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Casimir IV Jagiellon

 
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Casimir IV Jagiellon
 
 
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Casimir IV Jagiellon ( ; ; ; 30 November 1427 – 7 June 1492) of the Jagiellon dynasty
Jagiellon dynasty

The Jagiellons were a royal dynasty originating from Lithuanian House of Gediminas dynasty that reigned in Central European countries between the 14th and 16th century....
, was Grand Duke of Lithuania
List of Lithuanian rulers

The following is a list of rulers over Lithuania ? grand dukes, kings, and presidents ? the heads of authority over historical Lithuanian territory....
 from 1440, and King of Poland
List of Polish monarchs

Poland, or at least its nucleus, was ruled at various times either by ksiazeta or by Kings . The longest-reigning dynasties were the Piast dynastys and Jagiellon dynastys ....
 from 1447, until his death.

Casimir was the second son of King Wladyslaw II Jagiello (Jogaila)
Jogaila

Jogaila, later Wladyslaw II Jagiello , was Grand Duchy of Lithuania and King of Poland. He ruled in Lithuania from 1377, at first with his uncle, Kestutis....
, and the younger brother of Wladyslaw III of Varna
Wladyslaw III of Poland

Vladislaus III of Varna was King of Poland from 1434, and of Hungary from 1440, until his death at the Battle of Varna.Vladislaus III of Varna is known in Hungarian language as I....
.

death of Žygimantas Kestutaitis left the office of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Grand Duchy of Lithuania

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was an Eastern and Central European state from the 12th /13th century until the 18th century. It was founded by Lithuanians, at the time one of the Lithuanian mythology Baltic tribes, whose initial lands covered Auk?taitija, the eastern part of present day Lithuania....
 empty.






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Casimir IV Jagiellon ( ; ; ; 30 November 1427 – 7 June 1492) of the Jagiellon dynasty
Jagiellon dynasty

The Jagiellons were a royal dynasty originating from Lithuanian House of Gediminas dynasty that reigned in Central European countries between the 14th and 16th century....
, was Grand Duke of Lithuania
List of Lithuanian rulers

The following is a list of rulers over Lithuania ? grand dukes, kings, and presidents ? the heads of authority over historical Lithuanian territory....
 from 1440, and King of Poland
List of Polish monarchs

Poland, or at least its nucleus, was ruled at various times either by ksiazeta or by Kings . The longest-reigning dynasties were the Piast dynastys and Jagiellon dynastys ....
 from 1447, until his death.

Casimir was the second son of King Wladyslaw II Jagiello (Jogaila)
Jogaila

Jogaila, later Wladyslaw II Jagiello , was Grand Duchy of Lithuania and King of Poland. He ruled in Lithuania from 1377, at first with his uncle, Kestutis....
, and the younger brother of Wladyslaw III of Varna
Wladyslaw III of Poland

Vladislaus III of Varna was King of Poland from 1434, and of Hungary from 1440, until his death at the Battle of Varna.Vladislaus III of Varna is known in Hungarian language as I....
.

Grand Duke of Lithuania

Kazimierz Jagiellonczyk
The death of Žygimantas Kestutaitis left the office of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Grand Duchy of Lithuania

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was an Eastern and Central European state from the 12th /13th century until the 18th century. It was founded by Lithuanians, at the time one of the Lithuanian mythology Baltic tribes, whose initial lands covered Auk?taitija, the eastern part of present day Lithuania....
 empty. The Voivode of Trakai, Jonas Goštautas
Jonas Goštautas

Jonas Gostautas or Go?tautas was the nobleman from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and a progenitor of the Go?tautai noble family. Served as Chancellor of Lithuania between 1443 and 1458 and was de facto ruler of Lithuania for around twenty years....
, and other magnates of Lithuania, supported Casimir Jagiellon as a pretender to the throne. However many Polish noblemen hoped that the thirteen year old boy would become a Vice-regent
Vice-regent

A Vice-regent is a person who acts in the name of another, notably:*as a synonym of Viceroy*as a common misuse for vicegerent...
 for the Polish King in Lithuania. Casimir was invited by the Lithuanian magnates to Lithuania, and when Casimir arrived in Vilnius
Vilnius

Vilnius is the largest city and the Capital of Lithuania, with a population of 555,613 as of 2008. It is the seat of the Vilnius city municipality and of the Vilnius district municipality....
 in 1440, he was proclaimed as the Grand Duke of Lithuania on 29 June 1440 by the Council of Lords, contrary to the wishes of the Polish noblemen -- an act supported and coordinated by Jonas Goštautas. This act dissolved the fragile personal union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. When the news arrived in the Kingdom of Poland concerning the proclamation of Casimir as the Grand Duke of Lithuania, it was met with hostility, even to the point of military threats against Lithuania. Since the young Grand Duke was underaged, the supreme control over the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was in the hands of the Council of Lords, presided by Jonas Goštautas. Casimir had been taught Lithuanian language and customs by appointed court officials.

During the Casimir's rule the rights of Lithuanian nobility - dukes, magnates and bajorai (lesser nobility) - regardless of religion and ethnicity, were given equality to those of the Polish szlachta. Moreover, Casimir promised to protect the Grand Duchy's borders and to not appoint people from Kingdom of Poland
Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)

The Kingdom of Poland of the Jagiellons was the Poland state created by the accession of Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania, to the Polish throne in 1386....
 to offices of Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He also accepted, that decisions on matters regarding Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Grand Duchy of Lithuania

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was an Eastern and Central European state from the 12th /13th century until the 18th century. It was founded by Lithuanians, at the time one of the Lithuanian mythology Baltic tribes, whose initial lands covered Auk?taitija, the eastern part of present day Lithuania....
 would not be made without the Council of Lords' consent. He gave Samogitia
Eldership of Samogitia

The Duchy of Samogitia had been the administrative unit of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1219 . From 1419 to 1441 it was known as starostwo of Samogitia....
 the right to elect its elder
Elder (administrative title)

The term Elder is used in several different countries and organizations to indicate a position of authority. This usage is usually derived from the notion that the oldest members of a group are the wisest and thus most qualified to rule, provide council or some other form of leadership....
. Casimir was the first ruler of Lithuania baptised at birth, becoming the first natively Roman Catholic Grand Duke.

King of Poland

Wiec Kazimierz Wielki
Casimir succeeded his brother Wladyslaw III
Wladyslaw III of Poland

Vladislaus III of Varna was King of Poland from 1434, and of Hungary from 1440, until his death at the Battle of Varna.Vladislaus III of Varna is known in Hungarian language as I....
 as King of Poland after a three-year interregnum on 25 June 1447. In 1454, he married Elisabeth of Austria
Elisabeth of Austria (d. 1505)

Elisabeth of Austria , , was a Poland-Lithuanian queen. In Polish language, she is known as Elzbieta Rakuszanka and Elzbieta Austriaczka, both names meaning Elisabeth of Austria, or Elzbieta Habsburzanka, meaning Elisabeth of Habsburg....
 , daughter of the late King of the Romans
King of the Romans

King of the Romans was the title used by the Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire, the Imperator futurus prior to his imperial coronation performed by the Pope, ....
 Albert II of Habsburg by his late wife Elisabeth II of Bohemia
Elisabeth II of Bohemia

Elisabeth of Bohemia was the only daughter of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary and Bohemia, by his second wife Barbara of Celje. Her father was the last male descent of the House of Luxemburg on the Imperial Throne....
. Her distant relative Frederick of Habsburg
Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick III of Habsburg was elected as King of the Romans as the successor of Albert II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1440.Born in Innsbruck, he was the son of Duke Ernest of Austria from the Leopoldinian line of the Habsburg family ruling Inner Austria, i.e....
 became Holy Roman Emperor and reigned as Frederick III until after Casimir's own death. The marriage strengthened the ties between the house of Jagiellon and the sovereigns of Hungary-Bohemia and put Casimir at odds with the Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Emperor

Image:HRR 14Jh.jpgThe Roman of the Emperor's title was a reflection of the translatio imperii principle that regarded the Holy Roman Emperors as the inheritors of the title of Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, a title left unclaimed in the West after the death of Julius Nepos in 480....
 through internal Habsburg rivalry.

That same year, Casimir was approached by the Prussian Confederation
Prussian Confederation

?The Prussian Confederation was an organization formed in 1440 by a group of 53 gentry and clergy and 19 cities in Prussia to oppose the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights....
 for aid against the Teutonic Order, which he promised, by making the separatist Prussia
Prussia (region)

Prussia is a Historical regions of Central Europe in Central Europe extending from the south-eastern coast of the Baltic Sea to the Masurian Lake District....
n regions a protectorate of the Polish Kingdom. However, when the insurgent cities of the Teutonic Monastic State of Prussia
Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights

The monastic state of the Teutonic Knights , sometimes known in English by the German term Ordensstaat , or "Order-State", was formed during the Teutonic Knights' conquest of the pagan West-Baltic Old Prussians in the 13th century....
 rebelled against the Order, it resisted with greater strength than expected, and the Thirteen Years' War
Thirteen Years' War

The Thirteen Years' War was also the name of an Austrian-Ottoman War: Thirteen Years War in HungaryThe Thirteen Years' War , also called the War of the Cities, a series of inter-Prussian conflicts, were fought from 1454-1466....
 (1454-1466) ensued. Casimir and the Prussian Confederation defeated the Teutonic Order, taking over its capital at Marienburg (Malbork Castle
Malbork Castle

The Castle in Malbork was built in Prussia by the Teutonic Order as an Ordensburg. It was named Marienburg, literally "Mary's Castle". The town which grew around it was also named Marienburg, but since 1945 it is part of Poland, as Malbork....
). In the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), the Order recognized Polish sovereignty over the seceded western Prussian regions, therefore then called Royal Prussia
Royal Prussia

Royal Prussia was a province of the Kingdom of Poland from 1466 and then the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1772. Royal Prussia included Pomerelia, Chelmno Land, Malbork Voivodeship, Gdansk, Torun, and Elblag....
, and the Polish crown's overlordship over the remaining Teutonic Monastic State of Prussia
Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights

The monastic state of the Teutonic Knights , sometimes known in English by the German term Ordensstaat , or "Order-State", was formed during the Teutonic Knights' conquest of the pagan West-Baltic Old Prussians in the 13th century....
, transformed in 1525 into a duchy, thus consistently called Ducal Prussia.

Elisabeth's only brother Ladislas, king of Bohemia and Hungary
Ladislas the Posthumous

Ladislas V King of Bohemia from 1453 and King of Hungary....
, died in 1457, and after that Casimir and Elisabeth's dynastic interests were directed also towards her brother's former kingdoms.

Children

  • Daughter Jadwiga Jagiellon married George the Rich
    George of Bavaria

    Duke George the Rich of Bavaria-Landshut , , since 1479 the last Duke of Bavaria-Landshut. He was a son of Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria and Amalia of Saxony....
    , of the Wittelsbach
    Wittelsbach

    The Wittelsbach family is a European royal family and a Germany dynasty from Bavaria. Their major principal roles were as List of rulers of Bavaria , Electoral Palatinate , List of rulers of Brandenburg , Counts of Holland, County of Hainaut and Zeeland , List of bishops and archbishops of Cologne , Duchy of J?lich and Berg , Kings of Sweden...
     dynasty of Bavaria
    Bavaria

    Bavaria , with an area of and almost 12.5 million inhabitants, is a region located in the southeast of Germany and is the largest States of Germany of Germany by area....
    . Delegates had gone to Kraków
    Kraków

    Krak?w , in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow , is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland, with a population of 756,336 in 2007 ....
     to negotiate the marriage, and their "Landshut Wedding
    Landshuter hochzeit

    The Landshut Wedding is one of the largest historical pageants in Europe. Countless visitors from all over the world have taken part, or have been spectators of the "Landshuter Hochzeit 1475", a pageant held in Landshut, Germany....
    " took place in Bavaria
    Bavaria

    Bavaria , with an area of and almost 12.5 million inhabitants, is a region located in the southeast of Germany and is the largest States of Germany of Germany by area....
     with much pomp and celebration in 1475, starting a tradition which continues to this day.
  • Son Casimir was to have married the daughter of Emperor Frederick III
    Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor

    Frederick III of Habsburg was elected as King of the Romans as the successor of Albert II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1440.Born in Innsbruck, he was the son of Duke Ernest of Austria from the Leopoldinian line of the Habsburg family ruling Inner Austria, i.e....
    , but instead chose a religious life, eventually being canonized as St. Casimir.
  • Son Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary
    Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary

    Vladislas II, also known as Ladislaus Jagiellon ; was King of Bohemia from 1471 and King of Hungary from 1490 until his death in 1516. He was also a knight of the Order of the Dragon....
     combined the thrones of Hungary
    Hungary

    Hungary , officially in English the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia....
     and Bohemia
    Bohemia

    History...
    .
  • Daughter Sophie, married to Margrave Frederick V of Brandenburg-Ansbach
  • Son John I of Poland succeeded him as the king of Poland while other sons, Alexander
    Alexander Jagiellon

    Alexander Jagiellon , Grand Duke of Lithuania and later also King of Poland; he was the fourth son of Casimir IV Jagiellon. He was elected Grand Duke of Lithuania on the death of his father , and King of Poland on the death of his brother Jan I Olbracht ....
     and Sigismund I the Old
    Sigismund I the Old

    File:Poland and Lithuania in 1526.PNGSigismund I the Old of the Jagiellon dynasty reigned as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1506 to his death at age 81 in 1548....
    , ruled in turns in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in Poland.
  • Daughter Anna married to Duke Bogislaw X of Pomerania
  • Daughter Barbara
    Barbara of Poland

    Barbara of Poland was a princess of Poland and a duchess of Duchy of Saxony.She was the daughter of Casimir IV Jagiellon, King of Poland, and Elisabeth of Austria ....
     married to Duke Georg dem Bärtigen
    George, Duke of Saxony

    George the Bearded, Duke of Saxony , was duke of Saxony from 1500 to 1539.Duke George was a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece....
     of Saxony
    Electorate of Saxony

    The Electorate of Saxony or Duchy of Upper Saxony was an independent hereditary Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 1356?1806. It was the successor state of the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg and was itself replaced in Napoleonic times by the Kingdom of Saxony ....


See also

  • History of Poland (1385-1569)
  • History of Lithuania
    History of Lithuania

    This article discusses the history of Lithuania and of the Lithuanian people. Lithuania for the first time in writing sources was mentioned in 1009....
  • Nieszawa Statutes