Giuseppe Francesco Borri
Encyclopedia
Giuseppe Francesco Borri (Milan, 4 May 1627Rome, 20 August 1695) was an alchemist
, prophet
and doctor
.
in Rome
. There he was taught by the Jesuit scholar Athanasius Kircher
, who had an important influence on him. His intolerance of ecclesiastical authority deteriorated his relationship with his teachers (Borri even led a collective rebellion of seminarists, provoking the replacement of the Rector
), and in 1650 Borri was expelled from the seminary.
He started his activity as a physician and alchemist among the pilgrims flocking to Rome for the Holy Year. In this period he met the Marquis Massimiliano Palombara
, himself an alchemist, and in 1653 he took service with Count Federico Miroli, as physician
and alchemist.
and political, with the purpose of returning to an evangelically pure religion. Borri believed religion to be the foundation of every science
and scientifical investigation. For him the whole world (Christian and non-Christian) should be conquered and ruled by a Papal theocracy
, that should trailblaze the Kingdom
to come: a sort of heavenly world, a new Golden Age
, where the values of a renewed and universal Christianity would triumph. Borri considered himself (at least according to the later Inquisition
’s records) Prochristus, that is prophet and herald of the new era.
; brought to the Marquis by the servants, he declared himself to be an alchemist, to have knowledge of the Marquis’ alchemical researches and to be able to show him the feasibility of transmutational work, without any request or reward, and to be interested in knowing Palombara’s methods and researches.
The unknown stranger, after having performed various operations under Palombara’s eyes, asked for hospitality in a room near the laboratory, to be able to watch his own work; then he asked the Marquis to give him the keys to the laboratory, promising that he would explain everything to the Marquis after having completed his work; but for the moment he needed solitude and peace.
Early next morning, Palombara knocked in vain at the laboratory’s door, and then at the pilgrim’s room. During the night, the latter had sneaked away through a window, leaving in the adjoining laboratory only an upside down crucible and, on the floor, a streak of gold, and a sheaf of papers covered with notes and hermetic symbols on the Great Work. Palombara ordered these symbols to be carved in several places in his mansion, and on the famous Porta Alchemica
, the only surviving feature of the architectural beauties of Villa Palombara.
The mysterious alchemist was claimed to be Borri.
Discounting the legends, it is unthinkable that in the city of Rome devoted to hermetical studies, Borri and Palombara, both already rather famous, did not establish a relationship that would continue for all of Borri’s adventurous life.
In 1657, the plague broke out in Rome (spreading very fast in central and southern Italy and in Genoa
). Christine fled quickly from the city, as well as Borri, who went back to his hometown, Milan.
and gathered itself around Saint Pelagio’s church and the prophetic charisma of Giacomo Filippo Casola, a layman who was accused of heresy by the Inquisition
and shortly after died in jail. Very soon Borri became the figurehead of the Milanese movement and the fervour generated by his predication culminated in a public gathering in the square of Milan cathedral in 1658.
He was prosecuted for heresy
and poisoning (the latter accusation refers to his alchemical knowledge). Meanwhile, the Inquisition arrested his followers, mostly low clergymen, many of them as young and fervent as Borri.
In 1659, he was called before the Roman Inquisition
, while the Milanese Inquisition was still prosecuting his followers. He fled to Switzerland
, was sentenced by default and was informed of the public abjuration of his Milanese followers.
In January 1661, Borri’s effigy
, after the verdict was read in public, was brought in procession to Campo de' Fiori
, in Rome, the same place where, 60 years before, Giordano Bruno
had been executed. Here it was hung, and burned together with the fugitive Borri's writings.
, where the Protestant milieu welcomed him with enthusiasm. Borri was surrounded by a circle of fervent admirers, who glorified his ability as a physician and iatrochemist. Soon he became famous among the local noblemen, and his fame began to grow rapidly.
In 1660, he moved to Amsterdam
. His fame as a therapeutist and alchemist became European, was consecrated by royal and official honours.
From all over Europe, princes and merchants flocked to consult the physician-alchemist. He extended his interests besides medicine and alchemy to several other fields: magic
, cosmetics
, engineering
.
During this period, he met the famous scientist and Danish alchemist, Olaus Borrichius, then living in Amsterdam for his studies, who became an admirer of Borri and his knowledge. Borri even dedicated to Borrichius a book (Hippocraticae]] Specimina Quinque, Köln
, 1664). The character of the wise cabalist (The Great Dane) that we find in La Chiave del Gabinetto, Geneva
, 1681, is perhaps inspired by Borrichius. In the same years, the Amsterdam city senate conferred on him honorary citizenship; in Europe several writings praising his wonder healings circulated since then.
According to Michael White
in Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer, Sir Isaac Newton attempted to contact Borri in 1669, through Newton's friend Francis Ashton.
At the height of the fame, in debt from his luxurious lifestyle, and probably due to the obscure manoeuvres of envious rival physicians, Borri was forced to flee Amsterdam to avoid arrest.
as an alchemist at Frederick III
’s court, which subsidised him liberally.
In Denmark
, Borrichius’ homeland, Borri had many friends and helpers and, anyway, he came preceded by a solid reputation as a scientist. Meanwhile, other subsidies came from the former Queen Christine, then residing in Hamburg
, interested in the mysteries of the Philosopher's Stone
. At Frederick III’s court, Borri regained fame and honours, becoming a most trusted King’s councillor.
In 1670, when Christian V ascended to the throne, Borri’s fortune began to decline, so he resolved to leave Denmark and to move to Turkey
. While journeying, he was arrested in Moravia
, and thanks to Pontificial pressure, was given by Leopold I
, Emperor of Austria, into the hands of the Vatican.
Convicted to a life sentence, Borri, like his followers, was forced to perform a public act of abjuration and atonement.
Borri stayed in jail until 1678. His noble friends (in particular the French ambassador, the Duke of Estrées
, who was healed by Borri under a papal dispensation that permitted him to visit the sick nobleman in his mansion) obtained for him a sort of semi-liberty. Borri lived in Castel Sant'Angelo
, where he furnished a laboratory to continue his studies, and was able go out to practise his art in the mansions of his noble friends.
In this period he met again his old friends, Palombara and Queen Christina, and despite captivity, his fame as a healer and thaumaturge regained its old splendour in the Roman court.
In 1689 Christine of Sweden died, and the new Pope Innocent XII
revoked the privileges granted to Borri. In 1691 he was imprisoned in Castel Sant'Angelo, where he was to die of disease in 1695. Having caught a fever, the great physician had prescribed himself quinquina
’s bark, the most advanced cure then available. But the bark arrived too late, and on 16 August the fever claimed the life of Borri, at the age of 68.
Alchemist
An alchemist is a person who practices alchemy. Alchemist may also refer to:-People and groups:*The Alchemist , a hip hop music producer and rapper*Alchemist , an Australian progressive metal band...
, prophet
Prophet
In religion, a prophet, from the Greek word προφήτης profitis meaning "foreteller", is an individual who is claimed to have been contacted by the supernatural or the divine, and serves as an intermediary with humanity, delivering this newfound knowledge from the supernatural entity to other people...
and doctor
Physician
A physician is a health care provider who practices the profession of medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, injury and other physical and mental impairments...
.
Education
In 1644, together with his brother, Borri entered a Jesuit seminarySeminary
A seminary, theological college, or divinity school is an institution of secondary or post-secondary education for educating students in theology, generally to prepare them for ordination as clergy or for other ministry...
in Rome
Rome
Rome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.Rome's history spans two and a half...
. There he was taught by the Jesuit scholar Athanasius Kircher
Athanasius Kircher
Athanasius Kircher was a 17th century German Jesuit scholar who published around 40 works, most notably in the fields of oriental studies, geology, and medicine...
, who had an important influence on him. His intolerance of ecclesiastical authority deteriorated his relationship with his teachers (Borri even led a collective rebellion of seminarists, provoking the replacement of the Rector
Rector
The word rector has a number of different meanings; it is widely used to refer to an academic, religious or political administrator...
), and in 1650 Borri was expelled from the seminary.
He started his activity as a physician and alchemist among the pilgrims flocking to Rome for the Holy Year. In this period he met the Marquis Massimiliano Palombara
Massimiliano Palombara
Massimiliano Palombara was marquis of Pietraforte and Conservator of Rome . He is the author of the La Bugia , a book of verses, written in 1656 in Rome.-External links:* La Bugia...
, himself an alchemist, and in 1653 he took service with Count Federico Miroli, as physician
Physician
A physician is a health care provider who practices the profession of medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, injury and other physical and mental impairments...
and alchemist.
Prophecy
Borri also began his propaganda, both messianicMessiah
A messiah is a redeemer figure expected or foretold in one form or another by a religion. Slightly more widely, a messiah is any redeemer figure. Messianic beliefs or theories generally relate to eschatological improvement of the state of humanity or the world, in other words the World to...
and political, with the purpose of returning to an evangelically pure religion. Borri believed religion to be the foundation of every science
Science
Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe...
and scientifical investigation. For him the whole world (Christian and non-Christian) should be conquered and ruled by a Papal theocracy
Theocracy
Theocracy is a form of organization in which the official policy is to be governed by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided, or simply pursuant to the doctrine of a particular religious sect or religion....
, that should trailblaze the Kingdom
Kingdom of God
The Kingdom of God or Kingdom of Heaven is a foundational concept in the Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam.The term "Kingdom of God" is found in all four canonical gospels and in the Pauline epistles...
to come: a sort of heavenly world, a new Golden Age
Golden Age
The term Golden Age comes from Greek mythology and legend and refers to the first in a sequence of four or five Ages of Man, in which the Golden Age is first, followed in sequence, by the Silver, Bronze, and Iron Ages, and then the present, a period of decline...
, where the values of a renewed and universal Christianity would triumph. Borri considered himself (at least according to the later Inquisition
Inquisition
The Inquisition, Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis , was the "fight against heretics" by several institutions within the justice-system of the Roman Catholic Church. It started in the 12th century, with the introduction of torture in the persecution of heresy...
’s records) Prochristus, that is prophet and herald of the new era.
The Legend
In a morning in 1657, a stranger is caught gathering herbs in the garden of Marquis Massimiliano PalombaraMassimiliano Palombara
Massimiliano Palombara was marquis of Pietraforte and Conservator of Rome . He is the author of the La Bugia , a book of verses, written in 1656 in Rome.-External links:* La Bugia...
; brought to the Marquis by the servants, he declared himself to be an alchemist, to have knowledge of the Marquis’ alchemical researches and to be able to show him the feasibility of transmutational work, without any request or reward, and to be interested in knowing Palombara’s methods and researches.
The unknown stranger, after having performed various operations under Palombara’s eyes, asked for hospitality in a room near the laboratory, to be able to watch his own work; then he asked the Marquis to give him the keys to the laboratory, promising that he would explain everything to the Marquis after having completed his work; but for the moment he needed solitude and peace.
Early next morning, Palombara knocked in vain at the laboratory’s door, and then at the pilgrim’s room. During the night, the latter had sneaked away through a window, leaving in the adjoining laboratory only an upside down crucible and, on the floor, a streak of gold, and a sheaf of papers covered with notes and hermetic symbols on the Great Work. Palombara ordered these symbols to be carved in several places in his mansion, and on the famous Porta Alchemica
Porta Alchemica
Porta Alchemica , or Alchemy Gate or Magic Portal, is a monument built between 1678 and 1680 by Massimiliano Palombara marquis of Pietraforte in his residence, Palombara villa, located in the east of Rome on the Esquilino hill in a position almost corresponding to Piazza Vittorio, where today was...
, the only surviving feature of the architectural beauties of Villa Palombara.
The mysterious alchemist was claimed to be Borri.
Discounting the legends, it is unthinkable that in the city of Rome devoted to hermetical studies, Borri and Palombara, both already rather famous, did not establish a relationship that would continue for all of Borri’s adventurous life.
The Court of Queen Christine of Sweden
In 1655, Borri met and probably frequented Queen Christine of Sweden and her court. The newly-converted catholic Queen had abdicated, coming to Rome to live there. In a cabinet transformed into a laboratory, the very learned Christine, a devoted alchemist, gave hospitality to alchemists and cabalists of different value and provenance.In 1657, the plague broke out in Rome (spreading very fast in central and southern Italy and in Genoa
Genoa
Genoa |Ligurian]] Zena ; Latin and, archaically, English Genua) is a city and an important seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria....
). Christine fled quickly from the city, as well as Borri, who went back to his hometown, Milan.
Milanese Affair
In Milan, Borri contacted the Quietist milieu, which was very diffused in LombardyLombardy
Lombardy is one of the 20 regions of Italy. The capital is Milan. One-sixth of Italy's population lives in Lombardy and about one fifth of Italy's GDP is produced in this region, making it the most populous and richest region in the country and one of the richest in the whole of Europe...
and gathered itself around Saint Pelagio’s church and the prophetic charisma of Giacomo Filippo Casola, a layman who was accused of heresy by the Inquisition
Inquisition
The Inquisition, Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis , was the "fight against heretics" by several institutions within the justice-system of the Roman Catholic Church. It started in the 12th century, with the introduction of torture in the persecution of heresy...
and shortly after died in jail. Very soon Borri became the figurehead of the Milanese movement and the fervour generated by his predication culminated in a public gathering in the square of Milan cathedral in 1658.
He was prosecuted for heresy
Heresy
Heresy is a controversial or novel change to a system of beliefs, especially a religion, that conflicts with established dogma. It is distinct from apostasy, which is the formal denunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is irreverence toward religion...
and poisoning (the latter accusation refers to his alchemical knowledge). Meanwhile, the Inquisition arrested his followers, mostly low clergymen, many of them as young and fervent as Borri.
In 1659, he was called before the Roman Inquisition
Roman Inquisition
The Roman Inquisition was a system of tribunals developed by the Holy See during the second half of the 16th century, responsible for prosecuting individuals accused of a wide array of crimes related to heresy, including Protestantism, sorcery, immorality, blasphemy, Judaizing and witchcraft, as...
, while the Milanese Inquisition was still prosecuting his followers. He fled to Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....
, was sentenced by default and was informed of the public abjuration of his Milanese followers.
In January 1661, Borri’s effigy
Effigy
An effigy is a representation of a person, especially in the form of sculpture or some other three-dimensional form.The term is usually associated with full-length figures of a deceased person depicted in stone or wood on church monuments. These most often lie supine with hands together in prayer,...
, after the verdict was read in public, was brought in procession to Campo de' Fiori
Campo de' Fiori
Campo de' Fiori is a rectangular square near Piazza Navona in Rome, Italy, on the border of rione Parione and rione Regola. Campo de' Fiori, translated literally from Italian, means "field of flowers"...
, in Rome, the same place where, 60 years before, Giordano Bruno
Giordano Bruno
Giordano Bruno , born Filippo Bruno, was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician and astronomer. His cosmological theories went beyond the Copernican model in proposing that the Sun was essentially a star, and moreover, that the universe contained an infinite number of inhabited...
had been executed. Here it was hung, and burned together with the fugitive Borri's writings.
The Fame
Borri moved to StrasbourgStrasbourg
Strasbourg is the capital and principal city of the Alsace region in eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border with Germany, it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin département. The city and the region of Alsace are historically German-speaking,...
, where the Protestant milieu welcomed him with enthusiasm. Borri was surrounded by a circle of fervent admirers, who glorified his ability as a physician and iatrochemist. Soon he became famous among the local noblemen, and his fame began to grow rapidly.
In 1660, he moved to Amsterdam
Amsterdam
Amsterdam is the largest city and the capital of the Netherlands. The current position of Amsterdam as capital city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands is governed by the constitution of August 24, 1815 and its successors. Amsterdam has a population of 783,364 within city limits, an urban population...
. His fame as a therapeutist and alchemist became European, was consecrated by royal and official honours.
From all over Europe, princes and merchants flocked to consult the physician-alchemist. He extended his interests besides medicine and alchemy to several other fields: magic
Magic (paranormal)
Magic is the claimed art of manipulating aspects of reality either by supernatural means or through knowledge of occult laws unknown to science. It is in contrast to science, in that science does not accept anything not subject to either direct or indirect observation, and subject to logical...
, cosmetics
Cosmetics
Cosmetics are substances used to enhance the appearance or odor of the human body. Cosmetics include skin-care creams, lotions, powders, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail and toe nail polish, eye and facial makeup, towelettes, permanent waves, colored contact lenses, hair colors, hair sprays and...
, engineering
Engineering
Engineering is the discipline, art, skill and profession of acquiring and applying scientific, mathematical, economic, social, and practical knowledge, in order to design and build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes that safely realize improvements to the lives of...
.
During this period, he met the famous scientist and Danish alchemist, Olaus Borrichius, then living in Amsterdam for his studies, who became an admirer of Borri and his knowledge. Borri even dedicated to Borrichius a book (Hippocraticae]] Specimina Quinque, Köln
KOLN
KOLN, digital channel 10, is the CBS affiliate in Lincoln, Nebraska. It operates a satellite station, KGIN, on digital channel 11 in Grand Island. KGIN repeats all KOLN programming, but airs separate commercials...
, 1664). The character of the wise cabalist (The Great Dane) that we find in La Chiave del Gabinetto, Geneva
Geneva
Geneva In the national languages of Switzerland the city is known as Genf , Ginevra and Genevra is the second-most-populous city in Switzerland and is the most populous city of Romandie, the French-speaking part of Switzerland...
, 1681, is perhaps inspired by Borrichius. In the same years, the Amsterdam city senate conferred on him honorary citizenship; in Europe several writings praising his wonder healings circulated since then.
According to Michael White
Michael White (author)
Michael White is a British writer based in Sydney, Australia. He has been a science editor of British GQ, a columnist for the Sunday Express in London and, 'in a previous incarnation', he was a member of the band the Thompson Twins and Colour me Pop...
in Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer, Sir Isaac Newton attempted to contact Borri in 1669, through Newton's friend Francis Ashton.
At the height of the fame, in debt from his luxurious lifestyle, and probably due to the obscure manoeuvres of envious rival physicians, Borri was forced to flee Amsterdam to avoid arrest.
The Arrest and the End
Borri sought refuge in CopenhagenCopenhagen
Copenhagen is the capital and largest city of Denmark, with an urban population of 1,199,224 and a metropolitan population of 1,930,260 . With the completion of the transnational Øresund Bridge in 2000, Copenhagen has become the centre of the increasingly integrating Øresund Region...
as an alchemist at Frederick III
Frederick III of Denmark
Frederick III was king of Denmark and Norway from 1648 until his death. He instituted absolute monarchy in Denmark and Norway in 1660, confirmed by law in 1665 as the first in western historiography. He was born the second-eldest son of Christian IV of Denmark and Anne Catherine of Brandenburg...
’s court, which subsidised him liberally.
In Denmark
Denmark
Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...
, Borrichius’ homeland, Borri had many friends and helpers and, anyway, he came preceded by a solid reputation as a scientist. Meanwhile, other subsidies came from the former Queen Christine, then residing in Hamburg
Hamburg
-History:The first historic name for the city was, according to Claudius Ptolemy's reports, Treva.But the city takes its modern name, Hamburg, from the first permanent building on the site, a castle whose construction was ordered by the Emperor Charlemagne in AD 808...
, interested in the mysteries of the Philosopher's Stone
Philosopher's stone
The philosopher's stone is a legendary alchemical substance said to be capable of turning base metals into gold or silver. It was also sometimes believed to be an elixir of life, useful for rejuvenation and possibly for achieving immortality. For many centuries, it was the most sought-after goal...
. At Frederick III’s court, Borri regained fame and honours, becoming a most trusted King’s councillor.
In 1670, when Christian V ascended to the throne, Borri’s fortune began to decline, so he resolved to leave Denmark and to move to Turkey
Turkey
Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
. While journeying, he was arrested in Moravia
Moravia
Moravia is a historical region in Central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, and one of the former Czech lands, together with Bohemia and Silesia. It takes its name from the Morava River which rises in the northwest of the region...
, and thanks to Pontificial pressure, was given by Leopold I
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
| style="float:right;" | Leopold I was a Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and King of Bohemia. A member of the Habsburg family, he was the second son of Emperor Ferdinand III and his first wife, Maria Anna of Spain. His maternal grandparents were Philip III of Spain and Margaret of Austria...
, Emperor of Austria, into the hands of the Vatican.
Convicted to a life sentence, Borri, like his followers, was forced to perform a public act of abjuration and atonement.
Borri stayed in jail until 1678. His noble friends (in particular the French ambassador, the Duke of Estrées
Duke of Estrées
Duke of Estrées was a title of nobility in the peerage of France that was created for François Annibal d'Estrées in 1663 by Louis XIV of France. This title became extinct in 1771...
, who was healed by Borri under a papal dispensation that permitted him to visit the sick nobleman in his mansion) obtained for him a sort of semi-liberty. Borri lived in Castel Sant'Angelo
Castel Sant'Angelo
The Mausoleum of Hadrian, usually known as the Castel Sant'Angelo, is a towering cylindrical building in Parco Adriano, Rome, Italy. It was initially commissioned by the Roman Emperor Hadrian as a mausoleum for himself and his family...
, where he furnished a laboratory to continue his studies, and was able go out to practise his art in the mansions of his noble friends.
In this period he met again his old friends, Palombara and Queen Christina, and despite captivity, his fame as a healer and thaumaturge regained its old splendour in the Roman court.
In 1689 Christine of Sweden died, and the new Pope Innocent XII
Pope Innocent XII
Pope Innocent XII , born Antonio Pignatelli, was Pope from 1691 to 1700.-Biography:He was born in Spinazzola to one of the most aristocratic families of the Kingdom of Naples, which included many Viceroys, and ministers to the crown, and was educated at the Jesuit college in Rome.In his twentieth...
revoked the privileges granted to Borri. In 1691 he was imprisoned in Castel Sant'Angelo, where he was to die of disease in 1695. Having caught a fever, the great physician had prescribed himself quinquina
Quinquina
In France, quinquina is a collective name for bitters having quinine as one of their main ingredients. Quinquina is also known as Peruvian Bark.It originates from South America...
’s bark, the most advanced cure then available. But the bark arrived too late, and on 16 August the fever claimed the life of Borri, at the age of 68.
Works
- Lettere di F. B. ad un suo amico circa l’attione intitolata: La Virtù coronata. Roma 1643
- Gentis Burrhorum notitia. Argentorati 1660
- Iudicium....de lapide in stomacho cervi reperto. Hanoviae 1662
- Epistolae duae, 1 De cerebri ortu & usu medico. 2 De artificio oculorum Epistolae duae Ad Th. Bartholinum. Hafniae 1669
- Hermetis, Aegypiorum et Chemicorum sapientia, 1674
- La chiave del Gabinetto del Cavagliere G. F. Borri. Colonia (Geneva) 1681
- Istruzioni politiche date al re di Danimarca. Colonia (Geneva) 1681
- De ortu et progressu Chemiae, Copenhagen, 1668
- Hyppocrates Chymicus seu Chymiae Hyppocraticae Specimina quinque a F. I. B. recognita et Olao Borrichio dedicata. Acc. Brevis Quaestio de circulatione sanguinis. Coloniae 1690
- De virtutibus Balsami Catholici secundum artem chymicam a propriis manibus F. I. B. elaborati. Romae 1694
- De vini degeneratione in acetum et an sit calidum vel frigidum decisio experimentalis in Galleria di Minerva, II, Venezia 1697
- Conspectus chemicorum scriptorum, postum, 1696.
External links
- http://www.alchemywebsite.com/borri_english.htm Giuseppe Francesco Borri, between Crucibles and Salamanders
See also
- List of alchemists
- Porta AlchemicaPorta AlchemicaPorta Alchemica , or Alchemy Gate or Magic Portal, is a monument built between 1678 and 1680 by Massimiliano Palombara marquis of Pietraforte in his residence, Palombara villa, located in the east of Rome on the Esquilino hill in a position almost corresponding to Piazza Vittorio, where today was...