Encyclopedia
The
division of Korea into
North Korea and
South Korea stems from the 1945
Allied victory in
World War II, ending
Japan's 35-year occupation of Korea. In a proposal opposed by nearly all
Koreans, the
United States and the
Soviet Union agreed to temporarily occupy the country as a trusteeship with the zone of control demarcated along the
38th Parallel. The purpose of this trusteeship was to establish a Korean provisional government which would become "free and independent in due course." Underlying this decision by the US and USSR was the assumption that Koreans were incapable of self-rule and therefore needed the rule of larger nations. Though elections were scheduled, the two superpowers backed different leaders and two states were effectively established, each of which claimed sovereignty over the whole Korean peninsula.
The
Korean War left the two Koreas separated by the
DMZ, remaining technically at war through the
Cold War to the present day. North Korea is a
communist state, often described as
Stalinist and isolationist. South Korea is a
capitalist liberal democracy and one of the largest economies in the world.
Since the 1990s, with progressively liberal South Korean administrations, as well as the death of North Korean founder
Kim Il-sung, the two sides have taken small, symbolic steps towards a possible
Korean reunification.
Historical Background
Korea under Japanese Rule
As
Russo-Japanese War ended in 1905, Korea became a nominal protectorate, and in 1910 it was annexed by Japan.
End of World War II
Main article: World War IIIn November 1943,
Franklin Roosevelt,
Winston Churchill and
Chiang Kai-shek met at the
Cairo Conference to discuss what should happen to
Japan's colonies, and agreed that Japan should lose all the territories it had conquered by force. In the declaration after this conference,
Korea was mentioned for the first time. The three powers declared that they, "mindful of the enslavement of the people of Korea are determined that in due course Korea shall become free and independent.” For some Korean nationalists who wanted immediate independence, the phrase "in due course" was cause for dismay. Roosevelt may have proposed to Stalin that 30 or 40 years elapse before full Korean independence; Stalin demurred, saying that a shorter period of time would be desirable. In any case, discussion of Korea among the Allies would not resume until victory over Japan was nearly imminent.
With the war's end in sight in August 1945, there was still no consensus on Korea's fate among Allied leaders. Many Koreans on the peninsula had made their own plans for the future of Korea, and few of these plans included the re-occupation of Korea by foreign forces. In accordance with a policy suggested by the US to the Soviet Union, the Russians declared war on Japan and moved their military forces into northeastern China and northern Korea. However, the American leaders worried that the whole peninsula might be occupied by the Soviet Union, and feared this might lead to a Soviet occupation of Japan. Later events showed these fears to be unfounded. The Soviet forces would arrive in Korea before the American forces, but they occupied only the northern part of the peninsula, halting their advance at the 38th parallel, which was in keeping with their agreement with the United States. On August 10, 1945 two young officers –
Dean Rusk and Charles Bonesteel – were assigned the task of creating an American occupation zone. Working on extremely short notice and completely unprepared for the task, they used a
National Geographic map to decide on the 38th parallel; they chose it because it divided the country approximately in half but would leave the capital
Seoul under American control. No experts on Korea were consulted and the two men were unaware that forty years previous, Japan and
Russia had discussed sharing Korea along the same parallel; Rusk later said that had he known, he would have chosen a different line. Regardless, the decision was hastily written into General Order Number One for the administration of postwar Japan.
As a colony of
Japan, the
Korean people had been systematically excluded from important posts in the administration of Korea. The general
Abe Nobuyuki, the last Japanese Governor-General of Korea, was in contact with a number of influential Koreans since the beginning of August 1945 to prepare the hand-over of power. On August 15, 1945, Yo Un Hyong, a moderate left-wing politician, agreed to take over. He was in charge of preparing the creation of a new country and worked hard to build governmental structures. On September 6, 1945, a congress of representatives was convened in Seoul. The foundation of a modern Korean state took place just three weeks after Japan's capitulation. The government was predominantly left wing, caused in part by the many resistance fighters who agreed with many of communism's views on imperialism and colonialism.
After World War II
In the South
On September 7, 1945, General
MacArthur announced that Lieutenant General
John R. Hodge was to administer Korean affairs, and Hodge landed in
Incheon with his troops the next day. The "Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea" sent a delegation with three interpreters, but he refused to meet with them.
With their focus overwhelmingly being on Japan, the American military authorities paid much less attention to Korea and soldiers generally did not want to be assigned there. While Japan was put under the administration of civilians, Korea was placed under the direct administration of military units. Little changed in the administration of the country; officials then serving under the Japanese authorities remained in their positions. The Japanese governor was not dismissed until the middle of September and many Japanese officials stayed in office until 1946. These decisions angered most Koreans since these same Japanese had helped exploit Koreans. Adding to this anger was the American military's choice to give many governmental positions to Koreans who had betrayed their country by collaborating with the Japanese rulers.
The US occupation authorities in southern Korea viewed many indigenous attempts at government as a communist insurgency and refused to recognize the "Provisional Government". However, an anti-communist named
Syngman Rhee, who moved back to Korea after decades of exile in the US, was considered an acceptable candidate to provisionally lead the country since he was considered friendly to the US. Meanwhile on August 31, 1946, an editorial in the
Chosun Ilbo is one of the major newspaper [i]s in South Korea [i], with a daily circulation [i] ...
told Hodge that the deteriorating economy was leaving the Korean people suffering more than any time under Japanese rule. Under Rhee, and often with the knowledge and consent of the American military, the southern government conducted a number of campaigns aimed ostensibly at "removing communism" but that in reality targeted anyone who opposed his rule. Over the course of the next few years, over between 30,000 and 100,000 people would lose their lives in during the war against the left-wing insurgents. In August 1948,
Syngman Rhee became the first president of
South Korea, and U.S. forces left the peninsula.
In the North
In August 1945 the Soviet Army established the
Soviet Civil Authority to rule the country until a domestic regime, friendly to the USSR, could be established. Provisional committees were set up across the country putting Communists into key positions. In March 1946 land reform was instituted as the land from Japanese and collaborator land owners was divided and handed over to poor farmers.
Kim Il-sung initiated a sweeping land refrom program in 1946. Organizing the many poor peasants and agricultural laborers under the people's committees a nationwide mass campaign broke the control of the old landed classes. Landlords were allowed to keep only the same amount of land as peasants who had once rented their land, thereby making for a far more equal distribution of land. The north Korean land reform was achieved in a less violent way than that of
China or
Vietnam. Official American sources stated, "From all accounts, the former village leaders were eliminated as a political force with resort to bloodshed, but extreme care was take to preclude their return to power." This was very popular with the farmers, but caused many collaborators and former landowners to flee to the south where some of the obtained positions in the new south Korean government. According to the U.S. military government, 400,000 northern Koreans went south as refugees.
Key industries were nationalized. The economic situation was nearly as difficult in the north as it was in the south, as the Japanese had concentrated agriculture in the south and heavy industry in the north.
In February 1946 a provisional government called the
North Korean Provisional People's Committee was formed under
Kim Il-sung, who had spent the last years of the war training with Soviet troops in
Manchuria. Conflicts and power struggles rose up at the top levels of government in Pyongyang as different aspirants maneuvered to gain positions of power in the new government. At the local levels, people's committees openly attacked collaborators and some landlords, confiscating much of their land and possessions. As a consequence many collaborators and others disappeared or were assassinated. It was out in the provinces and by working with these same people's committees that the eventual leader of North Korea,
Kim Il-sung, was able to build a grassroots support system that would lift him to power over his political rivals who had stayed in Pyongyang. Soviet forces departed in 1948.
Establishment of two Koreas
With mistrust growing rapidly between the formerly allied United States and Soviet Union, no agreement was reached on how to reconcile the competing provisional governments. The U.S. brought the problem before the
United Nations in the fall of 1947. The USSR opposed UN involvement.
The UN passed a resolution on November 14, 1947, declaring that free elections should be held, foreign troops should be withdrawn, and a UN commission for Korea should be created. The
Soviet Union, although a member with veto powers, boycotted the voting and did not consider the resolution to be binding.
In April 1948, a conference of organizations from the north and the south met in
Pyongyang. This conference produced no results, and the Soviets boycotted the UN-supervised elections in the south. There was no UN supervision of elections in the north. On May 10 the south held elections.
Syngman Rhee, who had called for partial elections in the south to consolidate his power as early as 1947, was elected, though left-wing parties boycotted the election. Widespread corruption was reported in the elections and the Republic of Korea began life without a great deal of legitimacy. On August 13, he formally took over power from the U.S. military.
Korean War
In the North, Democratic People's Republic of Korea was declared on September 9, with Kim Il-sung as prime minister. This division of Korea, after more than a millennium of being unified, was seen as unacceptable and temporary by both regimes. From 1948 until the start of the civil war on June 25, 1950, the armed forces of each side engaged in a series of bloody conflicts along the border. In 1950, these conflicts escalated dramatically when North Korean forces attacked South Korea, triggering the
Korean War and effectively making the division permanent. An armistice was signed ending hostilities and the two sides agreed to create a three-mile wide buffer zone between the states, where nobody would enter. This area came to be known as the
Demilitarized Zone or DMZ.
After the Korean War
North and South Korea have never signed a formal peace treaty and thus are still officially at war; only a ceasefire was declared. South Korea's government came to be dominated by its military and a relative peace was punctuated by border skirmishes and assassination attempts. The North failed in several assassination attempts on South Korean leaders, most notably in 1968, 1974 and 1983; tunnels were frequently found under the DMZ and war nearly broke out over the ax-murder incident at
Panmunjeom in 1976. In 1973, extremely secret, high-level contacts began to be conducted through the guise of the
Red Cross, but ended after the Panmunjeom incident with little progress having been made.
In the late 1990s, with the South having transitioned to democracy, the success of the Nordpolitik policy, and power in the North having been taken up by Kim Il-sung's son
Kim Jong-il, the two nations began to engage publicly for the first time, with the South declaring its
Sunshine Policy.
Recently, in effort to promote reconciliation, the two Koreas have adopted an unofficial
Unification Flag, representing Korea at international sporting events. The South provides the North with significant aid and cooperative economic ventures, and the two governments have cooperated in organizing meetings of separated family members and limited tourism of North Korean sites. However, the two states still do not recognize each other, and the Sunshine Policy remains controversial in South Korea.
The apportionment of responsibility for the division is much debated, although the older generation of South Koreans generally blame the North's communist zeal for instigating the
Korean War. Many in the younger generation see it as a byproduct of the
Cold War, criticizing the US role in the establishment of separate states, presence of US troops in the South, and hostile policies against the North.
See also
Notes
References
External links
- , has list of Post-World War 2 US and Soviet administrators
