See Also

Nobel Prize in Physics

List of Nobel Prize Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prizes are prize [i]s instituted by the will [i] of Alfred Nobel [i], awarded to people ... 

 laureates in Physics Physics

Physics , the most fundamental physical science [i], is concerned with the underlying principles of the ... 

 from 1901 to the present day. 177 awards have been given as of 2005.

Discussions

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Timeline

1908   Born



Encyclopedia


List of Nobel Prize Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prizes are prize [i]s instituted by the will [i] of Alfred Nobel [i], awarded to people... 

 laureates in Physics Physics

Physics , the most fundamental physical science [i], is concerned with the underlying principles of the ... 

 from 1901 to the present day. 177 awards have been given as of 2005.

Winners


1900s

YearNameTopics
1901Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen

Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen was a German [i] physicist [i], of the University of Wrzburg [i] ... 

"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays "
1902Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Hendrik Lorentz

Hendrik Antoon Lorentz was a Dutch [i] physicist [i] who shared the 1902 [i] Nobel Prize in Physics [i] ... 

  and Pieter Zeeman Pieter Zeeman

Pieter Zeeman was a Dutch [i] physicist [i] who shared the 1902 [i] Nobel Prize [i] ... 

"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism Magnetism

In physics [i], magnetism is one of the phenomena [i] by which materials [i] exert an attractive or repu ... 

 upon radiation phenomena". See: Zeeman effect Zeeman effect

The Zeeman effect is the splitting of a spectral line [i] into several components in the presence of a magnetic field [i] ... 

1903Antoine Henri Becquerel Henri Becquerel

Antoine Henri Becquerel was a French [i] physicist [i], Nobel laureate [i], and one of the disco... 

"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity Radioactive decay

Radioactive decay is the set of various processes by which unstable atomic nuclei [i] ... 

"
Pierre Pierre Curie

Pierre Curie was a French [i] physicist [i] and a pioneer in the study of crystallography [i] ... 

  and Marie Curie Marie Curie

Marie Curie was a Polish [i]-French [i] physicist [i] and chemist [i]. ... 

"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel"
1904John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh

John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh was a British [i] physicist [i] who discovered ... 

"for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon Argon

Argon is a chemical element [i] designated by the symbol Ar. ... 

 in connection with these studies"
1905Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard Philipp Lenard

Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard, was a German physicist and the winner of the [[Nobel Prize for Physics]... 

"for his work on cathode ray Cathode ray

Cathode rays are streams of electron [i]s observed in vacuum tube [i]s, i.e. ... 

s"
1906Sir Joseph John Thomson J. J. Thomson

Sir Joseph John Thomson, OM [i], FRS [i] often known as J.... 

"in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases"
1907Albert Abraham Michelson Albert Abraham Michelson

Albert Abraham Michelson was a Polish [i]-born German [i]-American [i] physicist [i] known fo ... 

"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid". See Michelson-Morley experiment Michelson-Morley experiment

The Michelson-Morley experiment, one of the most important and famous experiments in the history of physics [i] ... 

.
1908Gabriel Lippmann Gabriel Lippmann

Gabriel Jonas Lippmann was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physics [i] for his method of reproducing col ... 

"for his method of reproducing colours photographically Lippmann plate

Named after Gabriel Lippmann [i], physicist.... 

 based on the phenomenon of interference Interference

Interference is the superposition [i] of two or more wave [i]s resulting in a ne ... 

"
1909Guglielmo Marconi Guglielmo Marconi

Although Guglielmo Marconi is widely credited as the "Inventor of Radio", for some this title is contr... 

  and Karl Ferdinand Braun Karl Ferdinand Braun

Karl Ferdinand Braun was a German [i] inventor [i], physicist [i] and Nobel Prize [i] ... 

"in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy Invention Of Radio

This is longer information about some of the pioneers of development of radio [i]. For the main article, see History of radio [i] ... 

"

1910s

YearNameTopics
1910Johannes Diderik van der Waals Johannes Diderik van der Waals

Johannes Diderik van der Waals was a Dutch [i] scientist [i] famous "for his work on the ... 

"For his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids." See: van der Waals force Van der Waals force

In chemistry [i], the term van der Waals force refers to a particular class of intermolecular forces [i]... 

1911Wilhelm Wien Wilhelm Wien

[i] who, in [[1893]... 

"For his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat." See: Wien law Wien's displacement law

Wien's displacement law is a law of physics [i] that states that there is an inverse relationship betwee ... 

1912Nils Gustaf Dalén"For his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys."
1913Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes Heike Kamerlingh Onnes

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes was a Dutch [i] physicist [i]. ... 

"For his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium"
1914Max von Laue Max von Laue

Max von Laue was a German [i] physicist [i], who studied under Max Planck [i].
... 

"For his discovery of the diffraction Diffraction

Diffraction refers to the various phenomena associated with wave propagation, such as the bending, sprea... 

 of X-ray X-ray

X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation [i] with a wavelength [i] in the range of 10 to 0.01 nanometre [i] ... 

s by crystals."
1915Sir William Henry Bragg William Henry Bragg

Sir William Henry Bragg OM [i], MA [i], PhD [i], OKW [i]... 

  and William Lawrence Bragg William Lawrence Bragg

Sir William Lawrence Bragg CH [i], FRS [i], was a Australia [i]n physicist [i] who won the ... 

"For their services in the analysis of crystal structure Crystal structure

In mineralogy [i] and crystallography [i], a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal [i] ... 

 by means of X-rays."
1916  
1917Charles Glover Barkla"For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements."
1918Max Planck Max Planck

Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck was a German [i] physicist [i]. ... 

"In recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta Quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanics is a first quantized [i] quantum theory [i] that supersedes classical mechanics [i] ... 

."
1919Johannes Stark Johannes Stark

Johannes Stark was a prominent 20th century [i] physicist [i], and a Physics Nobel Prize [i] ... 

"For his discovery of the Doppler effect Doppler effect

The Doppler effect, named after Christian Andreas Doppler [i], is the apparent change in frequency [i] a ... 

 in canal rays and the splitting of spectral line Spectral line

A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum [i] ... 

s in electric field Electric field

In physics [i], the properties of space that surrounds an electric charge [i] can be described using an ele ... 

s." See: Stark effect Stark effect

In atomic physics [i], the Stark effect is the splitting and shift of a spectral line [i] into several c ... 


1920s

YearNameTopics
1920Charles Edouard Guillaume Charles Edouard Guillaume

Charles douard Guillaume received the Nobel Prize in Physics [i] in 1920 [i] in recognition of the servi... 

"in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys"
1921Albert Einstein Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein was a German [i]-born theoretical physicist [i]. ... 

"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his explanation of the photoelectric effect Photoelectric effect

The photoelectric effect is the emission of electron [i]s from matter upon the absorption of electromagnetic radiation [i]... 

"
1922Niels Henrik David Bohr Niels Bohr

Niels Bohr was a Danish [i] physicist [i] who made fundamental contributions to understanding ... 

"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"
1923Robert Andrews Millikan Robert Millikan

Robert Andrews Millikan was an American [i] experimental physicist [i] ... 

"for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"
1924Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn Manne Siegbahn

Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn was a Swedish [i] physicist [i], who received the Nobel Prize in Physics [i] ... 

"for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy is the study of matter by investigating light, sound, or particles that is emitted, absorbe... 

"
1925James Franck James Franck

James Franck was a German [i]-born physicist [i] and Nobel laureate [i].
... 

  and Gustav Ludwig Hertz Gustav Ludwig Hertz

Gustav Ludwig Hertz was a German [i] physicist [i], and a nephew of Heinrich Rudolf Hertz [i].
... 

"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron Electron

The electron is a fundamental [i] subatomic particle [i] that carries an electric charge [i]... 

 upon an atom"
1926Jean Baptiste Perrin"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium"
1927Arthur Holly Compton Arthur Compton

Arthur Holly Compton won the Nobel Prize in Physics [i] for discovery of the effect [i] n ... 

"for his discovery of the effect named after him". See: Compton effect Compton scattering

In physics [i], Compton scattering or the Compton effect, is the decrease in energy [i] of an X-ray [i] ... 

Charles Thomson Rees Wilson"for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour". See: cloud chamber Cloud chamber

The cloud chamber, also known as the Wilson chamber, is used for detecting particles of ionizing radiation [i] ... 

1928Owen Willans Richardson"for his work on the thermionic phenomenon Thermionic emission

Thermionic emission is the flow of electron [i]s from a metal or metal oxide surface, caused by thermal ... 

 and especially for the discovery of the law named after him Thermionic emission

Thermionic emission is the flow of electron [i]s from a metal or metal oxide surface, caused by thermal ... 

"
1929Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie Louis, 7th duc de Broglie

Louis-Victor-Pierre-Raymond, 7th duc de Broglie, generally known as Louis de Broglie , was a French [i] ... 

"for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons". See: De Broglie hypothesis

1930s

YearNameTopics
1930Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, CBE was an Indian [i] physicist [i], who was awarded the ... 

"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him Raman scattering

Raman scattering or the Raman effect is the inelastic [i] scattering of a photon [i] which ... 

"
1931  
1932Werner Karl Heisenberg Werner Heisenberg

Werner Karl Heisenberg was a celebrated German [i] physicist [i] and Nobel laureate [i] ... 

"for the creation of quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanics is a first quantized [i] quantum theory [i] that supersedes classical mechanics [i] ... 

, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen"
1933Erwin Schrödinger Erwin Schrödinger

Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrdinger , an Austria [i]n physicist [i], achieved fame for his contribut ... 

  and Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac Paul Dirac

Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, OM [i], FRS [i] was a British [i]... 

"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory Atomic theory

In chemistry [i] and physics [i], atomic theory is a theory [i] of the nature of matter [i].... 

"
1934  
1935James Chadwick James Chadwick

Sir James Chadwick was an English physicist [i] and Nobel laureate [i]. ... 

"for the discovery of the neutron Neutron

In physics [i], the neutron is a subatomic particle [i] with no net electric charge [i] and a mass [i] o ... 

"
1936Victor Franz Hess"for his discovery of cosmic radiation Cosmic ray

In astrophysics [i], cosmic rays are radiation [i] consisting of energetic particles originating beyond ... 

"
Carl David Anderson Carl David Anderson

Carl David Anderson was a U.S. [i] experimental physicist [i].... 

"for his discovery of the positron Positron

The positron is the antiparticle [i] or the antimatter [i] counterpart of the electron [i]. ... 

"
1937Clinton Joseph Davisson  and George Paget Thomson"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons Electron diffraction

Electron diffraction is a technique used to study matter by firing electrons [i] at a sample and observi ... 

 by crystals". See: wave-particle duality Wave–particle duality

[i] exhibit [[property|properties]... 

1938Enrico Fermi Enrico Fermi

Enrico Fermi was an Italian [i] physicist [i] most noted for his work on beta decay [i], the deve ... 

"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons"
1939Ernest Orlando Lawrence Ernest Lawrence

Ernest Orlando Lawrence was an American [i] physicist and Nobel Laureate best known for h ... 

"for the invention and development of the cyclotron Cyclotron

A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator [i]. ... 

 and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements"

1940s

YearNameTopics
1940 The prize money was with ? allocated to the Main Fund and with ? to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1941
1942
1943Otto Stern Otto Stern

Otto Stern was a German [i] physicist and Nobel [i] laureate. ... 

"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment Magnetic moment

In physics [i], the magnetic moment or magnetic dipole moment is a measure of the strength of a magnetic source [i] ... 

 of the proton Proton

In physics [i], the proton is a subatomic particle [i] with an electric charge [i] of one positive fundamental unit [i] ... 

"
1944Isidor Isaac Rabi Isidor Isaac Rabi

Isidor Isaac Rabi was an American [i] physicist [i].
... 

"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"
1945Wolfgang Pauli Wolfgang Pauli

Wolfgang Ernst Pauli was an Austria [i]n physicist [i] noted for his work on the theory of spin [i] ... 

"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle"
1946Percy Williams Bridgman"for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics"
1947Sir Edward Victor Appleton"for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer"
1948
Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett"for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber Cloud chamber

The cloud chamber, also known as the Wilson chamber, is used for detecting particles of ionizing radiation [i] ... 

 method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation"
1949Hideki Yukawa"for his prediction of the existence of meson Meson

In particle physics [i], a meson is a strongly interacting [i] boson [i], that is, it ... 

s on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces". See: Yukawa potential Yukawa potential

A Yukawa potential is a potential [i] of the form
... 


1950s

YearNameTopics
1950Cecil Frank Powell"for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method"
1951Sir John Douglas Cockcroft  and Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"
1952Felix Bloch Felix Bloch

Felix Bloch was a Swiss-born physicist [i], working mainly in the USA [i].
... 

  and Edward Mills Purcell
"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
1953Frits Zernike"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope Microscope

A microscope is an instrument for viewing objects that are too small to be seen by the naked or unaided... 

"
1954Max Born Max Born

Max Born was a mathematician [i] and physicist [i]. He won the 1954 [i] Nobel Prize in Physics [i]. ... 

"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanics is a first quantized [i] quantum theory [i] that supersedes classical mechanics [i] ... 

, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"
Walther Bothe Walther Bothe

Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe was a German physicist [i], mathematician [i], chemist [i], and Nobel Prize [i] ... 

"for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"
1955Willis Eugene Lamb"for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum". See: Lamb shift
Polykarp Kusch"for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"
1956William Bradford Shockley William Shockley

William Bradford Shockley was a British-born American [i] physicist [i] and inventor [i] ... 

 , John Bardeen John Bardeen

John Bardeen was an American [i] physicist [i].... 

 , and Walter Houser Brattain
"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor Transistor

The transistor is a three terminal solid state [i] semiconductor device [i] that can be use ... 

 effect"
1957Chen Ning Yang Chen Ning Yang

Chen Ning Franklin Yang is a Chinese American [i] physicist [i] who worked on statistical mechanics [i] ... 

  |"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws Parity (physics)

In physics [i], a parity transformation is the simultaneous flip in the sign of all spatial coordinate [i] ... 

 which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"
1958Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov  , Il'ia Frank  , and Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm Igor Tamm

Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm was a Soviet [i]/Russian [i] physicist [i]. ... 

"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov-Vavilov effect Cherenkov radiation

Cherenkov radiation is electromagnetic radiation [i] emitted when a charged [i] particle [i] ... 

"
1959Emilio Gino Segre Emilio G. Segrè

Emilio Gino Segr was an Italian American [i] physicist [i] who, with Owen Chamberlain [i], won the 1959 [i] ... 

  and Owen Chamberlain Owen Chamberlain

Owen Chamberlain was a prominent American [i] physicist [i]. ... 

"for their discovery of the antiproton"

1960s

YearNameTopics
1960Donald Arthur Glaser Donald A. Glaser

Donald Arthur Glaser, is an American [i] physicist [i] and neurobiologist [i]. ... 

"for the invention of the bubble chamber Bubble chamber

A bubble chamber is a vessel filled with a superheated [i] transparent [i] liquid [i] ... 

"
1961Robert Hofstadter"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"
Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer"for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation Gamma ray

Gamma rays are an energetic form of electromagnetic radiation [i] produced by radioactive decay [i] or ... 

 and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name". See:Mossbauer effect Mössbauer effect

The Mssbauer effect, a physical phenomenon discovered by Rudolf Mssbauer [i] in 1957 [i], refers to the... 

1962Lev Davidovich Landau Lev Landau

Lev Davidovich Landau was a prominent Soviet [i] physicist [i] who made fundamental contrib ... 

"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"
1963Eugene Paul Wigner E. P. Wigner

Eugene Paul Wigner was a Hungarian [i] physicist [i] and mathematician [i] who received the Nobel Prize in Physics [i] ... 

"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"
Maria Goeppert-Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"
1964Charles Hard Townes Charles Hard Townes

Charles Hard Townes is an American [i] Nobel Prize-winning [i] physicist [i] a ... 

 , Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov Nikolay Basov

Nikolay Gennadiyevich Basov was a Soviet [i]/Russia [i]n physicist [i] and educator. ... 

  , and Aleksandr Prokhorov Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov

Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov was a Soviet [i]/Russia [i]n physicist born in Australia [i]... 

"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser Maser

A maser is a device that produces coherent [i] electromagnetic waves [i] through amplificatio... 

-laser Laser

A laser is an optical source that emits photons [i] in a coherent [i] beam. ... 

 principle"
1965Sin-Itiro Tomonaga  , Julian Schwinger Julian Schwinger

Julian Seymour Schwinger was an American [i] theoretical physicist [i]. ... 

 , and Richard Phillips Feynman Richard Feynman

Richard Phillips Feynman was an influential American [i] physicist [i] known for expandi... 

"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics Quantum electrodynamics

Quantum electrodynamics is a relativistic quantum field theory [i] of electromagnetism [i]. ... 

, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"
1966Alfred Kastler"for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms"
1967Hans Albrecht Bethe Hans Bethe

Hans Albrecht Bethe, was a German [i]-American [i] physicist [i] who won the Nobel Prize in Physics [i] ... 

"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in star Star

A star is a massive, compact body of plasma [i] in outer space [i] that is held together by its ... 

s"
1968Luis Walter Alvarez Luis Alvarez

Luis Walter Alvarez of San Francisco, California [i], USA [i], was a famed physicist [i] ... 

"for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber Bubble chamber

A bubble chamber is a vessel filled with a superheated [i] transparent [i] liquid [i] ... 

 and data analysis"
1969Murray Gell-Mann Murray Gell-Mann

Murray Gell-Mann is an American [i] physicist [i] who received the 1969 [i] Nobel Prize in physics [i] ... 

"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions". See: Eightfold way

1970s

YearNameTopics
1970Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén"for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics Magnetohydrodynamics

Magnetohydrodynamics is the academic discipline [i] which studies the dynamics [i] of electrically conducting [i]... 

 with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics Plasma (physics)

In physics [i] and chemistry [i], a plasma is typically an ionized gas, and is usually considered ... 

"
Louis Eugene Félix Néel"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics"
1971Dennis Gabor"for his invention and development of the holographic method Holography

Holography is the science of producing holograms; it is an advanced form of photography [i] that... 

"
1972John Bardeen John Bardeen

John Bardeen was an American [i] physicist [i].... 

 , Leon Neil Cooper , and John Robert Schrieffer
"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity Superconductivity

Superconductivity is a phenomenon occurring in certain material [i]s at extremely low temperature [i]s , ... 

, usually called the BCS-theory"
1973Leo Esaki  and Ivar Giaever"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductor Semiconductor

A semiconductor is a material with electrical conductivity [i] that is intermediate between that of an ... 

s and superconductor Superconductivity

Superconductivity is a phenomenon occurring in certain material [i]s at extremely low temperature [i]s , ... 

s, respectively"
Brian David Josephson"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect Josephson effect

The Josephson effect is a term given to the phenomenon of current flow across two superconductors [i] se ... 

"
1974Sir Martin Ryle  and Antony Hewish"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics Radio astronomy

Radio astronomy is the study of celestial phenomena through measurement of the characteristics of radio waves [i] ... 

: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis Aperture synthesis

Aperture synthesis is a type of interferometry [i] that mixes signals from a collection of telescopes to ... 

 technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsar Pulsar

Pulsars are rotating neutron star [i]s which emit detectable electromagnetic radiation [i] in the form o ... 

s"
1975Aage Niels Bohr Aage Niels Bohr

Aage Niels Bohr is a Danish [i] physicist [i] and the son of Margrethe and Niels Bohr [i]. ... 

 , Ben Roy Mottelson , and Leo James Rainwater
"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
1976Burton Richter  and Samuel Chao Chung Ting Samuel C. C. Ting

Samuel Chao Chung Ting is a Michigan [i]-born Taiwanese American [i] physicist [i] who received the Nobel Prize [i] ... 

"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind". In other words: for discovery of the J/? particle J/? particle

... 

 as it confirmed the idea that baryon Baryon

In particle physics [i], the baryons are the family of subatomic particle [i]s which are made of three quark [i] ... 

ic matter is made out of quark Quark

In particle physics [i], quarks are one of the two basic constituents of matter [i] . ... 

s.
1977Philip Warren Anderson Philip Warren Anderson

Philip Warren Anderson is a American [i] theoretical physicist [i]. ... 

 , Sir Nevill Francis Mott , and John Hasbrouck van Vleck
"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"
1978Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa Pyotr Kapitsa

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa was a Russian physicist [i] who discovered superfluidity [i] with contribution ... 

"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics"
Arno Allan Penzias  and Robert Woodrow Wilson Robert Woodrow Wilson

Robert Woodrow Wilson is an American [i] physicist [i].
... 

"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation Cosmic microwave background radiation

In cosmology [i], the cosmic microwave background radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation [i] ... 

"
1979Sheldon Lee Glashow Sheldon Lee Glashow

Professor Sheldon Lee Glashow of Brookline [i], MA [i] is an American [i] ... 

 , Abdus Salam Abdus Salam

Prof. Dr. Abdus Salam was a Pakistani [i] theoretical physicist [i] who received the Nobel Prize [i] in ... 

 , and Steven Weinberg
"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"

1980s

YearNameTopics
1980James Watson Cronin  and Val Logsdon Fitch"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-meson Kaon

In particle physics [i], a kaon is any one of a group of four meson [i]s distinguished by the fact that ... 

s". See: CP-violation CP-violation

In physics [i], and specifically particle physics [i], CP violation is a violation of the postulated ... 

1981Nicolaas Bloembergen Nicolaas Bloembergen

Nicolaas Bloembergen is a Dutch [i] physicist [i]. ... 

  and Arthur Leonard Schawlow Arthur Leonard Schawlow

Arthur Leonard Schawlow was an American physicist [i]. ... 

"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"
Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn"for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy"
1982Kenneth G. Wilson"for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions"
1983Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
... 

"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars". See Chandrasekhar limit
William Alfred Fowler"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"
1984Carlo Rubbia  and Simon van der Meer"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"
1985Klaus von Klitzing"for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect"
1986Ernst Ruska"for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope Electron microscope

The electron microscope is a type of microscope [i] that uses electron [i]s to create an image of the ta... 

"
Gerd Binnig  and Heinrich Rohrer"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope Scanning tunneling microscope

The scanning tunneling microscope is a non-optical microscope that scans an electrical probe over a sur... 

"
1987Johannes Georg Bednorz  and Karl Alexander Müller"for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity Superconductivity

Superconductivity is a phenomenon occurring in certain material [i]s at extremely low temperature [i]s , ... 

 in ceramic Ceramic

The word ceramic is derived from the Greek [i] word ?e?a???? . ... 

 materials"
1988Leon Max Lederman , Melvin Schwartz , and Jack Steinberger"for the neutrino Neutrino

The neutrino is an elementary particle [i]. ... 

 beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"
1989Norman Foster Ramsey"for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks"
Hans Georg Dehmelt  and Wolfgang Paul"for the development of the ion trap technique"

1990s

YearNameTopics
1990Jerome Isaac Friedman , Henry Way Kendall , and Richard Edward Taylor Richard E. Taylor

Professor [i] Richard Edward Taylor, CC [i], FRS [i], FRSC [i] ... 

"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model Quark model

In physics [i], the quark model is a classification scheme for hadron [i]s in terms of their valence ... 

 in particle physics"
1991Pierre-Gilles de Gennes"for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers"
1992Georges Charpak"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber Wire chamber

A multi-wire chamber is a detector for particles of ionizing radiation [i] which is an advancement of th... 

"
1993Russell Alan Hulse  and Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.

Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. is an American [i] astrophysicist [i] and winner of the 1993 [i] ... 

"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"
1994
Both"for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"
Bertram Neville Brockhouse Bertram Brockhouse

Bertram Neville Brockhouse, CC [i], Ph.D [i], D.Sc [i] ... 

"for the development of neutron spectroscopy"
Clifford Glenwood Shull"for the development of the neutron diffraction technique"
1995
Both"for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"
Martin Lewis Perl"for the discovery of the tau lepton"
Frederick Reines Frederick Reines

Frederick Reines was an American [i] physicist [i]. ... 

"for the detection of the neutrino Neutrino

The neutrino is an elementary particle [i]. ... 

"
1996David Morris Lee , Douglas Dean Osheroff Douglas D. Osheroff

Douglas Dean Osheroff is an American [i] physicist. ... 

 , and Robert Coleman Richardson
"for their discovery of superfluid Superfluid

Superfluidity is a phase of matter [i] characterised by the complete absence of viscosity [i]. ... 

ity in helium-3"
1997Steven Chu Steven Chu

Steven Chu is a Chinese American [i] physicist [i] who, with Claude Cohen-Tannoudji [i] and William D. Phillips [i] ... 

 , Claude Cohen-Tannoudji , and William Daniel Phillips William Daniel Phillips

William Daniel Phillips is an American [i] physicist [i]. ... 

"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"
1998Robert B. Laughlin , Horst Ludwig Störmer Horst Ludwig Störmer

... 

 , and Daniel Chee Tsui
"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations". See: Quantum Hall effect
1999Gerardus 't Hooft Gerardus 't Hooft

Gerardus 't Hooft [ut-hooft] is a professor in theoretical physics at Utrecht University [i], the Netherlands [i] ... 

  and Martinus J.G. Veltman
"for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics"

2000s

YearNameTopics
2000
Zhores Ivanovich Alferov Zhores Ivanovich Alferov

Zhores Ivanovich Alferov is a Russian [i] physicist [i] who contributed significantly to th ... 

  and Herbert Kroemer
"for developing semiconductor Semiconductor

A semiconductor is a material with electrical conductivity [i] that is intermediate between that of an ... 

 heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics"
Jack St. Clair Kilby Jack Kilby

Jack St. Clair Kilby was a notable American [i] electrical engineer [i] who co-won the Nobel Prize [i] ... 

"for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit Integrated circuit

A monolithic integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit [i] which has been manufactured i ... 

"
2001Eric Allin Cornell Eric Allin Cornell

Eric Allin Cornell is a physicist who, along with Carl E. Wieman [i], was able to synthesize the first Bose-Einstein condensate [i] ... 

 , Wolfgang Ketterle Wolfgang Ketterle

Wolfgang Ketterle is a German physicist and professor of physics [i] at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology [i] ... 

 , and Carl Edwin Wieman Carl Wieman

Carl Edwin Wieman is a Nobel-prize winning American [i] physicist [i] of the University of Colorado at Boulder [i] ... 

"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation Bose–Einstein condensate

A BoseEinstein condensate is a phase [i] of matter [i] formed by bosons [i] cooled to temperature [i]... 

 in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"
2002Raymond Davis Jr.  and Masatoshi Koshiba Masatoshi Koshiba

Masatoshi Koshiba is a Japanese [i] physicist [i] who won the Nobel Prize in Physics [i]... 

"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrino Neutrino

The neutrino is an elementary particle [i]. ... 

s"
Riccardo Giacconi Riccardo Giacconi

Riccardo Giacconi is an Italian-born [i] American [i] Nobel Prize [i]-winning astrophysicist [i] ... 

"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"
2003Alexei Alexeevich Abrikosov Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov

Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov is a Soviet/Russia [i]n theoretical physicist [i] whose ... 

  , Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg Vitaly Ginzburg

Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg is a Soviet [i]/Russia [i]n theoretical physicist [i] ... 

  and Anthony James Leggett Anthony James Leggett

Sir Anthony James Leggett KBE [i], is John D.... 

"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors Superconductivity

Superconductivity is a phenomenon occurring in certain material [i]s at extremely low temperature [i]s , ... 

 and superfluids"
2004David J. Gross David Gross

[i] and [[string theory|string theorist]... 

 , H. David Politzer H. David Politzer

Hugh David Politzer is an American [i] theoretical physicist [i]. ... 

  and Frank Wilczek Frank Wilczek

Frank Wilczek is a Nobel prize winning [i] American [i] physicist [i] ... 

"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom Asymptotic freedom

In physics [i], asymptotic freedom is the property of some gauge theories [i] in which the ... 

 in the theory of the strong interaction"
2005Roy J. Glauber Roy J. Glauber

Roy Jay Glauber is the Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics [i] at Harvard University [i] and Adj ... 

"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"
John L. Hall John L. Hall

John L. "Jan" Hall is an American physicist [i]. ... 

  and Theodor W. Hänsch Theodor W. Hänsch

... 

"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique"

See also

  • List of Nobel Prize in Physics winners by longevity
  • Nobel Prize in Chemistry Nobel Prize in Chemistry

    This is a list of Nobel Prize [i] laureates in Chemistry [i] from 1901 to 2005. ... 



External links

  • - Official site