Livius
Encyclopedia
Livius is the nomen
of an individual male of the Livia gens, a family of ancient Rome. Collectively they were termed the Livii (plural form). Any individual female was called Livia. Both male and female names might be qualified by one or more agnomina
. Males in addition had a praenomen
. The family preferred Marcus, Gaius, Lucius or Titus.
The Livii are known mainly from the Roman Republic
. However, they must be much older as they descended into five branches designated by five agnomina: Denter, Drusus, Libo, Macatus and Salinator. The most famous were the Livii Drusi, who rose to imperial rank. Smith says (citing Suetonius
) that the family was of plebeian origin, but was of great prominence in the Roman Republic, having been honoured with "eight consul
ships, two censorships
, three triumphs
, a dictator
ship and a mastership of the horse
."
There was not, however, a Latin adjective, *livius, "blue." The dictionaries now generally give livor as the source of neo-Latin livius. Moreover, lividus has a -d- too many and Livo has no -i-; that is, Livius does not fit the "blue" derivation. The linguist, Julius Pokorny
, therefore hypothesizes "aber lat. Livius vielleicht etrusk.", "but Latin Livius is perhaps Etruscan
. Certainly, no stories of any legendary men named blue exist.
was probably the place where salt from Ostia
was offloaded and sold. The salinator was a salt-merchant, but the word came to mean a money-dealer or banker (as salt was money). The Livii Salinatores may not have been named from that occupation; M. Livius Salinator, consul 207 BC, set a fixed price for the salt sold at Salinae, which did not endear him to the salinatores. There was, however, at least one more Salinator before him. Moreover, Salinator was not unique to the Livii; L. Oppius Salinator wore it, whether by marriage, adoption or independent assignment.
in Emilia-Romagna
, Italy, was called Forum Livii after Livius Salinator, who in legend founded the town.
The given name still is used in Romanian
as Liviu
. In European languages, Livia is still an ordinary girl's name.
Roman naming conventions
By the Republican era and throughout the Imperial era, a name in ancient Rome for a male citizen consisted of three parts : praenomen , nomen and cognomen...
of an individual male of the Livia gens, a family of ancient Rome. Collectively they were termed the Livii (plural form). Any individual female was called Livia. Both male and female names might be qualified by one or more agnomina
Agnomen
An agnomen , in the Roman naming convention, was a nickname, just as the cognomen was initially. However, the cognomina eventually became family names, so agnomina were needed to distinguish between similarly named persons...
. Males in addition had a praenomen
Praenomen
The praenomen was a personal name chosen by the parents of a Roman child. It was first bestowed on the dies lustricus , the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the birth of a boy...
. The family preferred Marcus, Gaius, Lucius or Titus.
The Livii are known mainly from the Roman Republic
Roman Republic
The Roman Republic was the period of the ancient Roman civilization where the government operated as a republic. It began with the overthrow of the Roman monarchy, traditionally dated around 508 BC, and its replacement by a government headed by two consuls, elected annually by the citizens and...
. However, they must be much older as they descended into five branches designated by five agnomina: Denter, Drusus, Libo, Macatus and Salinator. The most famous were the Livii Drusi, who rose to imperial rank. Smith says (citing Suetonius
Suetonius
Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, commonly known as Suetonius , was a Roman historian belonging to the equestrian order in the early Imperial era....
) that the family was of plebeian origin, but was of great prominence in the Roman Republic, having been honoured with "eight consul
Consul
Consul was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Empire. The title was also used in other city states and also revived in modern states, notably in the First French Republic...
ships, two censorships
Censor (ancient Rome)
The censor was an officer in ancient Rome who was responsible for maintaining the census, supervising public morality, and overseeing certain aspects of the government's finances....
, three triumphs
Roman triumph
The Roman triumph was a civil ceremony and religious rite of ancient Rome, held to publicly celebrate and sanctify the military achievement of an army commander who had won great military successes, or originally and traditionally, one who had successfully completed a foreign war. In Republican...
, a dictator
Roman dictator
In the Roman Republic, the dictator , was an extraordinary magistrate with the absolute authority to perform tasks beyond the authority of the ordinary magistrate . The office of dictator was a legal innovation originally named Magister Populi , i.e...
ship and a mastership of the horse
Master of the Horse
The Master of the Horse was a position of varying importance in several European nations.-Magister Equitum :...
."
Etymology
The only words that look like Livy in the Latin dictionary are a set related to English livid: livere, "be blue"; livor, "blueness"; lividus, "blue", livesco, "grow blue" and so on. Accordingly it has been proposed that Livius and the Gallic name Livo mean "blue." This derivation had been taken so much for granted that biological nomenclaturists named the common pigeon Columba livia with a supposed meaning of "blue pigeon." The root would be Indo-European *sli-, "blue", in the stem *sli-wo-, with the *s- dropping away in only Celtic and Latin.There was not, however, a Latin adjective, *livius, "blue." The dictionaries now generally give livor as the source of neo-Latin livius. Moreover, lividus has a -d- too many and Livo has no -i-; that is, Livius does not fit the "blue" derivation. The linguist, Julius Pokorny
Julius Pokorny
Julius Pokorny was an Austrian linguist and scholar of the Celtic languages, particularly Irish, and a supporter of Irish nationalism. He held academic posts in Austrian and German universities.-Life:...
, therefore hypothesizes "aber lat. Livius vielleicht etrusk.", "but Latin Livius is perhaps Etruscan
Etruscan civilization
Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to a civilization of ancient Italy in the area corresponding roughly to Tuscany. The ancient Romans called its creators the Tusci or Etrusci...
. Certainly, no stories of any legendary men named blue exist.
No or unknown agnomen
- Lucius Livius, tribunus plebis during the Entrapment of Caudine Forks, 321 BC, during the Second Samnite War. The magistrates negotiated a surrender without a vote of the people and later regretted the Samnite terms. Spurius Postumius AlbinusSpurius Postumius AlbinusSpurius Postumius Albinus was a politician of Ancient Rome, of patrician rank, of the 4th century BC. He was consul in 334 BC, and invaded, with his colleague Titus Veturius Calvinus, the country of the Sidicini...
, general and consul, proposed the magistrates surrender themselves to the Samnites as criminals for breaking their oaths, relieving the populus Romanus of any responsibility for breaking the peace, as they had never ratified the treaty. Livius opposed but Postumius browbeat him into resigning and joining the surrender party, calling him a "sacrosanct gentleman." He could not as tribune surrender. The Samnites saw through the ruse and refused the surrender, insisting on the terms of the peace. In Livy, the war continued. - Marcus Livius, member of the plenipotentiary board sent to CarthageCarthageCarthage , implying it was a 'new Tyre') is a major urban centre that has existed for nearly 3,000 years on the Gulf of Tunis, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC...
after the fall of Saguntum in 219 BC to inquire if Hannibal's attack on it had been authorized and declare war if Hannibal could not be brought to justice. He was married to the daughter of Pacuvius Calavius, chief magistrate of CapuaCapuaCapua is a city and comune in the province of Caserta, Campania, southern Italy, situated 25 km north of Naples, on the northeastern edge of the Campanian plain. Ancient Capua was situated where Santa Maria Capua Vetere is now...
in 217 BC. Pacuvius was a patricianPatricianThe term patrician originally referred to a group of elite families in ancient Rome, including both their natural and adopted members. In the late Roman Empire, the class was broadened to include high council officials, and after the fall of the Western Empire it remained a high honorary title in...
who had married a daughter of Appius ClaudiusAppius ClaudiusThere were a number of Romans named Appius Claudius:* Appius Claudius Sabinus Inregillensis, consul in 495 BC* Appius Claudius Crassus, a decemvir in 451 BC* Appius Claudius Caecus , censor in 312 BC...
. - Gaius Livius of Patavium, father of LivyLivyTitus Livius — known as Livy in English — was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people. Ab Urbe Condita Libri, "Chapters from the Foundation of the City," covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome well before the traditional foundation in 753 BC...
- LivyLivyTitus Livius — known as Livy in English — was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people. Ab Urbe Condita Libri, "Chapters from the Foundation of the City," covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome well before the traditional foundation in 753 BC...
(Titus Livius), of Patavium, who came to Rome in the 1st century BC and wrote a magnum opus, Ab Urbe Condita (book)Ab Urbe condita (book)Ab urbe condita libri — often shortened to Ab urbe condita — is a monumental history of ancient Rome written in Latin sometime between 27 and 25 BC by the historian Titus Livius. The work covers the time from the stories of Aeneas, the earliest legendary period from before the city's founding in c.... - Titus Livius Priscus, son of LivyLivyTitus Livius — known as Livy in English — was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people. Ab Urbe Condita Libri, "Chapters from the Foundation of the City," covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome well before the traditional foundation in 753 BC...
- Titus Livius Longus, son of LivyLivyTitus Livius — known as Livy in English — was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people. Ab Urbe Condita Libri, "Chapters from the Foundation of the City," covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome well before the traditional foundation in 753 BC...
- Livia Quarta, daughter of LivyLivyTitus Livius — known as Livy in English — was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people. Ab Urbe Condita Libri, "Chapters from the Foundation of the City," covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome well before the traditional foundation in 753 BC...
.
Denter
- Marcus Livius Denter was the first Livius to become consul, in 302 BC. Previously he had been one of the pontiffs chosen from the plebeians when the numbers of pontiffs and augurs were augmented by adding plebeians. At that time the consulship was opened to the plebeians. This information identifies the Livii as a plebeian family.
Drusus
Livius Drusus was often shortened to just Drusus, especially if other agnomina were present, but technically all Drusi were Livii. During the early empire, Livia Drusilla started a Drusus line in the Claudii.Through a paternal line
- Livius Drusus, the first of the branch, received the name by killing a Gallic chieftain, Drausus, in personal combat. Livius was propraetor in Gaul. This Gaul can only have been Gallia Cisalpina. He is said to have brought back the gold paid to the SenonesSenonesThe Senones were an ancient Gaulish tribe.In about 400 BC they crossed the Alps and, having driven out the Umbrians settled on the east coast of Italy from Forlì to Ancona, in the so-called ager Gallicus, and founded the town of Sena Gallica , which became their capital. In 391 BC they invaded...
as a bribe to remove their army from Rome. Whether the story is true or not, it identifies Drausus as a chief of the Senones, dating Drusus to the consulship of Publius Cornelius Dolabella (consul 283 BC)Publius Cornelius Dolabella (consul 283 BC)Publius Cornelius Dolabella was a consul of the Roman Republic in 283 BC. He is best noted for having defeated the Boii tribe at the Battle of Lake Vadimo...
, when the Senones were defeated and scattered, for the most part vacating north Italy. - Marcus Livius Drusus, adoptive father of Aemilianus
- Marcus Livius Drusus Aemilianus, adopted from the Aemilii
- Gaius Livius DrususGaius Livius DrususGaius Livius Drusus was Roman consul for 147 BC, together with Scipio Aemilianus Africanus....
, son of Aemilianus, consul for 147 BC - Marcus Livius Drusus (censor)Marcus Livius Drusus (censor)The elder Marcus Livius Drusus was set up as tribune by the Senate in 121 BC to undermine Gaius Gracchus' land reform bills. To do this, he proposed creating twelve colonies with 3,000 settlers each from the poorer classes, and relieving rent on property distributed since 133 BC...
(d. 108 BC), son of Gaius, tribune 121 BC with Gaius GracchusGaius GracchusGaius Sempronius Gracchus was a Roman Populari politician in the 2nd century BC and brother of the ill-fated reformer Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus...
, consul 112 BC, censor 109 BC, married Cornelia - Gaius Livius Drusus, son of Gaius, brother of Marcus
- Marcus Livius Drusus (tribune)Marcus Livius Drusus (tribune)The younger Marcus Livius Drusus, son of Marcus Livius Drusus, was tribune of the plebeians in 91 BC. In the manner of Gaius Gracchus, he set out with comprehensive plans, but his aim was to strengthen senatorial rule...
(d. 91 BC), son of the censor, active member of the popularesPopularesPopulares were aristocratic leaders in the late Roman Republic who relied on the people's assemblies and tribunate to acquire political power. They are regarded in modern scholarship as in opposition to the optimates, who are identified with the conservative interests of a senatorial elite...
party, continuing the legislative work of the GracchiGracchiThe Gracchi brothers, Tiberius and Gaius, were Roman Plebian nobiles who both served as tribunes in 2nd century BC. They attempted to pass land reform legislation that would redistribute the major patrician landholdings among the plebeians. For this legislation and their membership in the...
, uncle to his sister Livia's children - Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus LivianusMamercus Aemilius Lepidus LivianusMamercus Aemilius Lepidus Livianus, was a Roman politician and military commander who was consul in 77 BC.-Biography:Livianus was a well connected and influential figure in Late Republican politics. A member of the aristocratic party, brother of the tribune Marcus Livius Drusus and son of Marcus...
, son of the censor, adopted into the Aemilii Lepidi, married Cornelia SullaCornelia SullaCornelia was one of the few Roman women mentioned in Roman Republican sources. She was the eldest daughter of Dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla and his first wife, an Ilia or Julia....
and had issue, consul in 77 BC, and princeps senatusPrinceps senatusThe princeps senatus was the first member by precedence of the Roman Senate. Although officially out of the cursus honorum and owning no imperium, this office brought enormous prestige to the senator holding it.-Overview:...
. - Livia Drusa, daughter of the censor, sister of the tribune, wife of Quintus Servilius CaepioQuintus Servilius CaepioQuintus Servilius Caepio the Elder was a Roman statesman and general, consul in 106 BC, and proconsul of Cisalpine Gaul in 105 BC. He was the father of Quintus Servilius Caepio the Younger and the grandfather of Servilia Caepionis....
and mother of Quintus Servilius Caepio the YoungerQuintus Servilius Caepio the YoungerQuintus Servilius Caepio the Younger was a Roman soldier and statesman. He was elected praetor in 91 BC, and fought for Rome during the Marsic Wars of the Italian Rebellion against Rome. His father was Quintus Servilius Caepio the Elder....
, as well as two daughters Servilia; wife of Marcus Porcius Cato SalonianusMarcus Porcius Cato SalonianusMarcus Porcius Cato Salonianus or Cato Salonianus is a name of two Romans of the Porcii Family.-Marcus Porcius Cato Salonianus the Elder:...
and mother of Cato the YoungerCato the YoungerMarcus Porcius Cato Uticensis , commonly known as Cato the Younger to distinguish him from his great-grandfather , was a politician and statesman in the late Roman Republic, and a follower of the Stoic philosophy...
and a daughter, PorciaPorcia (sister of Cato the Younger)Porcia, also known as Porcia Catonis or Porcia the Elder was the daughter of Marcus Porcius Cato Salonianus and Livia Drusa. She was the elder sister of Cato the Younger and the younger half-sister of Servilia Caepionis, the younger Servilia and Quintus Servilius Caepio...
. Most of the children were bought up in the house of their uncle on the Palatine hillPalatine HillThe Palatine Hill is the centermost of the Seven Hills of Rome and is one of the most ancient parts of the city...
, where they remained after the death of their mother, who was divorced. - Marcus Livius Drusus ClaudianusMarcus Livius Drusus ClaudianusMarcus Livius Drusus Claudianus was a senator of the Roman Republic. He was born with the name Appius Claudius Pulcher, into the patrician family of the Claudii. According to Suetonius, Drusus was a direct descendant of the consul and censor Appius Claudius Caecus...
(d. 42 BC), Roman senator and adopted son of the tribune. Born Appius Claudius Pulcher, a member of the ClaudiiClaudiusClaudius , was Roman Emperor from 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, he was the son of Drusus and Antonia Minor. He was born at Lugdunum in Gaul and was the first Roman Emperor to be born outside Italy...
descended from Appius Claudius CaecusAppius Claudius CaecusAppius Claudius Caecus was a Roman politician from a wealthy patrician family. He was dictator himself and the son of Gaius Claudius Crassus, dictator in 337 BC.-Life:...
, he was received into the house of the tribune as an infant and was brought up along with the tribune's nieces and nephews by the tribune's wife, Servilia, sister of Livia Drusa's first husband. Claudianus was therefore his adopted name. As an adult he chose the losing side of the Liberators' civil warLiberators' civil warThe Liberators' civil war was started by the Second Triumvirate to avenge Julius Caesar's murder. The war was fought by the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian against the forces of Caesar's assassins Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus in 42 BC.-Prelude:After the murder of Caesar,...
and committed suicide in his tent after the first Battle of PhilippiBattle of PhilippiThe Battle of Philippi was the final battle in the Wars of the Second Triumvirate between the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian and the forces of Julius Caesar's assassins Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus in 42 BC, at Philippi in Macedonia...
. His daughter LiviaLiviaLivia Drusilla, , after her formal adoption into the Julian family in AD 14 also known as Julia Augusta, was a Roman empress as the third wife of the Emperor Augustus and his adviser...
Drusilla by his wife AufidiaAufidiaAufidia or Alfidia was a woman of Ancient Rome. She was a daughter to Roman Magistrate Marcus Aufidius Lurco and an unknown mother. She was a member of the gens Aufidia, a Roman family of Plebs status which appeared in the Roman Republic and Roman Empire, and became a family of consular rank...
became Augustus' wife. Apparently the emperor held no grudges against the Livii, even tolerating the republicanism of the author, LivyLivyTitus Livius — known as Livy in English — was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people. Ab Urbe Condita Libri, "Chapters from the Foundation of the City," covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome well before the traditional foundation in 753 BC...
, distant kinsman of Livia Drusilla. - LiviaLiviaLivia Drusilla, , after her formal adoption into the Julian family in AD 14 also known as Julia Augusta, was a Roman empress as the third wife of the Emperor Augustus and his adviser...
Drusilla, daughter of Claudianus, third and final wife of AugustusAugustusAugustus ;23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14) is considered the first emperor of the Roman Empire, which he ruled alone from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD.The dates of his rule are contemporary dates; Augustus lived under two calendars, the Roman Republican until 45 BC, and the Julian...
Caesar.
Libo
- Marcus Livius Drusus LiboMarcus Livius Drusus LiboMarcus Livius Drusus Libo was the natural son of Lucius Scribonius Libo and an unknown wife. His natural paternal aunt was Scribonia, the second wife of Augustus, as a consequence of which he was a natural paternal first cousin of Julia Caesaris.- Adoption :...
, aedileAedileAedile was an office of the Roman Republic. Based in Rome, the aediles were responsible for maintenance of public buildings and regulation of public festivals. They also had powers to enforce public order. There were two pairs of aediles. Two aediles were from the ranks of plebeians and the other...
28 BC, consul 15 BC, the son of Lucius Scribonius LiboLucius Scribonius LiboSeveral men of plebeian status were named Lucius Scribonius Libo during the Roman Republic and Roman Empire; they were members of the gens Scribonia.-L. Scribonius Libo :...
, was adopted by Drusus Claudianus, founding the Drusi Libones. He appears on a coin as M. Livi L. F. Drusus Libo, "Marcus Livius Drusus Libo, son of Lucius", combining elements of both families. Technically the full name of the branch started by him would have been the Livii Drusi Claudiani Libones but his son was known as Drusus Libo. The Drusi of note at this point were a legal line continued by adoption from other clans. Libo, the founder of the line, was the adoptive brother of Livia Drusilla, Augustus' third wife. - Lucius Scribonius Libo DrususMarcus Scribonius LiboMarcus Scribonius Libo Drusus was a younger son of the consul Lucius Scribonius Libo by his wife who was a member of the gens Sulpicius, the family that the Roman Emperor Galba, had descended from his paternal side. Marcus was a fatuous man, who had tastes for absurdities.Along with his brother...
, son of Marcus Livius Drusus Libo, is by name a conundrum. If he was a Drusus he should have been a Livius but the Livii have been excised from his name, which has reverted to the Scribonii, his father's natural family. It may be relevant that he was tried by Tiberius for treason involving necromancy (which the Romans took very seriously, as the slaying of RemusRemusRemus is the twin brother of the mythical founder of Rome.Remus may also refer to:* Remus , a fictional planet in Star Trek* Remus , a moon of the asteroid 87 Sylvia...
by RomulusRomulus- People:* Romulus and Remus, the mythical founders of Rome* Romulus Augustulus, the last Western Roman Emperor* Valerius Romulus , deified son of the Roman emperor Maxentius* Romulus , son of the Western Roman emperor Anthemius...
demonstrates). Apparently the emperor believed Libo was cursing him, a common practice, as many written curses have been found in sacred springs. He was defended by his father's natural sister, Scribonia. When it became evident that he would be convicted he took his own life. Subsequently he was convicted, disowned, disinherited and his property confiscated. It was probably at this time that he was removed from the Livii, reverting to being a Scribonius. The Julio-Claudians adopted from the Livii; consequently, it seems unlikely Tiberius would allow Lucius to remain among them. The Drusi Libones ended here.
Salinator
No story survives concerning how the Salinator branch got its name. The stem, sal-, means "salt", a valuable commodity often used as money. Salinae in general were salt-works but the Salinae district at the foot of the Aventine hillAventine Hill
The Aventine Hill is one of the seven hills on which ancient Rome was built. It belongs to Ripa, the twelfth rione, or ward, of Rome.-Location and boundaries:The Aventine hill is the southernmost of Rome's seven hills...
was probably the place where salt from Ostia
Ostia Antica
Ostia Antica is a large archeological site, close to the modern suburb of Ostia , that was the location of the harbour city of ancient Rome, which is approximately 30 km to the northeast. "Ostia" in Latin means "mouth". At the mouth of the River Tiber, Ostia was Rome's seaport, but, due to...
was offloaded and sold. The salinator was a salt-merchant, but the word came to mean a money-dealer or banker (as salt was money). The Livii Salinatores may not have been named from that occupation; M. Livius Salinator, consul 207 BC, set a fixed price for the salt sold at Salinae, which did not endear him to the salinatores. There was, however, at least one more Salinator before him. Moreover, Salinator was not unique to the Livii; L. Oppius Salinator wore it, whether by marriage, adoption or independent assignment.
- Marcus Livius Salinator, recipient or purchaser of Andronicus, an educated Greek, immediately after the fall of TarentumTarentumTarentum may refer to:* Taranto, Apulia, Italy; on the site of the ancient Roman city Tarentum; formerly the Greek colony Taras. See also: History of Taranto* Tarentum, Pennsylvania, United States** Tarentum Bridge, in the above place...
to Rome in 272 BC, and decemvir in 236 BC - Lucius Livius Andronicus, originally brought into the family of Livius Salinator in 272 BC to tutor the children, he was set free, assumed the name Lucius Livius Andronicus and after writing poetry became the founder of Roman drama ca. 240 BC
- Marcus Livius SalinatorMarcus Livius SalinatorMarcus Livius Drusus Salinator , the son of Marcus , was a Roman consul who fought in both the First Punic wars and Second Punic wars most notably during the Battle of Zama....
, one of the children of M. Livius Salinator tutored by Andronicus. He was consul in 219219 BCYear 219 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Paullus and Salinator...
and 207 BC207 BCYear 207 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Nero and Salinator...
. Convicted unjustly of misappropriating booty during the Second Illyrian War of 219, he went into mourning on his estates until rehabilitated and ordered back to the Senate by the censors to help with the emergency of the Second Punic WarSecond Punic WarThe Second Punic War, also referred to as The Hannibalic War and The War Against Hannibal, lasted from 218 to 201 BC and involved combatants in the western and eastern Mediterranean. This was the second major war between Carthage and the Roman Republic, with the participation of the Berbers on...
. He was of invaluable assistance as a general at the Battle of the MetaurusBattle of the MetaurusThe Battle of the Metaurus was a pivotal battle in the Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage, fought in 207 BC near the Metauro River in present-day Italy. The battle gets a chapter in the classic The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World by Sir Edward Shepherd Creasy...
, where he helped vanquish HasdrubalHasdrubal BarcaHasdrubal was Hamilcar Barca's second son and a Carthaginian general in the Second Punic War. He was a younger brother of the much more famous Hannibal.-Youth and Iberian leadership:...
before he could join Hannibal, and the Battle of ZamaBattle of ZamaThe Battle of Zama, fought around October 19, 202 BC, marked the final and decisive end of the Second Punic War. A Roman army led by Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus defeated a Carthaginian force led by the legendary commander Hannibal...
. - Gaius Livius SalinatorGaius Livius SalinatorGaius Livius Salinator, son of Marcus, was a Roman consul of the gens Livia, said to have founded the city of Forum Livii , in Italy, during his consulship in the year 188 BC. He also served as admiral when he was praetor in 191 BC in the war against Antiochus III the Great and defeated his...
, son of Marcus, praetor in 191, fleet admiral in 190, general subsequently, consul in 188 BC188 BCYear 188 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Messalla and Salinator...
Extensions of the name
The town of ForlìForlì
Forlì is a comune and city in Emilia-Romagna, Italy, and is the capital of the province of Forlì-Cesena. The city is situated along the Via Emilia, to the right of the Montone river, and is an important agricultural centre...
in Emilia-Romagna
Emilia-Romagna
Emilia–Romagna is an administrative region of Northern Italy comprising the two historic regions of Emilia and Romagna. The capital is Bologna; it has an area of and about 4.4 million inhabitants....
, Italy, was called Forum Livii after Livius Salinator, who in legend founded the town.
The given name still is used in Romanian
Romanian language
Romanian Romanian Romanian (or Daco-Romanian; obsolete spellings Rumanian, Roumanian; self-designation: română, limba română ("the Romanian language") or românește (lit. "in Romanian") is a Romance language spoken by around 24 to 28 million people, primarily in Romania and Moldova...
as Liviu
Liviu
Liviu is a Romanian given name deriving from Latin Livius. Liviu may refer to:*Constantin-Liviu Cepoi , a Romanian-Moldovan luger*Dorin Liviu Zaharia , Romanian pop musician...
. In European languages, Livia is still an ordinary girl's name.