Carnian

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Carnian

The Carnian (less commonly, Karnian) is the lowermost stage of the Upper Triassic

Triassic

The Triassic is a geologic period that extends from about 251 to 199 annum . As the first period of the Mesozoic Era, the Triassic follows the Permian and is followed by the Jurassic....
series

Series (stratigraphy)

Series are subdivisions of stratum made based on the age of the rock. A series is therefore a chronostratigraphy unit, unrelated to lithostratigraphy, which divides rock layers on their lithology....
(or earliest age of the Late Triassic epoch

Epoch

Periodization* Epoch - A defining moment in the beginning of, or characteristic of, a distinctive historical period or era.* On the geologic time scale, a span of time smaller than a "period" and larger than an "age"....
). Its boundaries are not characterized by major extinctions or biotic turnovers, but a climatic event (known as the Carnian Pluvial Event) occurred during the Carnian and seems to be associated with important extinctions or biotic radiations.
Carnian was named in 1869 by Mojsisovics.

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Encyclopedia

The Carnian (less commonly, Karnian) is the lowermost stage of the Upper Triassic

Triassic

The Triassic is a geologic period that extends from about 251 to 199 annum . As the first period of the Mesozoic Era, the Triassic follows the Permian and is followed by the Jurassic....
series

Series (stratigraphy)

Epoch

Naming

The Carnian was named in 1869 by Mojsisovics. It is unclear if it was named after the Carnic Alps

Carnic Alps

The Carnic Alps are a Mountain range of the Southern Limestone Alps in East Tyrol, Carinthia and Friuli . They extend from east to west for about 100 km between the Gail River, tributary to the Drava and the Tagliamento, forming the border between Austria and Italy....
or after the Austrian region of Carinthia

Carinthia (state)

Carinthia is the southernmost Austrian States of Austria or Land. Situated within the Eastern alps it is chiefly noted for its mountains and lakes....
(Kärnten in German). The name, however, was first used referring to a part of the Hallstatt Limestone cropping out in Austria

Austria

Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It borders both Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west....
.

Dating and subdivisions

There is not an established, standard usage for the Carnian subdivisions, thus, while in some regional stratigraphies a two-substage subdivision is common:

Julian
Tuvalian

others prefer a three-substage organization of the stage as follows:

Cordevolian
Julian
Tuvalian

The Carnian spans from 228.0 ± 2.0 to 216.5 ± 2.0 Ma in the proposed geologic time scale

Geologic time scale

File:Geologic clock.jpgThe geologic time scale is a chronology schema relating stratigraphy to time that is used by geologys and other earth sciences scientists to describe the timing and relationships between events that have occurred during the history of the Earth....
by Gradstein et al. (2004). These dates are interpolated, because direct radiometric dates

Radiometric dating

Radiometric dating is a technique used to date materials, usually based on a comparison between the observed abundance of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope and its decay products, using known decay rates....
for this stage were missing when that time scale was compiled. Recently, Upper Carnian beds in southern Italy yielded an age of 230.91 ± 0.33 Ma. The age and duration of the Carnian need thus to be reconsidered.

Definition

The base of the Carnian stage is not yet formally defined. The leading GSSP candidate is at Prati di Stuores/Stuores Wiesen, in Badia valley, Italy

Italy

Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
. The proposed base of the Carnian is at the First Occurrence of the ammonoid Daxatina canadensis. Other possible candidate sections are in Spiti

Spiti

Spiti may refer to:...
, India

India

India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
n Himalayas

Himalayas

The Himalaya Range or Himalayas for short , meaning "abode of snow" ), is a mountain range in Asia, separating the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau....
, and at New Pass in Nevada

Nevada

Nevada is a U.S. state located in the Western United States of the United States of America. The capital is Carson City and the largest city is Las Vegas, Nevada....
.

Paleogeography and climate

The paleogeography of the Carnian was basically the same as for the rest of the Triassic. Most continents were merged into the supercontinent Pangaea

Pangaea

Pangaea, Pang?a or Pangea was the supercontinent that existed during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras about 250 million years ago, before the component continents were separated into their current configuration....
, and there was a single global ocean, Panthalassa

Panthalassa

Panthalassa , also known as the Panthalassic Ocean, was the vast global ocean that surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea, during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras....
. The global ocean had a western branch at tropical latitudes called Paleo-Tethys

Paleo-Tethys Ocean

The Paleo-Tethys Ocean was an ancient Paleozoic ocean. It was located between the paleocontinent Gondwana and the so called Hunic terranes. These are divided into the European Hunic and Asiatic Hunic ....
. The sediments of Paleo-Tethys now crop out in southeastern Europe

Europe

Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
, in the Middle East

Middle East

File:GreaterMiddleEast1.pngThe Middle East is a region that spans southwestern Asia, western Asia, and northeastern Africa. It has no clear boundaries, often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East....
, in the Himalayas

Himalayas

The Himalaya Range or Himalayas for short , meaning "abode of snow" ), is a mountain range in Asia, separating the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau....
, and up to the island of Timor

Timor

Timor is an island at the south end of the Malay Archipelago, north of the Timor Sea. It is divided between the independent state of East Timor, , and West Timor, belonging to the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara....
.

The extreme land-sea distribution led to "mega-monsoons", i.e., an atmospheric monsoon regime

Monsoon

A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind that lasts for several months. The term was first used in English in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and neighboring countries to refer to the big seasonal winds blowing from the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea in the southwest bringing heavy rainfall to the region....
more intense than the present one.

As for most of the Mesozoic, there were no ice caps. Climate was mostly arid in the tropics, but an episode of wet tropical climate is documented at least in the Paleo-Tethys. This putative climatic event is called the “Carnian Pluvial Event”, its age being between latest early Carnian (Julian) and the beginning of late Carnian (Tuvalian). The nature of this event is still discussed; some scientists believe it is only an artifact, due to the migration of continents

Continental drift

Continental drift is the movement of the Earth's continents relative to each other. The hypothesis that continents 'drift' was first put forward by Abraham Ortelius in 1596 and was fully developed by Alfred Wegener in 1912....
of the Tethyan area across the equatorial climatic belt. Following this idea, the apparent shift from arid to humid, and then back to arid climate simply testifies the continents going from southern tropical, to equatorial, and then to northern tropical latitudes.

Flora

In the marine realm, the Carnian saw the first abundant occurrences of calcareous nannoplankton, a morphological group including the Coccolithophore

Coccolithophore

Coccolithophores are single-celled algae, protists and phytoplankton belonging to the division haptophytes. They are distinguished by special calcium carbonate plates of uncertain function called coccoliths , which are important Micropaleontology....
s.

Invertebrate Fauna

There are a few invertebrates which are typical and characteristic of the Carnian. Among molluscs, the ammonoid

Ammonite

Ammonites are an Extinction group of marine animals of the Subclass Ammonoidea in the class Cephalopoda, phylum Mollusca. They are excellent index fossils, and it is often possible to link the rock layer in which they are found to specific Geologic time scale....
genus Trachyceras is exclusive of the lower Carnian (i.e., Julian of the two-substages subdivision, see above). The family tropitidae and the genus Tropites appear at the base of the upper Carnian (Tuvalian). The bivalve

Bivalvia

Bivalves are molluscs belonging to the class Bivalvia. They have two-part animal shells, and typically both valves are symmetry along the hinge line....
genus Halobia, a bottom-dweller of deep sea environments, differentiated from Daonella at the beginning of this age. Scleractinia

Scleractinia

Scleractinia, also called Stony corals, are exclusively marine animals; they are very similar to sea anemones but generate a hard skeleton....
n coral reefs, i.e., reefs with corals of the modern type, became relatively common for the first time in the Carnian.

Vertebrate Fauna

The earliest dinosaur

Dinosaur

Dinosaurs were the dominant vertebrate animals of Landform ecosystems for over 160 million years, from the late Triassic Period until the end of the Cretaceous Period , when most of them became extinct in the Cretaceous?Tertiary extinction event....
Eoraptor
Eoraptor

Eoraptor was one of the world's earliest dinosaurs. It was a Biped Carnivore that lived between 230 and 225 million years ago, in what is now the northwestern region of Argentina....
originated slightly before the Carnian stage began around 230 Ma

Annum

Annum is one form of the Latin noun meaning year, not a form normally used for derivatives in modern languages: the accusative case Grammatical number of the second declension grammatical gender noun annus , anni ....
, nevertheless, the oldest well documented dinosaurian assemblage, in the Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina

Argentina

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic , is a country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city....
, is most probably late Carnian in age.

Conodont

Conodont

Conodonts are extinct chordata resembling eels, classified in the class Conodonta. For many years, they were known only from tooth-like microfossils now called conodont elements, found in isolation....
s are present in Triassic marine sediments. Paragondolella polygnathiformis appears at the base of the Carnian stage, and is perhaps the most characteristic species. A partial list of Carnian vertebrates is given below.

Many Carnian vertebrates are found in Santa Maria Formation

Santa Maria Formation

The Santa Maria Formation is a sedimentary geological formation found in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It has a late Ladinian ? early Carnian age , and is notable for its fossils of early dinosaurs, including the herrerasaur Staurikosaurus, the basal saurischian Teyuwasu, and the basal sauropodomorpha Saturnalia ....
rocks of the Paleorrota

Paleorrota

Paleorrota , is a geopark located in the center of the state of the Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, along which are found Triassic rocks and fossils, from a time when there was only the continent Pangaea....
geopark

Geopark

A Geopark is defined by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization in its UNESCO Geoparks International Network of Geoparks programme as follows:...
.

Temnospondyls

Temnospondyls of the Carnian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Cyclotosaurus Cyclotosaurus *Cyclotosaurus* is an extinct genus of temnospondyl....
Deltasaurus Deltasaurus *Deltasaurus* is an extinct genus of Carnian Temnospondyli amphibian of the Rhytidosteidae family.It is the most common animal fossil of the Blina Shale, a fossil deposit at the eastern end of the Erskine Range in the Kimberley region of Western Australia....		Australia
Metoposaurus Metoposaurus *Metoposaurus* is an extinct genus of temnospondyl amphibian. The highly flattened creature was probably mostly aquatic, possessing small, weak limbs....

Ichthyosaurs

Ichthyosaurs of the Carnian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Californosaurus Californosaurus *Californosaurus perrini* was an ichthyosaur, an extinct fish-like marine reptile, from the Lower Hosselkus Limestone of California. It has also been known as Shastasaurus perrini and Delphinosaurus perrini....
Shastasaurus Shastasaurus *Shastasaurus* is a genus of ichthyosaur from the Late Triassic of California and Mexico....
Shonisaurus

Archosauromorphs (non-archosaurian)

Non-Archosaurian Paraphyly In phylogenetics, a group of organisms is said to be paraphyletic if the group contains its most recent common ancestor Common descent but does not contain all the descendants of that ancestor.... Archosauromorphs of the Carnian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Hyperodepedon Hyperodepedon *Hyperodapedon* is a genus of rhynchosaur from the Triassic Period. "Scaphonyx", once thought to be a dinosaur, is now known to be based on material from a specimen of Hyperodapedon, making the name "Scaphonyx" an invalid junior synonym....		Paleorrota Paleorrota Paleorrota , is a geopark located in the center of the state of the Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, along which are found Triassic rocks and fossils, from a time when there was only the continent Pangaea.... , Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world.... .
Trilophosaur Trilophosaur Trilophosaurs were lizard-like Triassic diapsid reptiles related to the archosaurs. The best known genus is Trilophosaurus, a herbivore up to 2.5 meters long.... us

Crurotarsans (non-crocodylomorph)

†Non-crocodylomorph Paraphyly In phylogenetics, a group of organisms is said to be paraphyletic if the group contains its most recent common ancestor Common descent but does not contain all the descendants of that ancestor.... Crurotarsans of the Carnian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Desmatosuchus Desmatosuchus *Desmatosuchus* is an extinct genus of archosaur belonging to the Order Aetosauria. It was one of the largest aetosaurs, being 5 m long and about 1.50 m high....
Doswellia Doswellia *Doswellia* is the name given to a genus of Crurotarsi from the Late Triassic . It lived in what is now North America. The type species, Doswellia kaltenbachi, was described by Weems in 1980....
Ornithosuchus Ornithosuchus *Ornithosuchus* is an extinct genus of crurotarsi from the Late Triassic of Scotland. Originally it was thought to be the ancestor to the carnosaur dinosaurs , however now it is known to be more closely related to crocodilians than dinosaurs....
Palaeorhinus
Postosuchus Postosuchus *Postosuchus* was a basal archosaur which lived in what is now North America during the middle through to the late Triassic period . It was a Rauisuchia, a cousin of crocodilia and came from the same ancestry as dinosaurs....
Rutiodon Rutiodon *Rutiodon* is an extinct genus of archosaur belonging to the family Phytosauridae. It lived during the Late Triassic Period , and was up to 3 metre long....
Saurosuchus Saurosuchus *Saurosuchus* is an extinct genus of archosaur reptile belonging to the rauisuchian order. With a length of 7 m , it was the largest member of the group, except perhaps for the less well known Fasolasuchus....
Stagonolepis Stagonolepis *Stagonolepis* is an extinct genus of archosaur reptile belonging to the aetosaur order. It was about 3 m long.An aetosaur, Stagonolepis was a quadrupedal animal covered in thick scutes that ran down the length of the animal's body....

Crocodylomorphs

Crocodylomorphs of the Carnian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Hesperosuchus Hesperosuchus *Hesperosuchus* is an extinct genus of crocodylomorph reptile that contains a single species, Hesperosuchus agilis. Remains of this sphenosuchian have been found in Late Triassic strata from Arizona and New Mexico....

Non-dinosaur Ornithodira

†Ornithodira Ornithodira Ornithodira is a clade within the larger group Archosauria.In 1986 Jacques Gauthier coined the name for a node clade, containing the last common ancestor of the dinosaurs and the pterosaurs and all of its descendants.... of the Carnian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Silesaurus Silesaurus *Silesaurus* is a genus of dinosauriformes from the Late Triassic, approximately 230 million years ago in the Carnian faunal stage of what is now Poland....		Silesia, Poland
Sacisaurus Sacisaurus *Sacisaurus, from the Portuguese language sacissauro*, is a genus of dinosauriformes that lived in the south of Brazil 220 million years ago, in the Triassic period....		Agudo Agudo Agudo may mean:;Brazil;Spain... , Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Dinosaurs

†Dinosaur Dinosaur Dinosaurs were the dominant vertebrate animals of Landform ecosystems for over 160 million years, from the late Triassic Period until the end of the Cretaceous Period , when most of them became extinct in the Cretaceous?Tertiary extinction event.... s of the Carnian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Blikanasaurus Blikanasaurus *Blikanasaurus* was a genus of sauropodomorph dinosaur found in Lower Elliot Formation rocks from the Late Triassic in what is now South Africa's Cape Province....	Disputed: considered Norian Norian The Norian Stage was a portion of the Triassic geological period. It dates from 216.5 ? 2.0 to 203.6 ? 1.5 Mya . It was preceded by the Carnian Stage and succeeded by the Rhaetian Stage.... by some researchers.
Eoraptor Eoraptor *Eoraptor* was one of the world's earliest dinosaurs. It was a Biped Carnivore that lived between 230 and 225 million years ago, in what is now the northwestern region of Argentina....
Euskelosaurus Euskelosaurus *Euskelosaurus* was a semi-bipedal dinosaur from the Late Triassic. It was a prosauropod that lived in the Late Triassic Period, in present-day South Africa, Lesotho, and Zimbabwe....	Disputed: considered Norian Norian The Norian Stage was a portion of the Triassic geological period. It dates from 216.5 ? 2.0 to 203.6 ? 1.5 Mya . It was preceded by the Carnian Stage and succeeded by the Rhaetian Stage.... by some researchers.
Guaibasaurus Guaibasaurus *Guaibasaurus* was a basal Saurischian dinosaur genus which lived during the Triassic period. Its fossils were found in the geopark of Paleorrota, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil....		Paleorrota Paleorrota Paleorrota , is a geopark located in the center of the state of the Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, along which are found Triassic rocks and fossils, from a time when there was only the continent Pangaea.... , Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world.... .
Staurikosaurus Staurikosaurus *Staurikosaurus* is a genus of early dinosaur from the Late Triassic of Brazil....		Paleorrota Paleorrota Paleorrota , is a geopark located in the center of the state of the Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, along which are found Triassic rocks and fossils, from a time when there was only the continent Pangaea.... , Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world.... .
Saturnalia		Paleorrota Paleorrota Paleorrota , is a geopark located in the center of the state of the Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, along which are found Triassic rocks and fossils, from a time when there was only the continent Pangaea.... , Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world.... .	May have been a primitive sauropodomorph, probably grew to about 1.5 meters (5 ft) long.
Unaysaurus Unaysaurus *Unaysaurus* is a genus of sauropodomorpha dinosaur, and is one of the oldest dinosaurs known. It was discovered in southern Brazil,in the geopark of paleorrota, in 1998, and announced in a press conference on Thursday, December 3, 2004....		Paleorrota Paleorrota Paleorrota , is a geopark located in the center of the state of the Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, along which are found Triassic rocks and fossils, from a time when there was only the continent Pangaea.... , Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world.... .
Herrerasaurus Herrerasaurus *Herrerasaurus* was one of the earliest dinosaurs. All known specimens of this carnivore have been discovered in northwest of Argentina, in late Triassic Period rocks ....
Pisanosaurus Pisanosaurus *Pisanosaurus* is a genus of primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Late Triassic of what is now South America. It was a bipedalism herbivore described by Argentine paleontologist Rodolfo Casamiquela in 1967....		Ischigualasto Formation, San Juan, Argentina	A small, lightly-built dinosaur approximately 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in length and 30 cm (12 in) in height. It was bipedal and, like all ornithischians, was probably exclusively herbivorous.
Teyuwasu Teyuwasu 'Teyuwasu' is a dubious genus of dinosaur from the Late Triassic. Named by E.E. Kischlat in 1999, little is currently known about this genus; the type species, T....

Therapsids (non-mammalian)

†Non-mammalian Paraphyly In phylogenetics, a group of organisms is said to be paraphyletic if the group contains its most recent common ancestor Common descent but does not contain all the descendants of that ancestor.... Therapsids of the Carnian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Exaeretodon Exaeretodon 'Exaeretodon' is a genus of traversodontidae cynodont; several species are known, from various geologic formation. E. argentinus, E. frenguelli, and E....		Paleorrota Paleorrota Paleorrota , is a geopark located in the center of the state of the Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, along which are found Triassic rocks and fossils, from a time when there was only the continent Pangaea.... , Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world.... .
Placerias Placerias *Placerias* was a dicynodont that lived during the late Carnian of the Triassic Period . It was a member of the family Kannemeyeridae, the last known representative of the group at this time: the dicynodonts went extinct shortly afterwards....

Mammaliaformes

Mammaliaformes Mammaliaformes Mammaliaformes is a clade that contains the mammals and their closest Extinction relatives. The precise Phylogenetics is disputed due to the scantness of evidence in the fossil record.... of the Carnian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Adelobasileus		Tecovas formation Palo Duro Canyon Palo Duro Canyon is a canyon system of the Caprock Escarpment in the Texas Panhandle of Texas . As the second largest canyon in the United States, it is roughly 120 miles long and has an average width of 6 miles, but reaches a width of 20 miles at places.... , Texas, USA	Thought to be the common ancestor of all modern mammals or a close relative of the common ancestor

Thalattosaurians

Thalattosauria of the Carnian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Miodentosaurus Miodentosaurus *Miodentosaurus* is a genus of thalattosaurian from the Late Triassic of China.Sources* ...		Falang Formation, Guizhou, China	A relatively large thalattosaurian, more than 4 meters long.

Classic localities and lagerstätten

The lower Carnian fauna of the San Cassiano Formation (Dolomites

Dolomites

The Dolomites are a section of the Alps. They are located for the most part in the province of Province of Belluno, the rest in the provinces of Province of Bolzano-Bozen and Province of Trento ....
, northern Italy

Italy

Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
) has been studied since the 19th century. Fossiliferous localities are many, and are distributed mostly in the surroundings of Cortina d'Ampezzo

Cortina d'Ampezzo

Cortina d'Ampezzo is a town and municipality in Alps and the province of Belluno, Veneto, northern Italy. Located in the heart of the Dolomites in an alpine valley, it is a popular winter sport resort known for its ski-ranges, scenery, accommodations, shops and apr?s-ski scene....
and in the high Badia Valley, near the village of San Cassiano

San Cassiano

San Cassiano is a town and comune in the Italy province of Lecce in the Apulia region of south-east Italy.History...
, after which the formation was named. This fauna is extremely diverse, including ammonoids, gastropods, bivalves, echinoderms, calcareous sponge, corals, brachiopod

Brachiopod

Brachiopods are a small Phylum of benthic invertebrates. Also known as lamp shells , "brachs" or Brachiopoda, they are Sessility , two-valved, Marine animals with an external morphology superficially resembling Bivalvias to which they are not closely related....
s, and a variety of less common fossils. A collection of this fauna is exposed in the “Museo delle Regole”, a museum in Cortina d'Ampezzo

Cortina d'Ampezzo

Cortina d'Ampezzo is a town and municipality in Alps and the province of Belluno, Veneto, northern Italy. Located in the heart of the Dolomites in an alpine valley, it is a popular winter sport resort known for its ski-ranges, scenery, accommodations, shops and apr?s-ski scene....
.

The Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina yielded a very important vertebrate association, including the oldest dinosaurian assemblage.

External links

at DinoData

Carnian

Naming

Dating and subdivisions

Definition

Paleogeography and climate

Flora

Invertebrate Fauna

Vertebrate Fauna

Temnospondyls

Ichthyosaurs

Archosauromorphs (non-archosaurian)

Crurotarsans (non-crocodylomorph)

Crocodylomorphs

Non-dinosaur Ornithodira

Dinosaurs

Therapsids (non-mammalian)

Mammaliaformes

Thalattosaurians

Classic localities and lagerstätten

See also

External links