Cosmos: A Personal Voyage

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Overview

Episodes

Episode 1: "The Shores of the Cosmic Ocean"

• 1. Ann Druyan Intro
• Benefits of the end of the Cold War
  Cold War
  
  The Cold War was the continuing state of conflict, tension and competition that existed between a number of world powers, including the United States, the Soviet Union, People's Republic of China, France, United Kingdom and those countries' respective allies from the mid-1940s to the early 1990s....
  
• 2. Opening
• 3. The Cosmos
• Introduction
• Dr. Sagan launches a Spaceship of the Imagination (a dandelion seed)...
• 4. Spaceship Universe
• ...to hundred billion galaxies
  Galaxy
  
  A galaxy is a massive, gravitation system that consists of stars and stellar remnants, an interstellar medium of gas and cosmic dust, and an important but poorly-understood component tentatively dubbed dark matter....
  ...
• Where we are located (the Local Group
  Local Group
  
  The Local Group is the galaxy groups and clusters of galaxy that includes our galaxy, the Milky Way. The group comprises over 50 galaxies , with its gravitational center located somewhere between the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy....
  ), light-year
  Light-year
  
  A light-year or light year is a Units of measurement of length, equal to just under ten orders_of_magnitude_%28numbers%29#1012 kilometres....
  s
• 5 Spaceship Galaxy
• ...to billion trillion star
  Star
  
  A star is a massive, luminous ball of Plasma that is held together by its own gravity. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the energy on Earth....
  s, M31
  Andromeda Galaxy
  
  The Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy approximately 2.5 million light-years away in the constellation Andromeda . It is the nearest spiral galaxy to our own, the Milky Way Galaxy....
  ...
• 6 Spaceship Stars
• ..to the Milky Way
  Milky Way
  
  The Milky Way, sometimes called simply the Galaxy, is the galaxy in which the Solar System is located. It is a barred spiral galaxy that is part of the Local Group of galaxies....
  , globular cluster
  Globular cluster
  
  A globular cluster is a sphere collection of stars that orbits a Galactic Center as a satellite. Globular clusters are very tightly bound by gravity, which gives them their spherical shapes and relatively high stellar densities toward their centers....
  s, pulsar
  Pulsar
  
  Pulsars are highly magnetized, rotating neutron stars that emit a beam of electromagnetic radiation. The observed periods of their pulses range from 1.4 milliseconds to 8.5 seconds....
  s ...
• ..to an inhabited exoplanet
  Extrasolar planet
  
  An extrasolar planet, or exoplanet, is a planet beyond the Solar System, orbiting a star other than the Sun. As of February 2009, 342 exoplanets are listed in the Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia....
  , Orion Nebula
  Orion Nebula
  
  The Orion Nebula is a diffuse nebula situated south of Orion 's Belt. It is one of the brightest nebulae, and is visible to the naked eye in the night sky....
  ...
• 7 Spaceship Solar System
• ..to a yellow star, nine planet
  Planet
  
  A planet , as 2006 definition of planet by the International Astronomical Union , is a celestial body orbiting a star or Stellar evolution#Stellar remnants that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity, is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion, and has cleared the neighbourhood of planetesimals....
  s, dozens of moon
  Natural satellite
  
  A natural satellite or moon is a celestial body that orbits a planet or smaller body, which is called the primary. Technically, the term natural satellite could refer to a planet orbiting a star, or a dwarf galaxy orbiting a major galaxy, but it is normally synonymous with moon and used to identify non-artificial satellites...
  s, thousands of asteroid
  Asteroid
  
  Asteroids, sometimes called minor planets or planetoids, are small Solar System bodies in orbit around the Sun, smaller than planets but larger than meteoroids....
  s and billions of comet
  Comet
  
  A comet is a Small Solar System body that orbits the Sun and, when close enough to the Sun, exhibits a visible coma or a tail?both primarily from the effects of solar radiation upon the Comet nucleus....
  s and flying through Valles Marineris
  Valles Marineris
  
  Valles Marineris is a vast canyon system that runs along the Mars equator just east of the Tharsis region. At more than 4,000 km long, 200 km wide and up to 7 km deep, the Valles Marineris rift system is larger than any of Earth's canyon#largest canyons, and is the largest known crevice in the solar system....
  
• 8 Planet Earth
• Eratosthenes
  Eratosthenes
  
  Eratosthenes of Cyrene was a Greeks mathematician, poet, sportsperson, geographer and astronomer. He made several discoveries and inventions including a system of latitude and longitude....
   and the circumference of Earth
  Earth
  
  Earth is the third planet from the Sun. Earth is the largest of the terrestrial planets in the Solar System in diameter, mass and density. It is also referred to as the World and Wiktionary:Terra.Note that by International Astronomical Union convention, the term "Terra" is used for naming extensive land masses, rather...
  
• 9 Alexandrian Library
• The modern-day city of Alexandria
  Alexandria
  
  Alexandria , with a population of 4.1 million, is the second-largest city in Egypt, and is the country's largest seaport, serving about 80% of Egypt's imports and exports....
   in Egypt
  Egypt
  
  Egypt is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia. Covering an area of about , Egypt borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west....
  
• The ancient Library of Alexandria
  Library of Alexandria
  
  The Royal Library of Alexandria or Ancient Library of Alexandria in Alexandria, Egypt, was once the largest Great libraries of the ancient world....
  
• 10. Ages of Science
• 11. Cosmic Calendar
• The Cosmic Calendar
  Cosmic Calendar
  
  The Cosmic Calendar is a scale in which the lifetime of the universe is mapped onto a calendrical year; that is to say, the Big Bang took place on a cosmic January 1 at precisely midnight, and today's date and time is December 31 at midnight....
  : from the beginning of the universe to the arrival of human
  Human
  
  A human being, also human or man, is a member of a species of bipedalism primates in the family Hominidae . Mitochondrial DNA evidence indicates that modern humans originated in east Africa about 200,000 years ago....
  s
• 12. End Credits

Episode 2: "One Voice in the Cosmic Fugue"

• 1. Opening
• 2. Spaceship Cosmic Matter
• 3. Heike Crab
• The story of the Heike crab
  Heikegani
  
  Heikegani is a species of crab native to Japan, with a shell that bears a pattern resembling a human face. It is locally believed that these crabs are reincarnations of the spirits of the Taira warriors defeated at the Battle of Dan-no-ura as told in The Tale of the Heike....
   and artificial selection
  Artificial selection
  
  Artificial selection describes intentional breeding for certain traits, or combination of traits. It was defined by Charles Darwin in contrast to natural selection, in which the differential reproduction of organisms with certain traits is attributed to improved survival or reproductive ability ....
   of crabs resembling samurai
  Samurai
  
  is the term for the military nobility of Pre-industrial society Japan. According to translator William Scott Wilson: "In Chinese, the character ? was originally a verb meaning to wait upon or accompany a person in the upper ranks of society, and this is also true of the original term in Japanese, saburau....
   warriors
• 4. Artificial Selection
• 5. Natural Selection
• Evolution
  Evolution
  
  In biology, evolution is change in the heritability trait of a population of organisms from one generation to the next. These changes are caused by a combination of three main processes: variation, reproduction, and selection....
   through natural selection
  Natural selection
  
  Natural selection is the process by which favorable heritable trait become more common in successive generations of a population of Reproduction organisms, and unfavorable heritable traits become less common, due to differential reproduction of genotypes....
  
• 6. Watchmaker
• Intelligent design
  Intelligent design
  
  Intelligent design is the term used for the assertion that "certain features of the universe and of life are best explained by an intelligent causality, not an undirected process such as natural selection." It is a modern form of the traditional teleological argument for the existence of God that avoids specifying the nature or identity of th...
  
• 7. Cosmic Calendar
• The development of life on the Cosmic Calendar, and the Cambrian explosion
  Cambrian explosion
  
  The Cambrian explosion or Cambrian radiation was the seemingly rapid appearance of most major groups of complex animals around , as evidenced by the fossil record....
  
• DNA
  DNA
  
  Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetics instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses....
   and its functions in growth, replication and repair; mutation
  Mutation
  
  In biology, mutations are changes to the nucleotide sequence of the genetic material of an organism. Mutations can be caused by copying errors in the genetic material during cell division, by exposure to ultraviolet or ionizing radiation, chemical mutagens, or virus , or can be induced by the organism, itself, by cellular processes such as s...
  s
• 8. Evolution
• Animated evolution, from microbes
  Microorganism
  
  A microorganism or microbe is an organism that is microscopic . The study of microorganisms is called microbiology, a subject that began with Anton van Leeuwenhoek's discovery of microorganisms in 1675, using a microscope of his own design....
   to man
• 9. Kew Gardens-DNA
• Journey into the cell nucleus
  Cell nucleus
  
  In cell biology, the nucleus , also sometimes referred to as the "control center", is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in all eukaryote cell ....
  
• 10. Miller-Urey Experiment
• Common biochemistry
  Biochemistry
  
  Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry processes in living organisms. It deals with the structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules....
   of terrestrial organisms
• Creation of the molecules of life in the laboratory; the Miller-Urey experiment
  Miller-Urey experiment
  
  The Miller?Urey experiment was an experiment that simulated hypothetical conditions thought at the time to be present on the early Earth, and tested for the occurrence of abiogenesis....
  
• 11. Alien Life
• Speculation about life in Jupiter's clouds
  Jupiter
  
  Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the Solar system by size planet within the Solar System. It is two and a half times as massive as all of the other planets in our Solar System combined....
  
• 12. Cosmos Update 10 years later
• RNA
  RNA
  
  Ribonucleic acid is a type of molecule that consists of a long chain of nucleotide units. Each nucleotide consists of a nucleobase, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate....
   can control chemical reactions as well as reproduce itself.
• Comets have a lot of organic molecules in them.

Episode 3: "The Harmony of the Worlds"

• 1. Opening
• 2. Astronomers vs. Astrologers
• Astronomy
  Astronomy
  
  Astronomy is the science of Astronomical object and Phenomenon that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere . It is concerned with the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects, as well as the physical cosmology....
   vs. astrology
  Astrology
  
  Astrology is a group of systems, traditions, and beliefs which hold that the relative positions of astronomical object and related details can provide useful information about personality, human affairs, and other terrestrial matters....
  
• 3. Astrology
• Careful observations, fuzzy thinking and pious fraud.
• 4. Laws of Nature
• 5. Constellations
• Constellation
  Constellation
  
  A constellation is a group of stars that appear to have a physical proximity in the sky. The stars in a constellation are often vastly distant from each other, but they appear close to each other from the perspective of Earth....
  s and ancient astronomy
• 6. Astronomers
• Anasazian ceremonial calendar
• 7. Ptolemy/Copernicus
• Ptolemy
  Ptolemy
  
  Claudius Ptolemaeus , known in English as Ptolemy , was a Roman Greek mathematics, Greek astronomy, geographer and astrologer. He lived in History of Roman Egypt, and was probably born there in a town in the Thebaid called Ptolemais Hermiou; he died in Alexandria around 168 AD....
   and the geocentric
  Geocentric model
  
  In astronomy, the geocentric model or The Ptolemaic worldview of the universe is the Superseded scientific theories#Superseded astronomical and cosmological theories that the Earth is the center of the universe and other objects go around it....
   world view
• 8. Kepler
• Johannes Kepler
  Johannes Kepler
  
  Johannes Kepler was a Germans mathematician, astronomer and astrologer, and key figure in the 17th century Scientific revolution. He is best known for his eponymous Kepler's laws of planetary motion, codified by later astronomers based on his works Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome of Copernican Astrononomy....
   …
• 9. Kepler and Tycho Brahe
• … and Tycho Brahe
  Tycho Brahe
  
  Tycho Brahe, born Tyge Ottesen Brahe , was a Danish nobility known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomy observations. Coming from Sk?neland, then part of Denmark, now part of modern-day Sweden, Brahe was well known in his lifetime as an astronomy and alchemy....
  
• 10. Kepler’s Laws
• Kepler's laws
  Kepler's laws of planetary motion
  
  In astronomy, Kepler's three laws of planetary motion are*"The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the sun at a Focus ."*"A line joining a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time."...
  
• 11. The Somnium
• The first Science Fiction book: The Dream
  Somnium (Kepler)
  
  Somnium is a fantasy written between 1620 and 1630 by Johannes Kepler in which a student of Tycho Brahe is transported to the Moon by occult forces....
  
• 12. End Credits

Episode 4: "Heaven and Hell"

• 1. Opening
• 2. Heaven and Hell
• 3. Tunguska Event
• The Tunguska event
  Tunguska event
  
  The Tunguska Event, or Tunguska explosion, was a powerful explosion that occurred near the Stony Tunguska River in what is now Krasnoyarsk Krai of Russia, at around 7:14 a.m....
  
• 4. Comets
• The composition and origin of comet
  Comet
  
  A comet is a Small Solar System body that orbits the Sun and, when close enough to the Sun, exhibits a visible coma or a tail?both primarily from the effects of solar radiation upon the Comet nucleus....
  s
• 5. Collisions with Earth
• Asteroid
  Asteroid
  
  Asteroids, sometimes called minor planets or planetoids, are small Solar System bodies in orbit around the Sun, smaller than planets but larger than meteoroids....
  s and impact crater
  Impact crater
  
  In the broadest sense, the term impact crater can be applied to any depression, natural or manmade, resulting from the high velocity impact of a projectile with larger body....
  s
• Lunar impact seen by Canterbury
  Canterbury
  
  Canterbury lies at the heart of the City of Canterbury, a local government district of Kent, in South East England. It lies on the River Stour....
   monks in 1178 (Giordano Bruno (crater)
  Giordano Bruno (crater)
  
  Giordano Bruno is a small Moon impact crater on the Far side of the Moon, just beyond the northeastern limb. At this location it lies in an area that can be viewed during a favorable libration, although at such times the area is viewed from the side and not much detail can be seen....
  )
• 6. Planetary Evolution
• 7. Venus
• The controversial theories of Immanuel Velikovsky
  Immanuel Velikovsky
  
  Immanuel Velikovsky was a Russian-born American independent scholar, best known as the author of a number of controversial books reinterpreting the events of ancient history, in particular the US bestseller Worlds in Collision, published in 1950....
  
• The planet Venus
  Venus
  
  Venus is the second-closest planet to the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days. The planet is named after Venus , the Roman mythology goddess of love....
   in fiction and fact
• 8. Descent to Venus
• Venera
  Venera
  
  The Venera series of probes was developed by the USSR between 1961 and 1984 to gather data from Venus. As with some of the USSR's other planetary probes, the later versions were launched in pairs with a second vehicle being launched soon after the first of the pair....
   landers
• 9. Change
• Human impact on the global environment
  Natural environment
  
  The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, is a term that encompasses all life and non-living things occurring nature on Earth or some region thereof....
  
• 10. Deaths of Worlds
• Venus as an example of the greenhouse effect
  Greenhouse effect
  
  The greenhouse effect refers to the change in the steady state temperature of a planet or moon by the presence of an atmosphere containing gas that absorbs and emits infrared....
  
• 11. Conclusion
• 12. Cosmos Update 10 years later
• The hellish conditions of Venus are a reminder of increasing greenhouse effect.

Episode 5: "Blues for a Red Planet"

• 1. Opening
• 2. Martians
• H. G. Wells
  H. G. Wells
  
  Herbert George Wells , known by his pen name H. G. Wells, was an England author, best known for his work in the science fiction genre. Wells and Jules Verne are each sometimes referred to as "The Father of Science Fiction"....
   and The War of the Worlds
• 3. Lowell
• Percival Lowell
  Percival Lowell
  
  Percival Lawrence Lowell was a businessman, author, mathematician, and astronomer who fueled speculation that there were Martian canal on Mars , founded the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, Arizona, and formed the beginning of the effort that led to the discovery of Pluto 14 years after his death....
  's false vision of canals on Mars
  Martian canals
  
  For a time in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it was believed that there were canals on Mars. These were a network of long straight lines that appeared in drawings of the planet Mars in the equatorial regions from 60? N....
  
• 4. Edgar Rice Burroughs
• Barsoom
  Barsoom
  
  Barsoom is a fictional representation of the planet Mars created by American pulp fiction author Edgar Rice Burroughs, who wrote close to 100 swashbuckling action adventure stories in various genres in the first half of the 20th century, and is now best known as the creator of the character Tarzan....
   (The Martians' name of Mars in Edgar Rice Burroughs
  Edgar Rice Burroughs
  
  Edgar Rice Burroughs was an United States author, best known for his creation of the jungle hero Tarzan and the heroic Mars adventurer John Carter , although he produced works in many genres....
  ' science fiction
  Science fiction
  
  Science fiction is a broad genre of fiction that often involves speculations based on current or future science or technology. Science fiction is found in books, art, television, films, games, theatre, and other media....
   books)
• 5. Goddard
• Robert Goddard and early rocket
  Rocket
  
  A rocket or rocket vehicle is a missile, aircraft or other vehicle which obtains thrust by the Reaction of the rocket to the ejection of fast moving fluid exhaust from a rocket engine....
  -building
• 6. Inhabited Planets
• Remote Sensing
  Remote sensing
  
  Remote sensing is the small or large-scale acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon, by the use of either recording or real-time sensing device that is not in physical or intimate contact with the object ....
  
• 7. Mars
• Mars probes
  List of planetary probes
  
  This is a list of all space probes that have left Earth orbit or were launched with that intention but failed, organised by their planned destination....
  
• 8. Viking Landers
• The Viking
  Viking program
  
  NASA's Viking program consisted of a pair of space probes sent to Mars , Viking 1 and Viking 2. Each vehicle was composed of two main parts, an orbiter designed to photograph the surface of Mars from orbit, and a lander designed to study the planet from the surface....
   probes and their search for life on Mars
  Life on Mars
  
  Scientists have long speculated about the possibility of life on Mars owing to the planet's proximity and similarity to Earth. Although fictional Martians have been a recurring feature of popular entertainment, it remains an open question whether life currently exists on Mars, or has existed there in the past....
  
• 9. Life on Mars?
• The work of Sagan's friend, Wolf V. Vishniac
  Wolf V. Vishniac
  
  Wolf V. Vishniac was an United States microbiologist, son of Roman Vishniac. He was a professor of Biology at the University of Rochester. He died while on a research trip to the Antarctic while attempting to retrieve equipment down a crevice....
  
• 10. Mars Rover
• Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
  Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
  
  Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, or RPI, is a Private university research university located in Troy, New York, New York, United States. RPI was founded in 1824 by Stephen Van Rensselaer III for the "application of science to the common purposes of life", and is the oldest technological university in the English-speaking world....
  's suggestion
• 11. Terraforming Mars
• The possibility of terraforming
  Terraforming of Mars
  
  The terraforming of Mars is the hypothetical process by which the Climate of Mars, surface and known properties of Mars would be deliberately changed with the goal of making it planetary habitability and other terrestrial life; and thus providing the possibility of safe and sustainable Colonization of Mars of the large areas of the planet....
   and colonizing
  Colonization of Mars
  
  Mars is the focus of much speculation and serious study about possible human colonization. Its surface conditions and the availability of water make it arguably the most hospitable of the planets in this solar system, other than Earth....
   Mars
• 12. Cosmos Update 10 years later
• Mars is relevant to the global environment of the Earth.
• Humans on Mars
  Human spaceflight
  
  A human spaceflight is a spaceflight with a Astronaut, and possibly passengers. This makes it unlike Robotic spacecraft space probes or remotely-controlled satellites....
  .

Episode 6: "Travellers' Tales"

• 1. Opening
• 2. Voyager, JPL
• The Voyager
  Voyager program
  
  The Voyager program is a series of U.S. unmanned space missions that consists of a pair of unmanned scientific Space probes, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2....
   probes
• 3. Traveller's Routes
• Centuries of sailing ships explorers.
• 4. Dutch Renaissance
• The Netherlands
  Netherlands
  
  The Netherlands is a country that is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The Netherlands is located in North-West Europe, and bordered by the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east....
   in the 17th century
• The persecution of Galileo Galilei
  Galileo Galilei
  
  Galileo Galilei was a Grand Duchy of Tuscany physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution....
   and his compeers by the Roman Catholic Church
  Roman Catholic Church
  
  The Roman Catholic Church, officially known as the Catholic Church is the world's largest Christianity Ecclesia , representing over half of all Christians and one-sixth of the world population....
   for their views on heliocentrism
  Heliocentrism
  
  In astronomy, heliocentrism is the theory that the Sun is at the center of the Universe. The word came from the Greek language . Historically, heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism, which placed the earth at the center....
  
• 5. Huygens
• The life and work of father Constantijn
  Constantijn Huygens
  
  Constantijn Huygens was a The Netherlands poet and composer, Secretary to two Princes, and the father of the scientist Christiaan Huygens. He is often considered a member of what is known as the Muiderkring, a group of leading intellectuals gathered around Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, who met regularly at the castle of Muiden near Amsterdam....
   and particularly son Christiaan Huygens
  Christiaan Huygens
  
  Christiaan Huygens was a prominent Netherlands mathematics, astronomer, physics, and horology. His work included early telescopic studies, investigations and inventions related to time keeping, and studies of both optics and centrifugal force....
   and his contemporaries
• 6. Huygens - conclusion
• Christiaan Huygens
  Christiaan Huygens
  
  Christiaan Huygens was a prominent Netherlands mathematics, astronomer, physics, and horology. His work included early telescopic studies, investigations and inventions related to time keeping, and studies of both optics and centrifugal force....
  ' discoveries.
• 7. Traveller's Tales
• Exaggerations in the past.
• 8. Jovian System
• The Voyager probes (first images of Jupiter
  Jupiter
  
  Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the Solar system by size planet within the Solar System. It is two and a half times as massive as all of the other planets in our Solar System combined....
  ...
• 9. Europa and Io
• ....and its moons
  Jupiter's natural satellites
  
  Jupiter has 63 confirmed natural satellite, giving it the largest retinue of moons with "reasonably secure" orbits of any planet in the Solar System....
  )
• 10. Voyager Ships' Log
• 11. Saturn and Titan
• Saturn
  Saturn
  
  Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest planet in the Solar System, after Jupiter. Saturn, along with Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune, is classified as a gas giant....
   and its system of moons
  Saturn's natural satellites
  
  Saturn has 61 natural satellite with confirmed orbits, 52 of which have names, and most of which are quite small. There are also hundreds of known "moonlets" embedded within Rings of Saturn....
  , including Titan
  Titan (moon)
  
  Titan or Saturn VI is the largest natural satellite of Saturn, the only moon known to have a dense celestial body atmosphere, and the only object other than Earth for which clear evidence of stable bodies of surface liquid has been found....
  
• 12. Cosmos Update 10 years later
• Image processing
  Image processing
  
  In electrical engineering and computer science, image processing is any form of signal processing for which the input is an , such as photographs or video frame; the output of image processing can be either an image or a set of characteristics or parameters related to the image....
   reconstructs Voyager’s worlds.
• Voyager’s last portrait of the Solar System.
• Tiny blue dot.

Episode 7: "The Backbone of Night"

• 1. Opening
• 2. What are the Stars?
• Sagan's childhood in Brooklyn
  Brooklyn
  
  Brooklyn is one of the five Borough of New York City, located at the western end of Long Island. An independent city until its consolidation with New York in 1898, Brooklyn is New York City's most populous borough, with 2.5 million residents, and second largest in area....
  , New York
  New York
  
  The State of New York is a U.S. state in the Mid-Atlantic States and Northeastern United States regions of the United States and is the nation's List of U.S....
  
• 3. Brooklyn Schoolroom
• Teaching children about the cosmos (1)
• 4. Mythology of Stars
• The realization that stars are suns; the Milky Way
  Milky Way
  
  The Milky Way, sometimes called simply the Galaxy, is the galaxy in which the Solar System is located. It is a barred spiral galaxy that is part of the Local Group of galaxies....
   mythology of the !Kung
  !Kung people
  
  The !Kung, or !Xu as it is also spelled in English, also called the Ju|'hoansi, are a people living in the Kalahari Desert in Namibia, Botswana and in Angola....
   bushmen and ancient Greeks.
• 5. Ancient Greek Scientists
• The history of ancient Ionia
  Ionia
  
  Ionia is an ancient region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey, the region nearest Izmir, which was historically Smyrna. It consisted of the northernmost territories of the Ionian League of Hellenes settlements....
  , Thales
  Thales
  
  Thales of Miletus , was a Pre-Socratic philosophy Greek philosophy from Miletus in Asia Minor, and one of the Seven Sages of Greece. Many, most notably Aristotle, regard him as the first philosopher in the Greek philosophy....
  
• The tyrant Polycrates
  Polycrates
  
  Polycrates , son of Aeaces, was the tyrant of Samos Island from c. 538 BC to 522 BC.He took power during a festival of Hera with his brothers Pantagnotus and Syloson, but soon had Pantagnotus killed and exiled Syloson to take full control for himself....
  
• 6. Science Blossoms
• Anaximander
  Anaximander
  
  Anaximander was a pre-Socratic Ancient Greece philosopher who lived in Miletus, a city of Ionia. He belonged to the Milesian school and learned the teachings of his master Thales....
  's use of a stick to tell time and season
  Season
  
  A season is one of the major divisions of the year, generally based on yearly periodic changes in weather.Seasons result from the yearly revolution of the Earth around the Sun and the Axial tilt....
  , Empedocles
  Empedocles
  
  Empedocles was a Hellenic civilization pre-Socratic philosopher and a citizen of Agrigentum, a Greek colony in Sicily. Empedocles' philosophy is best known for being the origin of the cosmogenesis theory of the four classical elements....
   and the water thief
• 7. Democritus
• The Ionian philosophers: Democritus
  Democritus
  
  Democritus was an Ancient Greek philosopher born in Abdera in the north of Greece. He was the most prolific, and ultimately the most influential, of the pre-Socratic philosophers; his atomic theory may be regarded as the culmination of early Greek thought....
  ...
• 8. Pythagoras
• ...Pythagoras
  Pythagoras
  
  Pythagoras of Samos was an Ionians Ancient Greeks mathematician and founder of the religious movement called Pythagoreanism. He is often revered as a great mathematician, mysticism and scientist; however some have questioned the scope of his contributions to mathematics and natural philosophy....
  , Theodorus
  Theodorus of Samos
  
  Theodorus of Samos was a 6th century BC Ancient Greece sculpture and architect from the Greek island of Samos Island. Along with Rhoecus, he was often credited with the invention of ore smelting and, according to Pausanias , the craft of casting....
  , Anaxagoras
  Anaxagoras
  
  Anaxagoras was a Pre-Socratic philosophy Greek philosophy famous for introducing the cosmological concept of Nous , the ordering force....
  
• 9. Plato and the Others
• Plato
  Plato
  
  Plato , was a Classical Greece Greeks philosopher, mathematician, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Platonic Academy in Ancient Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the western world....
  , Aristotle
  Aristotle
  
  Aristotle was a Greeks philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, Poetics , theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology and zoology....
  , Aristarchus
  Aristarchus of Samos
  
  Aristarchus or Aristarch was a Greeks astronomer and mathematician, born on the island of Samos Island, in Greece. He was the first Greek, and the first man in general, to present an explicit argument for a Heliocentrism of the solar system, placing the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the known universe....
   and The Pythagorean
  Pythagorean
  
  Pythagorean means of or pertaining to the ancient Ionian mathematician, philosopher, and music theorist Pythagoras. See:...
  s were suppressors of knowledge, advocates of slavery and of epistemic secrecy
• 10. Distance to Stars
• Christiaan Huygens
  Christiaan Huygens
  
  Christiaan Huygens was a prominent Netherlands mathematics, astronomer, physics, and horology. His work included early telescopic studies, investigations and inventions related to time keeping, and studies of both optics and centrifugal force....
  
• 11. Evidence of Other Planets
• Teaching children about the cosmos (2)
• 12. End Credits

Episode 8: "Journeys in Space and Time"

• 1. Opening
• 2. Constellations
• Constellation
  Constellation
  
  A constellation is a group of stars that appear to have a physical proximity in the sky. The stars in a constellation are often vastly distant from each other, but they appear close to each other from the perspective of Earth....
  s and how they change over time
• 3. Time and Space
• 4. Relativity
• The speed of light
  Speed of light
  
  The speed of light in an free space is an important physical constant usually written as c, with a value of 299,792,458 metres per second....
   and Albert Einstein
  Albert Einstein
  
  Albert Einstein was a Germany-born theoretical physics. He is best known for his theory of relativity and specifically mass?energy equivalence, expressed by the equation E = mc2....
  's theory of relativity
  Theory of relativity
  
  File:spacetime curvature.pngThe theory of relativity, or simply relativity, generally refers specifically to two theories of Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity....
  
• Time dilation
  Time dilation
  
  Time dilation is the phenomenon whereby an observer finds that another's clock, which is physically identical to their own, is ticking at a slower rate as measured by their own clock....
  , redshift
  Redshift
  
  In physics and astronomy, redshift occurs when electromagnetic radiation?usually visible light?emitted or reflected by an object is shifted towards the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum due to the Doppler effect....
  , blue shift
  Blue Shift
  
  "Blue Shift" is the tenth story chronologically to appear in Stephen Baxter's science fiction anthology novel Vacuum Diagrams. "Blue Shift" was originally published in Writers of the Future volume 5 in 1989....
  
• 5. Leonardo da Vinci
• Leonardo da Vinci
  Leonardo da Vinci
  
  Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci was an Italy polymath, being a scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, Painting, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer....
  's designs
• 6. Interstellar Travel
• designs for spaceships
  Spacecraft
  
  A spacecraft is a Craft or machine designed for spaceflight. On a sub-orbital spaceflight, a spacecraft enters outer space then returns to the Earth....
   that could travel near light speed
• 7. Time Travel
• Time travel
  Time travel
  
  Time travel is the concept of moving between different moments in time in a manner analogous to moving between different points in space, either sending objects backwards in time to a moment before the present, or sending objects forward from the present to the future without the need to experience the intervening period ....
   and its hypothetical effects on human history
• 8. Solar Systems
• The origins of the solar system
  Solar System
  
  The Solar System consists of the Sun and those Astronomical object bound to it by gravity: the eight planets and five dwarf planets, their 173 known Natural satellite, and billions of Small Solar System body....
  
• Possible other worlds
• 9. Cosmic Time Frame
• The history of life
  Life
  
  Life is a characteristic of organisms that exhibit certain biological processes such as chemical reactions or other events that results in a transformation....
  
• 10. Dinosaurs
• 11. Immensity of Space
• 12. Cosmos Update 10 years later
• Sagan’s novel Contact
  Contact (novel)
  
  Contact is a science fiction novel written by Carl Sagan and published in 1985.A Contact of the novel starring Jodie Foster was released in 1997....
   regarding supraluminal
  Faster-than-light
  
  Faster-than-light Superluminal communication and interstellar travel refer to the propagation of information or matter faster than the speed of light....
   travelling.
• Kip Thorne
  Kip Thorne
  
  Kip Stephen Thorne is an United States theoretical physics, known for his prolific contributions in gravitation and astrophysics and for having trained a generation of scientists....
   of the California Institute of Technology
  California Institute of Technology
  
  The California Institute of Technology is a private university research university located in Pasadena, California, United States. Caltech maintains a strong emphasis on the natural sciences and engineering....
   and wormhole
  Wormhole
  
  In physics, a wormhole is a hypothetical topology feature of spacetime that is fundamentally a 'shortcut' through space and time. Spacetime can be viewed as a 2D surface, and when 'folded' over, a wormhole bridge can be formed....
  s.

Episode 9: "The Lives of the Stars"

• 1. Opening
• 2. Apple Pie
• Atom
  Atom
  
  |-! bgcolor=gray | Properties|-||}The atom is a basic unit of matter consisting of a dense, central atomic nucleus surrounded by a electron cloud of electric charge electrons....
  s (electron
  Electron
  
  The electron is a subatomic particle that carries a negative electric charge. It has elementary particle and is believed to be a point particle....
  s and nucleus
  Atomic nucleus
  
  The nucleus of an atom is the very dense region, consisting of nucleons , at the center of an atom. Although the size of the nucleus varies considerably according to the mass of the atom, the size of the entire atom is comparatively constant....
  )
• 3. The Very Large
• Powers of ten, the googol
  Googol
  
  A googol is the large number 10100, that is, the numerical digit 1 followed by one hundred 0 .The term was coined in 1938 by Milton Sirotta , nephew of American mathematician Edward Kasner....
   and the googolplex
  Googolplex
  
  A googolplex is the number 10googol, which can also be written as the number 1 followed by a googol of 0 ....
  , infinity
  Infinity
  
  Infinity comes from the Latin infinitas or "unboundedness." It refers to several distinct concepts – usually linked to the idea of "without end" – which arise in philosophy, mathematics, and theology....
  
• 4. Atoms
• 5. Chemical Elements
• The periodic table
  Periodic table
  
  The periodic table of the chemical elements is a table method of displaying the chemical elements. Although precursors to this table exist, its invention is generally credited to Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869....
   of elements
  Chemical element
  
  A chemical element is a type of atom that is distinguished by its atomic number; that is, by the number of protons in its atomic nucleus. The term is also used to refer to a pure chemical Chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons....
  
• 6. Nuclear Forces
• Proton
  Proton
  
  The proton is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of +1 elementary charge. It is found in the nucleus of each atom but is also stable by itself and has a second identity as the hydrogen ion, H+....
  s and neutron
  Neutron
  
  The neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton.Neutrons are usually found in atomic nucleus....
  s
• 7. The Stars and Our Sun
• The lifecycle of stars; white dwarf
  White dwarf
  
  A white dwarf, also called a degenerate dwarf, is a small star composed mostly of electron-degenerate matter. Because a white dwarf's mass is comparable to that of the Sun and its volume is comparable to that of the Earth, it is very density....
  s, neutron star
  Neutron star
  
  A neutron star is a type of compact star that can result from the gravitational collapse of a massive star during a Type II supernova, Type Ib and Ic supernovae supernova event....
  s, black hole
  Black hole
  
  In general relativity, a black hole is a region of space in which the gravitational field is so powerful that nothing, including electromagnetic radiation , can escape its pull after having fallen past its event horizon....
  s
• 8. Death of Stars
• The end of the Sun
  Sun
  
  The Sun , a G V star, is the star at the center of the Solar System. The Earth and other matter orbit the Sun, which by itself accounts for about 98.6% of the Solar System's mass....
   and of Earth
  Earth
  
  Earth is the third planet from the Sun. Earth is the largest of the terrestrial planets in the Solar System in diameter, mass and density. It is also referred to as the World and Wiktionary:Terra.Note that by International Astronomical Union convention, the term "Terra" is used for naming extensive land masses, rather...
  , supernova
  Supernova
  
  A supernova is a Astronomy#Stellar astronomy explosion. Supernovae are extremely luminous and cause a burst of radiation that often briefly outshines an entire galaxy, before fading from view over several weeks or months....
  e, red giant
  Red giant
  
  A red giant is a luminous giant star of low or intermediate mass that is in a late phase of stellar evolution. The outer atmosphere is inflated and tenuous, making the radius immense and the surface temperature low, somewhere from 5,000 K and lower....
  s, pulsar
  Pulsar
  
  Pulsars are highly magnetized, rotating neutron stars that emit a beam of electromagnetic radiation. The observed periods of their pulses range from 1.4 milliseconds to 8.5 seconds....
  s
• 9. Star Stuff
• The creation of different atomic nuclei
  Atomic nucleus
  
  The nucleus of an atom is the very dense region, consisting of nucleons , at the center of an atom. Although the size of the nucleus varies considerably according to the mass of the atom, the size of the entire atom is comparatively constant....
   in stars
• Radioactivity and cosmic ray
  Cosmic ray
  
  Cosmic rays are energetic particles originating from space that impinge on Earth's atmosphere. Almost 90% of all the incoming cosmic ray particles are protons, about 9% are helium nuclei and about 1% are electrons ....
  s
• 10. Gravity in Wonderland
• Gravity and its effects; gravity as the curvature of spacetime
  Spacetime
  
  In physics, spacetime is any mathematical model that combines space and Time in physics into a single continuum . Spacetime is usually interpreted with space being Three-dimensional space and time playing the role of a fourth dimension that is of a different sort than the spatial dimensions....
  , the wormhole
  Wormhole
  
  In physics, a wormhole is a hypothetical topology feature of spacetime that is fundamentally a 'shortcut' through space and time. Spacetime can be viewed as a 2D surface, and when 'folded' over, a wormhole bridge can be formed....
   hypothesis
• 11. Children of the Stars
• 12. Cosmos Update 10 years later
• Supernova SN 1987A
  SN 1987A
  
  SN 1987A was a supernova in the outskirts of the Tarantula Nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a nearby dwarf galaxy....
  .
• Neutrino astronomy
  Neutrino astronomy
  
  Neutrino astronomy is the branch of astronomy that observes astronomical objects with Neutrino detectors in special observatories. Nuclear reactions in stars and supernova explosions produce copious amounts of neutrinos, a very few of which may be detected by a neutrino telescope....
  .

Episode 10: "The Edge of Forever"

• 2. Big Bang
• The origins of the universe, the Big Bang
  Big Bang
  
  The Big Bang is the physical cosmology model of the initial conditions and subsequent development of the universe supported by the most comprehensive and accurate explanations from current scientific method and observation....
   theory
• 3. Galaxies
• Types of galaxies
• 4. Astronomical Anomalies
• Galactic collisions, quasar
  Quasar
  
  A Quasi-stellar radio source is a powerfully energetic and distant active galactic nucleus. Quasars were first identified as being high redshift sources of electromagnetic energy, including radio frequency and visible spectrum, that were point-like, similar to stars, rather than extended sources similar to galaxy....
  s
• 5. Doppler Effect
• The Doppler effect
  Doppler effect
  
  The Doppler effect , named after Austrian physicist Christian Doppler who proposed it in 1842, is the change in frequency and wavelength of a wave for an observer moving relative to the source of the waves....
  
• 6. Humason
• Life and work of Milton L. Humason
  Milton L. Humason
  
  Milton Lasell Humason was as American astronomer. He was born in Dodge Center, Minnesota, Minnesota.He dropped out of school and had no formal education past the age of 14....
  
• 7. Dimensions
• Flatland
  Flatland
  
  Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions is an 1884 in literature science fiction novella by the England schoolmaster Edwin Abbott Abbott.As a satire, Flatland offered pointed observations on the social hierarchy of Victorian era culture....
   & the four-dimensional
  Fourth dimension
  
  In physics and mathematics, a vector of n real number can be understood as a Coordinate system in an n-dimensional Euclidean space. When n = 4, the set of all such locations is called 4-dimensional Euclidean space....
   and closed
  Shape of the Universe
  
  The shape of the Universe is an informal name for a subject of investigation within physical cosmology which describes the geometry of the universe including both #Local geometry and #Global geometry....
   universe
• 8. The Universe
• An infinite universe vs. a god
• 9. India
• Creation myths, esp. Hindu cosmology
  Cosmology
  
  Cosmology is study of the Universe in its totality, and by extension, humanity's place in it. Though the word cosmology is recent , study of the Universe has a long history involving science, philosophy, esotericism, and religion....
  
• 10. Oscillating Universe
• Contracting and re-expanding vs. ever-expanding universe
• 11. VLA
• The Very Large Array
  Very Large Array
  
  The Very Large Array is a radio astronomy observatory located on the Plains of San Augustin, between the towns of Magdalena, New Mexico and Datil, New Mexico, some fifty miles west of Socorro, New Mexico, New Mexico, United States....
   in New Mexico
  New Mexico
  
  New Mexico is a U. S. State located in the Southwestern United States of the United States. Inhabited by Native Americans in the United States populations for many centuries, it has also has been part of the Spanish Empire viceroyalty of New Spain, part of Mexico, and a U.S....
  , dark matter
  Dark matter
  
  In astronomy and physical cosmology, dark matter is Hypothesis matter that is undetectable by its emitted electromagnetic radiation, but whose presence can be inferred from gravity effects on visible matter....
  , the multiverse
  Multiverse (science)
  
  The multiverse is the hypothetical set of multiple possible universes that together comprise all of reality. The different universes within the multiverse are sometimes called parallel universes....
   hypothesis
• 12. Cosmos Update 10 years later
• Milky Way is perhaps a barred spiral galaxy
  Barred spiral galaxy
  
  A barred spiral galaxy is a spiral galaxy with a central bar-shaped structure composed of stars. Bars are found in approximately half of all spiral galaxies....
  .
• Galaxies strung out along odd, irregular surfaces.

Episode 11: "The Persistence of Memory"

• 1. Opening
• Bit
  Bit
  
  A bit is a binary numeral system numerical digit, taking a value of either 0 or 1. Binary digits are a basic unit of information Computer data storage and transmission in digital computing and digital information theory....
  s, the basic units of information
• 2. Intelligence
• The diversity of life in the oceans
  Marine biology
  
  Marine biology is the scientific study of living organisms in the ocean or other Marine or brackish bodies of water.Given that in biology many scientific classification, families and Genera have some species that live in the sea and others that live on land, marine biology classifies species based on the environment rather than on taxon...
  
• 3. Whales
• Whale
  Whale
  
  Whales are marine mammals of order Cetacea which are neither dolphinsmembers, in other words, of the families Oceanic dolphin or River dolphinnor porpoises....
  s and their songs
• The disturbance of the whale communications network by humans
• Whale hunting
  Whaling
  
  Whaling is the hunting of whales and dates back to at least 4,000 BC. The evolution of traditional Arctic whaling developed with increasing rapidity with early organized fleets in the 17th century; competitive national whaling industries in the 18th and 19th centuries; and the introduction of factory ships along with the concept of whale "har...
  
• 4. Genes and DNA
• DNA and the brain
  Brain
  
  The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as cnidarian and echinoderm have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all....
   as libraries
  Library
  
  A library is a collection of information, sources, resources, books, and services, and the structure in which it is housed: it is organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution, or a private individual....
  
• 5. The Brain
• The structure of the human brain: brain stem
  Brain stem
  
  The brain stem is the lower part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord. The brain stem provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the cranial nerves....
  , Paul McLean's Triune Brain Model
  Triune brain
  
  The triune brain is a model proposed by Paul D. MacLean to explain the function of traces of evolution existing in the structure of the human brain....
  : reptilian brain, limbic system
  Limbic system
  
  The limbic system is a set of brain structures including the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, and limbic cortex, which support a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, long term memory, and olfactory....
  , cerebral cortex
  Cerebral cortex
  
  The cerebral cortex is a structure within the brain that plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness....
  
• The frontal lobe
  Frontal lobe
  
  The frontal lobe is an area in the brain of mammals. It is located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere and positioned anterior to the parietal lobes and above and anterior to the temporal lobes....
  s as critical in long-term planning
• Neuron
  Neuron
  
  Neurons are responsive cell in the nervous system that process and transmit information by electrochemical Signal . They are the core components of the brain, the vertebrate spinal cord, the invertebrate ventral nerve cord, and the peripheral nerves....
  s and connections between them, the two brain hemispheres
  Cerebral hemisphere
  
  A cerebral hemisphere is defined as one of the two regions of the brain that are delineated by the body's Anatomical_position#Median_and_sagittal_plane, ....
  , the corpus callosum
  Corpus callosum
  
  The corpus callosum is a structure of the mammalian brain in the longitudinal fissure that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres. It also facilitates communication between the two hemispheres....
  
• 6. The City
• The evolution of cities
  City
  
  A city is an urban area with a high population density and a particular administrative, legal, or historical status.Large industrialized cities generally have advanced systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, house, and transportation and more....
   and …
• 7. Libraries
• …the history of libraries
  Library
  
  A library is a collection of information, sources, resources, books, and services, and the structure in which it is housed: it is organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution, or a private individual....
  , ….
• 8. Books
• …book
  Book
  
  A book is a set or collection of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of paper, parchment, or other material, usually fastened together to hinge at one side....
  s and writing
  Writing
  
  Writing is the representation of language in a textual Media through the use of a set of signs or symbols . It is distinguished from illustration, such as cave drawing and painting, and the recording of language via a non-textual medium such as Magnetic tape sound recording....
  
• 9. Computers
• The development of computer
  Computer
  
  A computer is a machine that manipulates Data according to a list of Code .The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century , although the computer concept and various machines similar to computers existed earlier....
  s and satellite
  Satellite
  
  In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an Physical body which has been placed into orbit by human endeavor. Such objects are sometimes called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as the Moon....
  s, the potential for global collective intelligence
  Collective intelligence
  
  Collective intelligence is a shared or group intelligence that emerges from the collaboration and competition of many individuals. Collective intelligence appears in a wide variety of forms of consensus decision making in bacteria, animals, humans, and computer networks....
  
• 10. Other Brains
• Intelligence on other worlds
• 11. Voyager
• The Voyager Golden Record
  Voyager Golden Record
  
  The Voyager Golden Record is a phonograph record included in the two Voyager program spacecraft launched in 1977. It contains sounds and images selected to portray the diversity of life and culture on Earth....
  
• 12. End Credits

Episode 12: "Encyclopaedia Galactica"

• 1. Opening
• 2. Close Encounters
• Betty and Barney Hill abduction
  Betty and Barney Hill abduction
  
  Betty and Barney Hill were an United States married couple who rose to fame after they claimed to have been abducted by extraterrestrial life on September 19?20, 1961....
   and UFOs
  Unidentified flying object
  
  An unidentified flying object is any aerial phenomenon whose cause can not be easily or immediately determined. Both military and civilian research show that a significant majority of UFO sightings are identified after further investigation, either explicitly or indirectly The USAF, who coined the term in 1952, initially defined UFOs as thos...
  
• 3. Refutations
• 4. UFO’s
• 5. Champollion’s Egypt
• Jean-François Champollion
  Jean-François Champollion
  
  Jean-Fran?ois Champollion was a France classical academia, philology and orientalism.Champollion deciphered the Egyptian hieroglyphs with the help of groundwork laid by his predecessors: Athanasius Kircher, Silvestre de Sacy, Johan David Akerblad, Thomas Young , and William John Bankes....
  's translation of Egyptian hieroglyphs
  Egyptian hieroglyphs
  
  Egyptian hieroglyphs was a formal writing system used by the ancient Egyptians that contained a combination of logographic and alphabetic elements....
  
• 6. Hieroglyphics
• 7. Rosetta Stone
  Rosetta Stone
  
  The Rosetta Stone is an Ancient Egyptian Artifact which was instrumental in advancing modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphsic writing....
  
• 8. SETI
• Our way of communicating with extraterrestrials (SETI
  SETI
  
  Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence is the collective name for a number of activities to detect intelligent extraterrestrial life. The general approach of SETI projects is to survey the sky to detect the existence of interstellar communication from a civilization on a distant planet ? an approach widely endorsed by the scientific...
  )
• 9. Arecibo
• Arecibo Radiotelescope
• 10. Drake Equation and Contact
• The chance of technical civilizations existing elsewhere in the Milky Way galaxy; the Drake equation
  Drake equation
  
  The Drake equation is a famous result in the speculative fields of exobiology and the SETI .This equation was devised by Frank Drake in 1960, in an attempt to estimate the number of extraterrestrial life civilizations in our galaxy with which we might come in contact....
  
• 11. Encyclopedia Galactica
• A look at a hypothetical encyclopedia consisting of other worlds in the galaxy
• 12. Cosmos Update 10 years later
• Fewer sightings of UFOs, more stories of abductions.
• META scanning the skies for signals.

Episode 13: "Who Speaks for Earth?"

• 1. Opening
• 2. Tlingit and Aztec Indians
• The Tlingit
  Tlingit
  
  The Tlingit are an Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Their name for themselves is Ling?t , meaning "people". The Russian language name Koloshi or the related German language name Koulischen may be encountered in older historical literature....
   and the voyage and encounters of the explorer La Pérouse
  La Perouse
  
  La Perouse may refer to*Jean-Fran?ois de Galaup, comte de La P?rouse, a French naval officer and explorer,and the following places which were named after him:...
  
• The Aztecs and the destruction brought by the Spanish
  Spain
  
  Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
   conquistador
  Conquistador
  
  Conquistador is the name given to the Spaniards soldiers, leaders, List of explorers, and adventurers involved in the conquest of the Americas following the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492....
  es
• 3. Who Speaks for Earth?
• Sagan's vision (told as a dream) of traveling to a far distant world, only to return to find that the human race had long since been destroyed by nuclear warfare
  Nuclear warfare
  
  Nuclear warfare, or atomic warfare refers to the strategy for fighting or deterring military conflicts and terrorism when nuclear weapons are present....
  
• 4. Nuclear War and Balance of Terror
• The balance of terror
  Balance of terror
  
  The phrase "balance of terror" is usually used in reference to the nuclear weapon arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union during Cold War....
   on the Earth today
• 5. Alexandrian Library
• The destruction
  Library of Alexandria
  
  The Royal Library of Alexandria or Ancient Library of Alexandria in Alexandria, Egypt, was once the largest Great libraries of the ancient world....
   of the Library of Alexandria ...
• 6. Hypatia
• ...and the murder of Hypatia
  Hypatia of Alexandria
  
  Hypatia of Alexandria was a Greeks scholar from Alexandria in Ancient Egypt, considered the first notable woman in mathematics, who also taught philosophy and astronomy....
  
• 7. Big Bang and the Stuff of Life
• The beginning of the universe and good endeavors of our civilization
• 8. Evolution of Life
• 9. Star Stuff
• 10. What Humans Have Done
• 11. We Speak for Earth
• Sagan's plea to cherish life and continue our journey to the cosmos
• 12. Cosmos Update 10 years later
• Completed the preliminary reconnaissance of planets with spacecraft.
• Mighty walls
  Berlin Wall
  
  The Berlin Wall was a physical separation barrier separating West Berlin from the German Democratic Republic , including East Berlin. The longer inner German border demarcated the border between East and West Germany....
   have come tumbling down. Deadly enemies have embraced.
• Reducing the obscene number of nuclear weapons.

Episode 14: "Ted Turner Interviews Dr. Sagan"

Episode name spelling discrepancies

• An Australia/New Zealand DVD version has printed Encyclopedia Gallactica on the box and the DVD sleeve.

Music of Cosmos

• Disc 1:
• Heaven & Hell, part 1 — Vangelis
  Vangelis
  
  Evangelos Odysseas Papathanassiou , is a Greek composer of electronic music, Progressive music, Ambient music and neoclassicism music, under the artist name Vangelis ....
   — 1975
• The Year 1905
  Symphony No. 11 (Shostakovich)
  
  The Symphony No. 11 in G minor by Dmitri Shostakovich was written in 1957 and premiered by the State Academic Symphony Orchestra of the Russian Federation under Natan Rakhlin on 30 October 1957....
   — Dmitri Shostakovich
  Dmitri Shostakovich
  
  Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich was a List of Russian composers of the Soviet Union period.After a period influenced by Sergei Prokofiev and Igor Stravinsky , Shostakovich developed a hybrid of styles as exemplified in his opera Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District ....
   — 1957
• Alpha — Vangelis — 1976
• Cranes in their Nest — Goro Yamaguchi
  Goro Yamaguchi
  
  Gor? Yamaguchi February 26, 1933- January 3, 1999, a Japanese shakuhachi player, was known for his musicality, phrasing, impeccable technique in solo and ensemble performances....
  
• Clarinet Concerto A major — Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
  Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
  
  Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood in Salzburg. Already competent on keyboard and violin, he composed from the age of five and performed before European royalty; at seventeen he was engaged as a court musician in Salzburg, but grew restless and traveled in search of a better position, always...
   — 1791
• The Pachelbel Canon — Johann Pachelbel
  Johann Pachelbel
  
  Johann Pachelbel was a German Baroque music composer, organist and teacher, who brought the German organ schools to its peak. He composed a large body of sacred and secular music, and his contributions to the development of the chorale prelude and fugue have earned him a place among the most important composers of the middle Baroque era....
   — 1680
• Metamorphosis — Jeffrey Boydstun — 19xx
• The Sea named Solaris (BWV 639)
  Orgelbüchlein
  
  The Orgelb?chlein was written by Johann Sebastian Bach during the period of 1708?1714, while he was in court organist at the ducal court in Weimar....
   — Johann Sebastian Bach
  Johann Sebastian Bach
  
  Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer and organ whose sacred and secular works for choir, orchestra, and solo instruments drew together the strands of the Baroque music period and brought it to its ultimate maturity....
  /Tomita
  Isao Tomita
  
  , is a renowned Japanese electronic music composer....
   — 1714
• Partita for Violin solo no. 3 in E — Johann Sebastian Bach — 1726
• The Four Seasons:Spring
  The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)
  
  The Four Seasons is a set of four violin concertos by Antonio Vivaldi. Composed in 1723, The Four Seasons is Vivaldi's best-known work, and is among the most popular pieces of Baroque music....
   — Antonio Vivaldi
  Antonio Vivaldi
  
  Antonio Lucio Vivaldi , nicknamed il Prete Rosso , was a Baroque music composer and Venice priest, as well as a famous virtuoso violinist, born and raised in the Republic of Venice....
   — 1725
• Sonata D-Dur für Trompete, Oboe und Basso Continuo — Gottfried Finger
  Gottfried Finger
  
  Gottfried Finger , also Godfrey Finger, was a Moravian Baroque music composer. Many of his compositions were for the viol; he also wrote operas....
   — 169x
• Concerto for Mandolin in C major — Antonio Vivaldi — 1725
• The Tale of Tsar Saltan
  The Tale of Tsar Saltan (Rimsky-Korsakov)
  
  The Tale of Tsar Saltan is an opera in four acts with a prologue, seven scenes, by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. The libretto was written by Vladimir Belsky, and is based on the The Tale of Tsar Saltan by Aleksandr Pushkin....
   — Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
  Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
  
  Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov , also Nikolay, Nicolai, and Rimsky-Korsakoff, was a Russian composer, and a member of the group of composers known as "The Five." Noted particularly for a predilection for folk and fairy-tale subjects as well as his extraordinary skill in orchestration, his best known orchestral compositions...
   — 1899
• Legacy — Larry Fast
  Larry Fast
  
  Larry Fast is a synthesizer expert and composer. He is best known for Synergy, his 1975-1987 series of synthesizer music albums, and for his contribution to a number of popular music acts, including Peter Gabriel and Foreigner ....
   — 1975
• Russian Easter Festival Overture
  Russian Easter Festival Overture
  
  Russian Easter Festival Overture Op.36 is a concert overture written by the Russian composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov between August 1887 and April 1888 dedicated to the memories of Modest Mussorgsky and Alexander Borodin, the two members of the legendary "The Five"....
   — Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov — 1888
• Disc 2:
• Pulstar — Vangelis — 1976
• Vishnu symphony no. 19, opus 217 — Alan Hovhaness
  Alan Hovhaness
  
  Alan Hovhaness was an United States composer of Armenian-American and Scottish American ancestry, but the inspiration for his mature work was as much Eastern as Western....
   — 1966
• Melancholy Blues — Louis Armstrong
  Louis Armstrong
  
  Louis Daniel Armstrong , nicknamed Satchmo or Pops, was an American jazz trumpeter and singer.Coming to prominence in the 1920s as an innovative cornet and trumpet player, Armstrong was a foundational influence on jazz, shifting the music's focus from collective improvisation to solo performers....
   — 1923
• Aquarius — Galt MacDermot
  Galt MacDermot
  
  Galt MacDermot is a Canadian pianist, composer and writer of musical theatre. He was educated at Upper Canada College and Bishop's University ....
   — 1968
• Beaubourg, part 2 — Vangelis — 1978
• The Planets: Mars — Gustav Holst
  Gustav Holst
  
  Gustav Theodore Holst was an English composer and was a teacher for nearly 20 years. He is most famous for his orchestral suite The Planets....
   — 1915
• Alien Images 1 — Jeff Boydstun
• Fly...Night Bird — Roy Buchanan
  Roy Buchanan
  
  Roy Buchanan was an United States guitarist and blues musician. He is noted for his use of note bending, volume swells, staccato runs, and pinch harmonics....
   — 1974
• Entends-tu les Chiens aboyer? — Vangelis — 1977
• Le sacre du printemps
  The Rite of Spring
  
  The Rite of Spring, commonly referred to by its original French language title, Le Sacre du Printemps is a ballet with music by the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky, original choreography by Vaslav Nijinsky, and original set design and costumes by archaeologist and painter Nicholas Roerich, all under impresario Serge Diaghilev....
   — Igor Stravinsky
  Igor Stravinsky
  
  Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky was a Russian-born composer, considered by many to be the most influential composer of 20th century music. He was a quintessentially Cosmopolitanism Russian who was named by Time as one of the 100 most influential people of the century....
   — 1913
• Prayer of St. Gregory — Alan Hovhaness — 1946
• Bulgarian Shepherds Song Izlel je Delyo Hajdutin — Valya Balkanska
  Valya Balkanska
  
  Valya Mladenova Balkanska is a Bulgarian folk music singer from the Rhodope Mountains known for singing the song Izlel e Delyu Haydutin, part of the Voyager Golden Record selection of music included in the two Voyager program spacecraft launched in 1977....
  
• Comet 16 — Vangelis — 1986 (only the special edition of Cosmos)

Cosmos, a special edition

1. Other Worlds part 1
2. Other Worlds part 2
3. Children of the Stars part 1
4. Children of the Stars part 2
5. Message from the Sky part 1
6. Message from the Sky part 2

External links

• , Bill Gibron, PopMatters, 20 October 2005