as territory, province, country or region....
), located in the
Russian Far EastRussian Far East is a term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i.e., extreme east parts of Russia, between Siberia and the Pacific Ocean...
. It lies mostly in the
basinA drainage basin is an extent of land where water from rain or snow melt drains downhill into a body of water, such as a river, lake, reservoir, estuary, wetland, sea or ocean...
of the lower Amur River, but also occupies a vast mountainous area along the coastline of the
Sea of OkhotskThe Sea of Okhotsk is a part of the western Pacific Ocean, lying between the Kamchatka Peninsula on the east, the Kuril Islands on the southeast, the island of Hokkaidō to the far south, the island of Sakhalin along the west, and a long stretch of eastern Siberian coast along the west and north...
, an arm of the Pacific Ocean. The administrative center of the krai is the city of
KhabarovskKhabarovsk is the administrative center and the largest city of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It is located some 30 km from the Chinese border. It is the second largest city in the Russian Far East, after Vladivostok. The city became the administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District...
. The indigenous people of the area are the
EvenksThe Evenks are a Tungusic people of Northern Asia. In Russia, the Evenks are recognized as one of the Indigenous peoples of the Russian North, with a population of 35,527...
,
NegidalsNegidals are a people in the Khabarovsk Krai in Russia, who live along the Amgun River and Amur River...
,
UlchsUlchs are an indigenous people of the Russian Far East. Over 90% of Ulchis live in Ulchsky District of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia...
,
NanaiThe Nani people are a Tungusic people of the Far East, who have traditionally lived along Heilongjiang , Songhuajiang and Ussuri rivers on the Middle Amur Basin...
,
OrochOrochs or Orochons are a small people of Russia that speak the Oroch dialect of the Southern group of Tungusic languages. According to the 2002 census, there were 686 Orochs in Russia....
, Udege, and Amur
NivkhsThe Nivkhs are an indigenous ethnic group inhabiting the northern half of Sakhalin Island and the region of the Amur River estuary in Russia's Khabarovsk Krai. Nivkh were mainly fishermen, hunters, and dog breeders...
.
400s-900
According to various Chinese and Korean records, the southern part of Khabarovsk Krai was originally occupied one of the five semi-nomadic
ShiweiShiwei is an ethnic group, who once resided at the eastern part of Mongolia and Manchuria. It maintains close ties with Donghu. The Mongol people are believed to be originated from it....
, the Bo Shiwei tribes and the
Black Water MoheThe Heishui Mohe or Heuksu Malgal also called Black-River Mohe , were the most feared among the Mohe tribes...
tribes living respectively on the west and the east of the Bureinsky and the Malyi Khingan ranges.
1600s-1850
In 1643,
Vassili PoyarkovVassili Danilovich Poyarkov was the first Russian explorer of the Amur region.The Russian expansion into Siberia began with the conquest of the Khanate of Sibir in 1582. By 1643 they reached the Pacific at Okhotsk...
's boats descended the Amur, returning to
YakutskYakutsk is a city in the Russian Far East, located about 4° below the Arctic Circle. It is the capital of the Sakha Republic , Russia and a major port on the Lena River. It is served by Yakutsk Airport as well as the smaller Magan Airport...
by the
Sea of OkhotskThe Sea of Okhotsk is a part of the western Pacific Ocean, lying between the Kamchatka Peninsula on the east, the Kuril Islands on the southeast, the island of Hokkaidō to the far south, the island of Sakhalin along the west, and a long stretch of eastern Siberian coast along the west and north...
and the
Aldan RiverThe Aldan River is the second-longest tributary of the Lena River in the Sakha Republic in eastern Siberia. The river is 2,273 km long, of which around 1,600 km is navigable...
, and in 1649–1650
Yerofey KhabarovYerofey Pavlovich Khabarov or Svyatitsky , was a Russian entrepreneur and adventurer, best known for his exploring the Amur river region and his attempts to colonize the area for Russia...
occupied the banks of the Amur. The resistance of the
ChineseThe term Chinese people may refer to any of the following:*People who reside in and hold citizenship of the People's Republic of China or the Republic of China . This definition stems from a legal perspective...
, however, obliged the Cossacks to quit their forts, and by the
Treaty of NerchinskThe Treaty of Nerchinsk was the first treaty between Russia and the Qing Empire.-Context:...
(1689)
RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
abandoned her advance into the basin of the river.
Although losing the rights to navigate the Amur River, the Chinese Qing Empire, however, never claimed the lower courses of the river.
Nikolay MuravyovNikolay Nikolayevich Muravyov-Amursky was a Russian statesman and diplomat, who played a major role in expansion of the Russian Empire to the Pacific Ocean....
insisted on conducting an aggressive policy with China by claiming that the lower reaches of the Amur River belong to
RussiansThe Russian people are an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries....
.
Later in 1852, a Russian military expedition under Muravyov explored the Amur, and by 1857 a chain of Russian Cossacks and peasants were settled along the whole course of the river. The accomplished fact was recognized by China in 1860 by the
Treaty of AigunThe Treaty of Aigun was the Russian-Chinese treaty that established much of the modern border between the Russian Far East and the Northeastern China . Its provisions were confirmed by the Beijing Treaty of 1860...
, recognized the Amur River as the boundary between Russia and Qing Empire, and granted Russia free access to the Pacific Ocean.
Geography
Khabarovsk Krai shares its borders with
Magadan OblastMagadan Oblast is a federal subject of Russia in the Far Eastern Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Magadan.-History:...
in the north, with the
Sakha RepublicThe Sakha Republic is a federal subject of Russia . At half the size of the Far Eastern Federal District, it is the largest subnational governing body by area in the world at , yet it has a population of less than one million...
and
Amur OblastAmur Oblast is a federal subject of Russia , situated about east of Moscow on the banks of the Amur and Zeya Rivers. It shares its border with the Sakha Republic in the north, Khabarovsk Krai and the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the east, People's Republic of China in the south, and Zabaykalsky...
in the west, with the
Jewish Autonomous OblastJewish Autonomous Oblast is a federal subject of Russia situated in the Russian Far East, bordering Khabarovsk Krai and Amur Oblast of Russia and Heilongjiang province of China. Its administrative center is Birobidzhan.The autonomous oblast was established in 1934...
,
People's Republic of ChinaThe People's Republic of China , commonly known as China, is the largest country in East Asia and the most populous in the world with over 1.3 billion people, approximately one-fifth of the world's population...
, and
Primorsky KraiPrimorsky Krai also known as Primorye , is a federal subject of Russia . Primorsky means "maritime" in Russian, hence the region is sometimes referred to as Maritime Province.-Geography:...
in the south, and is limited by the
Sea of OkhotskThe Sea of Okhotsk is a part of the western Pacific Ocean, lying between the Kamchatka Peninsula on the east, the Kuril Islands on the southeast, the island of Hokkaidō to the far south, the island of Sakhalin along the west, and a long stretch of eastern Siberian coast along the west and north...
in the east. It is the fourth-largest federal district within the Russian Federation, with a comparative land area slightly larger than that of the U.S. state of
TexasTexas is the second-largest U.S. state in both area and population, and the largest state in the contiguous United States.The name had wide usage among native Americans, meaning "friends" or "allies"...
.
TaigaTaiga is a biome characterized by coniferous forests. Covering most of inland Alaska, Canada, Sweden, Finland, inland Norway, Highland Scotland and Russia , as well as parts of the extreme northern continental United States , northern...
and
tundraIn physical geography, tundra is a biome where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons. The term tundra comes from Kildin Sami tūndâr, which means "uplands, treeless mountain tract." There are two types of tundra: Arctic tundra and alpine tundra...
in the north, swampy forest in the central depression, and deciduous forest in the south are the natural vegetation in the area.
Time zone
Khabarovsk Krai is located in the
Vladivostok Time ZoneVladivostok Time or VLAT, is a time zone in Russia, named after the city of Vladivostok. It is 10 hours ahead of UTC and 7 hours ahead of Moscow Time ....
(VLAT/VLAST).
UTCCoordinated Universal Time , ) is a time standard based on International Atomic Time with leap seconds added at irregular intervals to compensate for the Earth's slowing rotation...
offset is +1000 (VLAT)/+1100 (VLAST).
Economy
Khabarovsky Krai is the most industrialized territory of the Far East of Russia, producing 30% of the total industrial products in the Far Eastern Economic Region. The machine construction industry consists primarily of a highly developed military-industrial complex of large scale aircraft and ship building enterprises. The
Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production AssociationKomsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association , based in Komsomolsk-on-Amur in Russian Far East, is the largest aircraft-manufacturing company in Russia.- Overview :...
is currently one of among Khabarovsk Krai's most successful enterprises, and for years has been the largest taxpayer of the territory. Other major industries include timberworking and
fishingFishing is the activity of catching fish. Fish are normally caught in the wild. Techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping....
, along with
metallurgyMetallurgy is a domain of materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys. It is also the technology of metals: the way in which science is applied to their practical use...
in the main cities, although the krai's own
mineralA mineral is a naturally occurring solid formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure, and specific physical properties. A rock, by comparison, is an aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids, and need not have a specific...
resources are poorly developed.
Komsomolsk-on-AmurKomsomolsk-on-Amur is a city located in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia on the left bank of Amur River. It is located on the BAM railway line, northeast of Khabarovsk...
is the iron and steel center of the Far East; a
pipelinePipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe. Most commonly, liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes that transport solid capsules using compressed air have also been used....
from northern
SakhalinSakhalin , also Saghalien, is a large elongated island in the North Pacific, lying between 45°50' and 54°24' N. It is part of Russia and is its largest island, administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast. The indigenous peoples of the island are the Sakhalin Ainu, Oroks, and Nivkhs...
supplies the petroleum-refining industry in the city of
KhabarovskKhabarovsk is the administrative center and the largest city of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It is located some 30 km from the Chinese border. It is the second largest city in the Russian Far East, after Vladivostok. The city became the administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District...
. In the Amur basin, there is also some cultivation of
wheatWheat is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Fertile Crescent region of the Near East. In 2007 world production of wheat was 607 million tons, making it the third most-produced cereal after maize and rice...
and
soybeanThe soybean or soya bean is a species of legume native to East Asia. The plant is classed as an oilseed rather than a pulse. It is an annual plant that has been used in China for 5,000 years to primarily add nitrogen into the soil as part of crop rotation...
s. The capital city, Khabarovsk, is at the junction of the Amur River and the
Trans-Siberian railwayThe Trans-Siberian Railway or Trans-Siberian Railroad is a network of railways connecting Moscow and European Russia with the Russian Far East provinces, Mongolia, China and the Sea of Japan.-Route development:The original plans and funding for construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway...
.
Demographics
According to the 2002 census, 89.8% of the population are Russians, 3.4% Ukrainians, 0.77%
NanaiThe Nani people are a Tungusic people of the Far East, who have traditionally lived along Heilongjiang , Songhuajiang and Ussuri rivers on the Middle Amur Basin...
s, 0.76%
TatarsTatars , sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic ethnic group mainly inhabiting Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. They numbered 10 million in the late 20th Century, which includes all subgroups of Tatar people, such as...
0.66% Koreans and 0.62%
BelarusiansBelarusians are an East Slavic ethnic group who populate the majority of the Republic of Belarus. Introduced to the world as a new state in the early 1990s, the Republic of Belarus brought with it the notion of a re-emerging Belarusian ethnicity, drawn upon the lines of the Belarusian language...
.
In addition to the Nanai, other indigenous groups include the
EvenksThe Evenks are a Tungusic people of Northern Asia. In Russia, the Evenks are recognized as one of the Indigenous peoples of the Russian North, with a population of 35,527...
and
EvensThe Evens or Eveny are a people in Siberia and the Russian Far East. They live in some of the regions of the Magadan Oblast and Kamchatka Krai and northern parts of Sakha east of the Lena River. According to the 2002 census, there were 19,071 Evens in Russia...
in the northern part of the province, and
UlchsUlchs are an indigenous people of the Russian Far East. Over 90% of Ulchis live in Ulchsky District of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia...
in the lower Amur river (Ulchsky District). Some
NivkhsThe Nivkhs are an indigenous ethnic group inhabiting the northern half of Sakhalin Island and the region of the Amur River estuary in Russia's Khabarovsk Krai. Nivkh were mainly fishermen, hunters, and dog breeders...
(Gilyak), an indigenous fishing people speaking an isolate language, live around the Amur
river deltaA delta is a landform that is created at the mouth of a river where that river flows into an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, reservoir, flat arid area, or another river. Deltas are formed from the deposition of the sediment carried by the river as the flow leaves the mouth of the river...
as well. Smaller groups indigenous to the area are
NegidalsNegidals are a people in the Khabarovsk Krai in Russia, who live along the Amgun River and Amur River...
(567), Orochs (686), and
UdegeUdege are a people who live in the Primorsky Krai and Khabarovsk Krai regions in Russia. They live along the tributaries of the Ussuri, Amur, Kungari and Anyuy Rivers. The Udege speak the Udege language, which belongs to the Tungusic language family...
(1,657) according to the 2002 census
- Births (2008): 17,100 (12.2 per 1000)
- Deaths (2008): 19,656 (14.0 per 1000)
- Urban Births (2008): 13,177 (11.7 per 1000)
- Rural Births (2008): 3,890 (14.2 per 1000)
- Urban Deaths (2008): 15,929 (14.1 per 1000)
- Rural Deaths (2008): 3,641 (13.3 per 1000)
Birth rate for 2008 is 5.2% higher than that in 2007 and death rate is 1.4% lower. Birth rate was recorded at 11.6 for 2007 (11.1 for Urban areas and 13.8 for Rural areas). Death rate was 14.2 in 2007 (14.3 for Urban areas and 14.0 for Rural areas). Rural locations of Khabarovsk Krai had a positive natural growth of population in 2008 (For the first time in the last 16 years).
External links
Informations concerning the Shiwei tribes and their relationship with the Khitans Brief history of Khabaovsk Krai