Gyeongui Line
Encyclopedia
The Gyeongui Line is one of the oldest railway lines in Korea
Korea
Korea ) is an East Asian geographic region that is currently divided into two separate sovereign states — North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the...

. When opened in 1906 it linked Seoul
Seoul
Seoul , officially the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea. A megacity with a population of over 10 million, it is the largest city proper in the OECD developed world...

 in what is now South Korea
South Korea
The Republic of Korea , , is a sovereign state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the East China Sea and Republic of China to the south...

 to P'yŏngyang
Pyongyang
Pyongyang is the capital of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, commonly known as North Korea, and the largest city in the country. Pyongyang is located on the Taedong River and, according to preliminary results from the 2008 population census, has a population of 3,255,388. The city was...

 and Sinŭiju
Sinuiju
Sinŭiju is a city in North Korea, neighboring with Dandong City, China via international border and is the capital of North P'yŏngan Province...

 in what is now North Korea
North Korea
The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea , , is a country in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea...

. At Seoul, the line connected with the Gyeongbu Line
Gyeongbu Line
The Gyeongbu Line is the most important railway line in South Korea and one of the oldest. It was constructed by Japan in 1905, connecting Seoul to Suwon, Daejeon, Daegu, and Busan. The Gyeongbu Line is by far the most heavily travelled rail line in South Korea...

 to Busan
Busan
Busan , formerly spelled Pusan is South Korea's second largest metropolis after Seoul, with a population of around 3.6 million. The Metropolitan area population is 4,399,515 as of 2010. It is the largest port city in South Korea and the fifth largest port in the world...

, while at Sinŭiju, the line connected with the South Manchuria Railway
South Manchuria Railway
The , and operated within China in the Japanese-controlled South Manchuria Railway Zone. The railway itself ran from Lüshun Port at the southern tip of the Liaodong Peninsula to Harbin, where it connected to the Chinese Eastern Railway.-History:...

, linking the Korean railway system to the rest of Asia
Asia
Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...

 and Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...

.

History

Korea intended to build the Gyeongui Line with its own resources at the end of the 19th century, but the project stalled due to lack of funds. Imperial Japan, which gained to concession to build the Gyeongbu Line
Gyeongbu Line
The Gyeongbu Line is the most important railway line in South Korea and one of the oldest. It was constructed by Japan in 1905, connecting Seoul to Suwon, Daejeon, Daegu, and Busan. The Gyeongbu Line is by far the most heavily travelled rail line in South Korea...

 from Busan
Busan
Busan , formerly spelled Pusan is South Korea's second largest metropolis after Seoul, with a population of around 3.6 million. The Metropolitan area population is 4,399,515 as of 2010. It is the largest port city in South Korea and the fifth largest port in the world...

 to Seoul
Seoul
Seoul , officially the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea. A megacity with a population of over 10 million, it is the largest city proper in the OECD developed world...

, also sought to gain control of the Gyeongui Line project as its continuation further north, recognising the trunk route as a means to keep Korea under its influence. The line was also advanced for military considerations in expectation of a confrontation with Russia, which came in 1904 as the Russo-Japanese War
Russo-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War was "the first great war of the 20th century." It grew out of rival imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and Japanese Empire over Manchuria and Korea...

. At the start of the war, Japan ignored Korea's declaration of neutrality and transported troops to Incheon
Incheon
The Incheon Metropolitan City is located in northwestern South Korea. The city was home to just 4,700 people when Jemulpo port was built in 1883. Today 2.76 million people live in the city, making it Korea’s third most populous city after Seoul and Busan Metropolitan City...

, and forced the Korean government to sign an agreement that gave Japan's military control of railway projects if deemed necessary for military operations. Japan's military began to build the Gyeongui Line, while troop bases were established in connection with the railway, the biggest of them next to the terminus of the line, Yongsan Station
Yongsan Station
Yongsan Station is a major railway station in Seoul, South Korea. It is located in Yongsan Gu, and adjoins the Yongsan Electronics Market. The station is the terminus for high-speed and long-distance trains on a number of railway lines, including most trains on the Honam Line, its high-speed...

 in Seoul.

The first section of the Gyeongui Line opened from Yongsan in Seoul to Munsan on April 3, 1906.

Inter-Korea border

After the division of Korea
Division of Korea
The division of Korea into North Korea and South Korea stems from the 1945 Allied victory in World War II, ending Japan's 35-year colonial rule of Korea. In a proposal opposed by nearly all Koreans, the United States and the Soviet Union agreed to temporarily occupy the country as a trusteeship...

 in 1945, trains stopped operating between the north and south halves of the country, meaning that southern trains probably terminated at Kaesŏng
Kaesong
Kaesŏng is a city in North Hwanghae Province, southern North Korea , a former Directly Governed City, and the capital of Korea during the Koryo Dynasty. The city is near Kaesŏng Industrial Region and it contains the remains of the Manwoldae palace. It was formally named Songdo while it was the...

, which is now in North Korea but was at the time part of the US-administered southern zone. Northern trains would have terminated north of Kaesŏng.

After the end of the Korean War
Korean War
The Korean War was a conventional war between South Korea, supported by the United Nations, and North Korea, supported by the People's Republic of China , with military material aid from the Soviet Union...

 in 1953, southern trains were cut back to around Munsan
Munsan
Munsan is an eup in Paju City, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. It lies along the edge of the Demilitarized Zone, near Panmunjom and the Joint Security Area. Munsan lies along the south bank of the Imjin River. At the time of the Korean War it was known as Munsan-ni.Munsan has a heavy military presence...

 (north of Seoul), with northern trains terminating at Kaesŏng. Around the same time, North Korea renamed the P'yŏngyang-Kaesŏng section of the line as the P'yŏngbu
Pyongbu Line
The Pyongbu Line is the southern part of the Kyongui Line railway in North Korea, running from Pyongyang to Kaesong, near the border with South Korea. This line theoretically connects Pyongyang to Busan in South Korea but, in reality, it ends at Kaesong because of the Korean Demilitarized Zone...

 (P'yŏngyang + Busan) Line and the P'yŏngyang-Sinŭiju section as the P'yŏngŭi
Pyongui Line
The P'yŏngŭi Line is a rail line in North Korea connecting the capital city, Pyongyang, with Sinuiju at the northwestern corner of the country. It is the main corridor for overland traffic between North Korea and China, and is one of the country's most important rail lines...

 (P'yŏngyang + Sinŭiju) Line. The DPRK sector is now 100% electrifed, although the double track section spans only from Pyongyang
Pyongyang
Pyongyang is the capital of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, commonly known as North Korea, and the largest city in the country. Pyongyang is located on the Taedong River and, according to preliminary results from the 2008 population census, has a population of 3,255,388. The city was...

 to Sunan International Airport
Sunan International Airport
-Cargo destinations:-Facilities:The airport contains a car park, a business centre, disabled facilities, a duty free shop, Business Class lounge, a taxi stand, a Korea Trade Bank, and several souvenir shops. The airport also has a baggage storage facility; service hours are from 08:00 to 21:00 and...

.

Since the summit between the two Koreas in 2000, an effort has slowly been underway to reconnect the Gyeongui Line. Southern passenger service has been extended to Dorasan
Dorasan
Dorasan or Mount Dora is a 156-metre hill on the south bank of the Imjin River in northernmost Paju, South Korea. It lies very near the Korean Demilitarized Zone. The hill gives its name to several nearby landmarks, including Dorasan Station and the Mt...

 on the edge of the Demilitarized Zone
Korean Demilitarized Zone
The Korean Demilitarized Zone is a strip of land running across the Korean Peninsula that serves as a buffer zone between North and South Korea. The DMZ cuts the Korean Peninsula roughly in half, crossing the 38th parallel on an angle, with the west end of the DMZ lying south of the parallel and...

 (DMZ) and tracks have been built across the DMZ itself. In October 2004, the Northern connection from the DMZ to Kaesŏng was finally completed. Simultaneous test runs along the rebuilt cross-border sections of both the Gyeongui Line and the Donghae Bukbu Line
Donghae Bukbu Line
The Donghae Bukbu Line is a former railway line that connected the present-day city of Anbyon in Kangwon Province, North Korea, with Yangyang, Gangwon Province, South Korea. It has not carried trains since the division of Korea. The line originally connected to the Gyeongwon Line running from...

 were set for May 25, 2006, but North Korean military authorities cancelled the plans a day ahead of the scheduled event. However, at a meeting held in Pyongyang, North Korea, on April 22, 2007, North and South Korea agreed to re-start the project. On May 17, 2007, the first train, carrying North and South Korean delegations, travelled from Munsan Station in the South to Kaesong in the North. The first test run on the Donghae Bukbu Line
Donghae Bukbu Line
The Donghae Bukbu Line is a former railway line that connected the present-day city of Anbyon in Kangwon Province, North Korea, with Yangyang, Gangwon Province, South Korea. It has not carried trains since the division of Korea. The line originally connected to the Gyeongwon Line running from...

 took place at the same time. According to South Korean representatives, the North has agreed in principle to regular passenger and freight service along the two train lines.

Upgrade

Meanwhile, work began to upgrade the South Korean section for high-capacity commuter services. Between Seoul and Munsan, the line is converted into an electrified, double-tracked railway in a new, straighter, 48.6 km long alignment. Work began in November 1999, with a budget originally estimated at 1,970 billion won. The section from Digital Media City (DMC) to Munsan was finished on July 1, 2009. The remaining section will be mostly underground between Gajwa Station
Gajwa Station
Gajwa Station is a station on the Gyeongui Line in Seoul, South Korea....

 in northwestern Seoul to Yongsan Station
Yongsan Station
Yongsan Station is a major railway station in Seoul, South Korea. It is located in Yongsan Gu, and adjoins the Yongsan Electronics Market. The station is the terminus for high-speed and long-distance trains on a number of railway lines, including most trains on the Honam Line, its high-speed...

 in downtown Seoul. As of 2009, construction progress on the entire Seoul–Munsan section reached 74% of a total budget then estimated at 2,153.271 billion won. The section is to be finished by 2012, and the freed area on the surface is to be turned into a park.

The line is to be further upgraded for 230 km/h, as part of a government strategic plan to reduce travel times for 95% of Korea to under 2 hours by 2020, which was announced on September 1, 2010.

Seoul Metropolitan Subway

The South Korean section of the Gyeongui Line was integrated with the Seoul Metropolitan Subway
Seoul Metropolitan Subway
The Seoul Metropolitan Subway or Metropolitan Subway in Seoul, in Seoul, South Korea, is one of the most heavily used rapid transit systems in the world, with well over 8 million trips daily on the system's thirteen lines...

 system with the opening of the DMC-Munsan upgrade on July 1, 2009. The northernmost subway station is Munsan
Munsan Station
Munsan Station is a railway station on Gyeongui Line, and the northern terminus of the metro line with the same name. It is notable for being the closest station on the Seoul Metropolitan Subway to the border with North Korea, only a few kilometers away....

, and the subway runs through Paju
Paju
Paju is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. Paju was made a city in 1997; it had previously been a county .The city is located just south of Panmunjeom on the 38th parallel. To defend the Korean capital, Seoul, many US and Korean army bases are set up in the city. In 2002, the northernmost...

 and Ilsan
Ilsan
Ilsan is the name of two districts or wards in Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea...

, then all the way into Seoul Station
Seoul Station
Seoul Station is a major railway station in Seoul, South Korea. The station is served by the Gyeongbu Line, its high-speed counterpart and the Gyeongui Line, with frequent high-speed, express, and local services to various points in South Korea.-Services:...

.

The term "subway" in reference to this line is somewhat of a misnomer, as the line runs underground for less than three percent of its length. It's included as part of the metro system—it's newly electrified and double tracked, uses subway cars, is shown on subway maps in Seoul, and has free transfers with Seoul Subway Line 3
Seoul Subway Line 3
Seoul Subway Line 3 of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway is an operation system which connects Goyang, northwestern Seoul to the city center, Gangnam, and southeastern Seoul. Construction began in 1980, and most of the current line opened over two stages in 1985, along with Brother subway Line 4...

, Line 6
Seoul Subway Line 6
Seoul Subway Line 6 is a line of the Seoul Subway. Its color is brown.-Overview:The route connects Eunpyeong-gu and Jungnang-gu in an U-shaped manner, running through Yongsan-gu and Seongbuk-gu. It does not cross over the Han River...

, and (off-platform) Line 1
Seoul Subway Line 1
Seoul Subway Line 1 of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway, formerly known as the Korea National Railroad of Seoul, is an operation channel which links central Seoul, South Korea to Soyosan Station in the northeast, Incheon in the southwest, and Asan via Suwon in the south. This line covers a large part...

--but it's almost fully aboveground. It simply follows the existing line built 100 years ago. It runs largely through countryside rice paddies, forests, and vegetable fields, and outside of Seoul rarely enters urbanized areas. It is mostly at-grade, and includes several at-grade crossings with local roads, where Korail employees stand by on duty to stop traffic.

The current section from Seoul Station
Seoul Station
Seoul Station is a major railway station in Seoul, South Korea. The station is served by the Gyeongbu Line, its high-speed counterpart and the Gyeongui Line, with frequent high-speed, express, and local services to various points in South Korea.-Services:...

 to Digital Media City Station
Digital Media City Station
Digital Media City Station is a railway station on Seoul Subway Line 6, AREX and Gyeongui Line....

 is a branch line, not the main line. Most trains go from Munsan to Digital Media City and stop, while only one or two trains per hour go all the way to Seoul Station. The Gyeongui Line, then, has strong transfers to Lines 3 and 6, but it can be a long wait for those waiting for a train to Seoul Station to transfer with Line 1.

When the Yongsan-DMC section is completed in 2012, trains will run from Munsan in the far north of South Korea, south into Seoul at Yongsan Station, then continue eastward on what is currently the Jungang Line
Jungang Line
The Jungang Line is a railway line connecting Cheongnyangni in Seoul to Gyeongju in South Korea, traversing central South Korea from the northwest to the southeast.-History:...

 all the way to Yongmun Station
Yongmun Station
Yongmun Station is a station on the Jungang Line in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. It is the eastern terminus of the commuter railway, running from Seoul to Yangpyeong County. Mugunghwa trains also stop at this station....

, near Gangwon-do. It is known that the two lines will directly link with each other to form one (very long) subway line; it is not clear, however, what the line will be called. (It may be named after the two current line names in some combination, or it may simply be given a number such as "Seoul Subway Line 10.")
Gyeongui Metro stations
Station # Station Hangeul Hanja
Hanja
Hanja is the Korean name for the Chinese characters hanzi. More specifically, it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation...

Connecting lines Station type Doors open
K310 Yongsan
Yongsan Station
Yongsan Station is a major railway station in Seoul, South Korea. It is located in Yongsan Gu, and adjoins the Yongsan Electronics Market. The station is the terminus for high-speed and long-distance trains on a number of railway lines, including most trains on the Honam Line, its high-speed...


(December 2012)
용산 龍山
(2018), Honam KTX
Aboveground
K311 Hyochang
(December 2012)
효창 孝昌 Underground
K312 Gongdeok
Gongdeok Station
Gongdeok Station is a subway station on the Seoul Subway Line 5 and Line 6 with a connection to AREX that will open the end of 2011. In 2012 trains on the Gyeongui Line will also stop here, potentially creating a massive public transportation hub....


(December 2012)
공덕 孔德 Underground
K313 Seogang
(December 2012)
서강 西江 Underground
K314 Hongik University
Hongik University Station
Hongik University Station is a station on the Seoul Subway Line 2. As its name indicates, it serves the nearby Hongik University. The Hongdae area around the station and the university is famous for being the nightclub and entertainment mecca of northwestern Seoul...


(December 2012)
홍대입구 弘大入口 Underground
via Gyeongui Line
K315 Gajwa
Gajwa Station
Gajwa Station is a station on the Gyeongui Line in Seoul, South Korea....

가좌 加佐 Underground Left
K316 Digital Media City
Digital Media City Station
Digital Media City Station is a railway station on Seoul Subway Line 6, AREX and Gyeongui Line....

디지털미디어시티 Aboveground Left
K317 Susaek
Susaek Station
Susaek Station is a station on the Gyeongui Line. It is also the former name of Digital Media City Station on Line 6 of the Seoul Subway. Mugunghwa-ho and Saemaul-ho trains that operate up to Seoul or Yongsan Stations are serviced at the Susaek Train Depot behind this station....

수색 水色 Aboveground Left
via Gyeongui Line, in Gyeonggi-do
Gyeonggi-do
Gyeonggi-do is the most populous province in South Korea. The provincial capital is located at Suwon. Seoul—South Korea's largest city and national capital—is located in the heart of the province, but has been separately administered as a provincial-level special city since 1946...

K318 Hwajeon
Hwajeon Station
Hwajeon Station is a station on the Gyeongui Line. The Korea Aerospace University is located nearby....


(Korea Aerospace Univ.)
화전
(한국항공대)
花田
(韓國航空大)
Aboveground Left
K319 Gangmae (pass, not open) 강매 江梅 Aboveground
K320 Haengsin
Haengsin Station
Haengsin Station is a station on the Gyeongui Line. The KTX Goyang Train Depot is located behind this station, and some KTX trains serve passengers at this station....

행신 幸信 KTX Aboveground Left
K321 Neunggok
Neunggok Station
Neunggok Station is a station on the Gyeongui Line....

능곡 陵谷 Aboveground Left
K322 Daegok
Daegok Station
Daegok Station is a station on the Seoul Subway Line 3 and Gyeongui Line. It is located in the city of Goyang, close to Ilsan. It is mainly used as a transfer station between the two lines rather than as an actual enter-and-exit stop, as the station is located in the midst of farmland with very...

대곡 大谷 Aboveground Left
K323 Goksan
Goksan Station
Goksan Station is a railway station on Gyeongui Line....

곡산 谷山 Aboveground Left
K324 Baengma
Baengma Station
Baengma Station is a railway station on the Gyeongui Line.It is in the city of Goyang, in Ilsan. It is located in Baengma-dong....

백마 白馬 Aboveground Left
K325 Pungsan
Pungsan Station
Pungsan Station is a railway station on the Gyeongui Line....


(Anygol)
풍산
(애니골)
楓山 Aboveground Left
K326 Ilsan
Ilsan Station
Ilsan Station is a station on the Gyeongui Line. It is the oldest station in the city of Goyang, and the old station - built in 1933, while under Japanese rule - was designated as a national cultural asset in 2006....

일산 一山 Aboveground Right
K327 Tanhyeon
Tanhyeon Station
Tanhyeon Station is a railway station on the Gyeongui Line....

탄현 炭峴 Aboveground Left
K328 (planned) Aboveground
K329 Unjeong
Unjeong Station
Unjeong Station is a railway station on the Gyeongui Line....

운정 雲井 Aboveground Left
K330 Geumneung
Geumneung Station
Geumneung Station is a railway station on Gyeongui Line. It is located in the Geumchon neighborhood of Paju city, Gyeonggi-do, in the far northern region of South Korea....

금릉 金陵 Aboveground Left
K331 Geumchon
Geumchon Station
Geumchon Station is a railway station on the Gyeongui Line....

금촌 金村 Aboveground Left
K332 (planned) Aboveground
K333 Wollong
Wollong Station
Wollong Station is a railway station on the Gyeongui Line....

월롱 月籠 Aboveground Left
K334 Paju
Paju Station
Paju Station is a railway station on the Gyeongui Line....


(Doowon Technical College)
파주
(두원대학)
坡州
(斗源大學)
Aboveground Left
K335 Munsan
Munsan Station
Munsan Station is a railway station on Gyeongui Line, and the northern terminus of the metro line with the same name. It is notable for being the closest station on the Seoul Metropolitan Subway to the border with North Korea, only a few kilometers away....

문산 汶山 Aboveground Random

Seoul Station branch stations
Station # Station Hangeul Hanja
Hanja
Hanja is the Korean name for the Chinese characters hanzi. More specifically, it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation...

Connecting lines Station type Doors open
P313 Seoul
Seoul Station
Seoul Station is a major railway station in Seoul, South Korea. The station is served by the Gyeongbu Line, its high-speed counterpart and the Gyeongui Line, with frequent high-speed, express, and local services to various points in South Korea.-Services:...

서울 首爾
Gyeongbu KTX
Aboveground Random
P314 Sinchon Station (Gyeongui)
Sinchon Station (Gyeongui)
Sinchon Station is a station on the Gyeongui Line....

신촌 新村 Aboveground Right
K315 Gajwa
Gajwa Station
Gajwa Station is a station on the Gyeongui Line in Seoul, South Korea....

가좌 加佐 Aboveground Left

Regular rail service

Before the integration with the subway system, the most common service on the line was a Tonggeun
Tonggeun
The Tonggeun is a class of short-run commuter trains operated by Korail, the national railroad of South Korea. On timetables, the name is always translated as "Commuter." They typically operate once or twice daily in each direction, along a few tens of kilometers of track...

 train service between Seoul and Imjingang, with one Saemaeul-ho
Saemaeul-ho
The Saemaul-ho or Saemaul is a class of train operated by Korail, the national railroad of South Korea. Saemaeul trains are distinguished from the more basic Mugunghwa trains by their larger and comfortable seats and absence of standing passengers...

 train. Since the line was integrated with the Seoul Subway system, Tonggeun service has been restricted to a few stations in the north, from Munsan to Imjingang, with a few continuing on to Dorasan, near the North Korean border.
Stations after Munsan
Station # Station Connecting lines Station type Doors open
Uncheon
Uncheon Station
Uncheon Station is a railway station on Gyeongui Line....

Aboveground
Imjingang
Imjingang Station
Imjingang station is one of the stations along Gyeongui Line, and it has trains to Seoul Station via Ilsan every hour between 6am and mid-night. It was the northernmost station in Gyeongui Line before Dorasan Station opened....

Aboveground
Dorasan
Dorasan Station
Dorasan Station is a railroad station situated on the Gyeongui Line, which once connected North and South Korea and has now been restored. For several years the northernmost stop on the line was Dorasan Station, which is served by Tonggeun commuter trains....

Aboveground

KTX

There is a depot for Korea Train Express
Korea Train Express
Korea Train eXpress is South Korea's high-speed rail system, operated by Korail. Construction began on the first section of the high-speed line from Seoul to Busan in 1992. The project was later split into two phases and combined with conventional line upgrades, adding a second route from Seoul to...

 (KTX) trains along the Gyeongui Line at Haensin. Some KTX services thus continue beyond Seoul respective Yongsan Station and terminate at Haengsin Station
Haengsin Station
Haengsin Station is a station on the Gyeongui Line. The KTX Goyang Train Depot is located behind this station, and some KTX trains serve passengers at this station....

.

The line may see more KTX service after the upgrade for 230 km/h considered in the government's strategic plan for 2020.

See also

  • Transportation in North Korea
    Transportation in North Korea
    The standard route to and from North Korea is by plane or train through Beijing, People's Republic of China. Transport directly to and from South Korea has been possible on a limited scale from 2003 until 2008, when a road was opened...

  • Transportation in South Korea
    Transportation in South Korea
    Transportation in South Korea is provided by extensive networks of railways, highways, bus routes, ferry services and air routes that criss-cross the country.-History:...

  • Korail
    Korail
    Korea Railroad Corporation , promoted as Korail , is the national railroad operator in South Korea.Korail operates passenger and freight trains throughout South Korea...

  • List of Korea-related topics
The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
x
OK