Terebovlia
Encyclopedia
Terebovlia is a small city
in the Ternopil Oblast
(province
) of western Ukraine
, and the administrative center of the Terebovlya Raion
(district
). In modern medieval English history texts it is usually written Terebovl.
The current population census is 13,661. In 1929 there was 7,015 people, mostly Polish, Ukrainian and Jewish. Prior to the Holocaust, the city was home to 1,486 Jews
, and most of them (around 1,100) were shot by Germans
in the nearby village of Plebanivka on April 7, 1943.
. It was first mentioned in chronicles in the year 1097. During the Red Ruthenia
times it used to be the center of Terebovlia principality. It was called Terebovl (Polish:
Trembowla). Terebovlia principality included lands of the whole south east of Galicia, Podolia
and Bukovyna. Polish King Casimir III the Great became the suzerain of Halych after his cousin's death, Boleslaw-Yuri II of Galicia, when the city became part of the Polish domain, being fully incorporated into Poland in 1430 during the reign of king Władysław II Jagiełło, while his son Casimir IV Jagiellon
granted the town limited Magdeburg Rights
.
After the rebuilding of the castle in Terebovlia in 1366, Poland
's (Podole Voivodeship
) administered the town, until it became part of the system of border fortifications of Polish Kingdom and later Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
against Moldavia
n and Wallachia
n transgressions. Later also against the constant invasion by the Crimean Tatars
, Turkish
and later also Zaporozhian Cossacks from the south and south-east. That is why the Terebovlya castle, monastery and churches, were all designed as defensive structures. This was the seat of the famous starost and most successful 16th century anti-Tatar Polish commander Bernard Pretwicz, who died there in 1563. In 1594, the Ukrainian cossack rebel Severyn Nalyvaiko
sacked the town.
Terebovl became one of the centers of the struggle in Podolia
lands. The city was frequently raided by the Crimean Tatars
, Turks
and their erstwhile
allies, the Zaporozhian Cossacks. The most destructive attacks happened in 1498, 1508, 1515 and 1516, resulting in a temporary decline of the town. In 1674, as part of preparations for another war with the Turks, who at that time were at war with Russia, the Diet
decided to further strengthen Terebovlia and send garrisons there. The following year the Janissary
once again embarked on raids against towns and villages, and on 20 September 1675 destroyed the town, but the castle was held by a small group of defenders (80 soldiers and 200 townsmen) until King Jan III Sobieski arrived to relieve them. This episode is known as the Battle of Trembowla
. The castle was destroyed during the final Turkish invasion of 1688.
Here the Bar Confederacy was declared in 1768. After the first partition of Poland
in 1772, Terebovlia became part of the Austrian Empire until 1918, then after the Polish-Ukrainian War
and Polish-Soviet War
again it became part of Poland (1918–1939). Then the Soviet Union took the city along with eastern Poland until the German invasion in 1941, and then again the Soviet Union took over the town at it became part of the Soviet Ukraine between 1944–1991. In 1991 Terebovl finally became part of an independent Ukraine.
City
A city is a relatively large and permanent settlement. Although there is no agreement on how a city is distinguished from a town within general English language meanings, many cities have a particular administrative, legal, or historical status based on local law.For example, in the U.S...
in the Ternopil Oblast
Ternopil Oblast
Ternopil Oblast is an oblast' of Ukraine. Its administrative center is Ternopil, through which flows the Seret River, a tributary of the Dnister.-Geography:...
(province
Oblast
Oblast is a type of administrative division in Slavic countries, including some countries of the former Soviet Union. The word "oblast" is a loanword in English, but it is nevertheless often translated as "area", "zone", "province", or "region"...
) of western Ukraine
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
, and the administrative center of the Terebovlya Raion
Terebovlya Raion
Terebovlya Raion is a raion in Ternopil Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is Terebovlya. It has a population of 70 900.-See also:* Subdivisions of Ukraine* Ternopil Oblast...
(district
Raion
A raion is a type of administrative unit of several post-Soviet countries. The term, which is from French rayon 'honeycomb, department,' describes both a type of a subnational entity and a division of a city, and is commonly translated in English as "district"...
). In modern medieval English history texts it is usually written Terebovl.
The current population census is 13,661. In 1929 there was 7,015 people, mostly Polish, Ukrainian and Jewish. Prior to the Holocaust, the city was home to 1,486 Jews
Jews
The Jews , also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and ethnoreligious group originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation...
, and most of them (around 1,100) were shot by Germans
Germans
The Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages....
in the nearby village of Plebanivka on April 7, 1943.
History
Terebovlia is one of the oldest cities in present western UkraineUkraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
. It was first mentioned in chronicles in the year 1097. During the Red Ruthenia
Red Ruthenia
Red Ruthenia is the name used since medieval times to refer to the area known as Eastern Galicia prior to World War I; first mentioned in Polish historic chronicles in the 1321, as Ruthenia Rubra or Ruthenian Voivodeship .Ethnographers explain that the term was applied from the...
times it used to be the center of Terebovlia principality. It was called Terebovl (Polish:
Polish language
Polish is a language of the Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages, used throughout Poland and by Polish minorities in other countries...
Trembowla). Terebovlia principality included lands of the whole south east of Galicia, Podolia
Podolia
The region of Podolia is an historical region in the west-central and south-west portions of present-day Ukraine, corresponding to Khmelnytskyi Oblast and Vinnytsia Oblast. Northern Transnistria, in Moldova, is also a part of Podolia...
and Bukovyna. Polish King Casimir III the Great became the suzerain of Halych after his cousin's death, Boleslaw-Yuri II of Galicia, when the city became part of the Polish domain, being fully incorporated into Poland in 1430 during the reign of king Władysław II Jagiełło, while his son Casimir IV Jagiellon
Casimir IV Jagiellon
Casimir IV KG of the House of Jagiellon was Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1440, and King of Poland from 1447, until his death.Casimir was the second son of King Władysław II Jagiełło , and the younger brother of Władysław III of Varna....
granted the town limited Magdeburg Rights
Magdeburg rights
Magdeburg Rights or Magdeburg Law were a set of German town laws regulating the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages granted by a local ruler. Modelled and named after the laws of the German city of Magdeburg and developed during many centuries of the Holy Roman Empire, it was...
.
After the rebuilding of the castle in Terebovlia in 1366, Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
's (Podole Voivodeship
Podole Voivodeship
The Podole Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland, since the 14th century till 1793/1795, except for a short period of Ottoman Empire administration as Podolia Eyalet. Together with the Bracław Voivodeship it formed the historical province...
) administered the town, until it became part of the system of border fortifications of Polish Kingdom and later Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was a dualistic state of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch. It was the largest and one of the most populous countries of 16th- and 17th‑century Europe with some and a multi-ethnic population of 11 million at its peak in the early 17th century...
against Moldavia
Moldavia
Moldavia is a geographic and historical region and former principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester river...
n and Wallachia
Wallachia
Wallachia or Walachia is a historical and geographical region of Romania. It is situated north of the Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians...
n transgressions. Later also against the constant invasion by the Crimean Tatars
Crimean Tatars
Crimean Tatars or Crimeans are a Turkic ethnic group that originally resided in Crimea. They speak the Crimean Tatar language...
, Turkish
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
and later also Zaporozhian Cossacks from the south and south-east. That is why the Terebovlya castle, monastery and churches, were all designed as defensive structures. This was the seat of the famous starost and most successful 16th century anti-Tatar Polish commander Bernard Pretwicz, who died there in 1563. In 1594, the Ukrainian cossack rebel Severyn Nalyvaiko
Severyn Nalyvaiko
Severyn Nalyvaiko was a leader of the Ukrainian Cossacks who became a hero of Ukrainian folklore. He led the Nalyvaiko Uprising. The Decembrist poet Kondraty Ryleyev wrote a poem about him.-Biography:...
sacked the town.
Khmelnytsky Uprising
During the Khmelnytsky UprisingKhmelnytsky Uprising
The Khmelnytsky Uprising, was a Cossack rebellion in the Ukraine between the years 1648–1657 which turned into a Ukrainian war of liberation from Poland...
Terebovl became one of the centers of the struggle in Podolia
Podolia
The region of Podolia is an historical region in the west-central and south-west portions of present-day Ukraine, corresponding to Khmelnytskyi Oblast and Vinnytsia Oblast. Northern Transnistria, in Moldova, is also a part of Podolia...
lands. The city was frequently raided by the Crimean Tatars
Crimean Tatars
Crimean Tatars or Crimeans are a Turkic ethnic group that originally resided in Crimea. They speak the Crimean Tatar language...
, Turks
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
and their erstwhile
Erstwhile
Erstwhile is a word referring to "In the past; at a former time; formerly." It may also refer to:*Erstwhile Records...
allies, the Zaporozhian Cossacks. The most destructive attacks happened in 1498, 1508, 1515 and 1516, resulting in a temporary decline of the town. In 1674, as part of preparations for another war with the Turks, who at that time were at war with Russia, the Diet
Diet
Diet, in relation to food, might mean:*Diet , the sum of the food consumed by an organism or group*Dieting, the deliberate selection of food to control body weight or nutrient intake*Diet food, foods that aid in dieting...
decided to further strengthen Terebovlia and send garrisons there. The following year the Janissary
Janissary
The Janissaries were infantry units that formed the Ottoman sultan's household troops and bodyguards...
once again embarked on raids against towns and villages, and on 20 September 1675 destroyed the town, but the castle was held by a small group of defenders (80 soldiers and 200 townsmen) until King Jan III Sobieski arrived to relieve them. This episode is known as the Battle of Trembowla
Battle of Trembowla
The Battle of Trembowla, more popularly known as the Defense of Trembowla, was glorified and immortalized in the paintings of Franciszek Smuglewicz, Józef Peszka and Aleksander Lesser. In 1675 the Turkish army destroyed the town of Trembowla, in the Podole Voivodship, and laid siege to the castle...
. The castle was destroyed during the final Turkish invasion of 1688.
Here the Bar Confederacy was declared in 1768. After the first partition of Poland
First Partition of Poland
The First Partition of Poland or First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in 1772 as the first of three partitions that ended the existence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1795. Growth in the Russian Empire's power, threatening the Kingdom of Prussia and the...
in 1772, Terebovlia became part of the Austrian Empire until 1918, then after the Polish-Ukrainian War
Polish-Ukrainian War
The Polish–Ukrainian War of 1918 and 1919 was a conflict between the forces of the Second Polish Republic and West Ukrainian People's Republic for the control over Eastern Galicia after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary.-Background:...
and Polish-Soviet War
Polish-Soviet War
The Polish–Soviet War was an armed conflict between Soviet Russia and Soviet Ukraine and the Second Polish Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic—four states in post–World War I Europe...
again it became part of Poland (1918–1939). Then the Soviet Union took the city along with eastern Poland until the German invasion in 1941, and then again the Soviet Union took over the town at it became part of the Soviet Ukraine between 1944–1991. In 1991 Terebovl finally became part of an independent Ukraine.