The
Rulers of Estonia is a list of the rulers of
EstoniaEstonia , officially the Republic of Estonia , is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by the Russian Federation...
throughout the history.
Starting with the ancient Counties and Parishes each headed by
Seniores and
Meliores (Elders) as noted by Henry of Livonia. The highest political institutions in Estonia during ancient times were Councils of Elders. The administrative jurisdiction of the parish and county elders were limited, the counties themselves remained autonomous until the German and Danish conquest in the 13th century. Ending with the
statesA sovereign state is a political association with effective internal and external sovereignty over a geographic area and population which is not dependent on, or subject to any other power or state...
and the rulers of states (starting from the time of the first successful
DanishDenmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe and the senior member of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries; southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and it is bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark borders both the Baltic and the North Sea...
conquest in 1219) who either ruled or laid claims of
sovereigntySovereignty is the quality of having supreme, independent authority over a territory. It can be found in a power to rule and make law that rests on a political fact for which no purely legal explanation can be provided...
over some parts of the territory of present day
EstoniaEstonia , officially the Republic of Estonia , is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by the Russian Federation...
, as well as the leaders of the independent Republic of Estonia since 1918.
Sakala
Title: Elder (- 1223)
- before 1211–21 September 1217 Lembitu
- 21 September 1217 - ?
or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and minuscule forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a...
Unnepeve
- Meeme
Osilia (Saaremaa)
Title: Elder - It is probable that these men, whose names appear on a treaty with the Order of the Brethren of the Sword in 1251, were the chiefs of administrative units on Saaremaa, Muhu, and Sõrve. Their "signatures" were, in all likelihood, phonetically "Latinized" by the authors of the document.
- Ylle
- Culle
- Enu
- Muntelene
- Tappete
- Yalde
- Melete
- Cake
Bishopric of DorpatThe Bishopric of Dorpat was a medieval principality and a catholic diocese which existed from 1224 to 1558, generally encompassing what are now Tartu, Põlva, Võru and Jõgeva counties in Estonia. The Bishopric was part of Livonian Confederation. The first bishop of Dorpat was Hermann von...
Title:
BishopA bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight. Within the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox Churches, in the Assyrian Church of the East, in the Independent Catholic Churches, and in the...
and Lord, Rulers over
UgenoisUgandi was an independent country between the east coast of Lake Võrtsjärv and west coast of Lake Pskov, bordered by Vaiga, Mõhu, Nurmekund, Sakala, Latgale, and The Principality of Pskov. Ugandi had an area of approximately 3000 hides...
with Waigel, Sobolitz, Saccala with Moicke, Alumbus and Nurmegunde (1224 – 1558)
- 1224 - 1247 Hermann I
- 1247 - 1251 Vacant
- 1263 - 1268 Alexander
- 1268 - 1288 Friedrich
- 1289 - 1302 Bernhard
- 1302 - 1312 Dietrich Vyshusen
- 1313 - 1323 Nikolaus
- 1323 - 1341 Engelbert von Dolen
- 1342 - 1344 Wescelus
- 1346 - 1373 Johannes Viffhusen
- 1373 - 1378 Heinrich Velde
- 1378 - 1400 Dietrich III Damerow
- 1400 - 1410 Heinrich Wrangel
- 1410 - 1413 Bernhard Bülow
- 1413 - 1441 Dietrich IV Resler
- 1441 - 1459 Bartholomäus Savijerwe
- 1459 - 1468 Helmich von Mallinkrodt
- 1468 - 1473 Andreas Pepler
- 1473 - 1485 Johannes Bertkow
- 1485 - 1498 Dietrich Hake
- 1499 - 1505 Johannes III von der Rope
- 1505 - 1513 Gerhard Schrove
- 1513 - 1514 Johannes Duesborg
- 1514 - 1518 Christian Bomhower
- 1518 - 1527 Johann Blankenfeld
- 1528 - 1543 Johannes VII Bey
- 1543 - 1551 Jodokus von der Recke
- 1554 - 1558 Hermann II Wesel
- 1552 - 1558 Hermann II Wesel
Bishopric of Ösel-WiekThe Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek was a semi-independent Roman Catholic prince-bishopric in what is now Saare and Lääne counties of Estonia....
Title:
BishopA Prince-Bishop is a bishop who is a territorial Prince of the Church on account of one or more secular principalities, usually pre-existent titles of nobility held concurrently with their inherent clerical office...
, Rulers over
OsiliaSaare County , or Saaremaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It consists of Saaremaa , the largest island of Estonia, and several smaller islands near it. The county borders Lääne County to the east and Hiiu County to the north...
and Rotalia (1 October 1228 – 1559)
- 1228-1229 Gottfried
Gottfried is a name of Germanic origin. It combines German words for "God" and "peace" , and is found in use as both a first name and as a surname.Gottfried is the surname of:* Gilbert Gottfried, American comedian...
- Vacant
An interregnum is a period of discontinuity of a government, organization, or social order. Archetypally, it was the period of time between the reign of one monarch and the next , and the concepts of interregnum and regency therefore overlap...
- 1234-1260? Heinrich I
- 1262-1285? Hermann I
Hermann I , Landgrave of Thuringia, was the second son of Louis II, Landgrave of Thuringia , and Judith of Hohenstaufen, the sister of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa...
- 1290?-1294 Heinrich II
- Vacant
- 1297?-1307? Konrad I
- Vacant
- 1310-1321 Hartung
Hartung is a surname, and may refer to:* Billy Hartung* Clint Hartung* Georg Hartung* Hans Hartung* Horst von Pflugk-Hartung* John Hartung* Wilfried Hartung* William Hartung...
- 1322-1337 Jakob
Jakob may be:People:* Anund Jakob , a.k.a. Anund Jacob of Sweden* Ludwig Heinrich von Jakob , German economist* Joseph Jakob , American diver* Alfons Maria Jakob , German physician...
- 1338-1362 Hermann II Osenbrügge
- 1363-1374 Konrad II
- 1374-1381 Heinrich III
- Vacant
- 1385-1419 Winrich von Kniprode
Winrich von Kniprode was the 22nd Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights. He was the longest serving Grand Master, holding the position for 31 years ....
- 1420-1423 Kaspar Schuwenflug
- 1423-1432 Christian Kuband
- 1432-1438 Johann I Schutte
- 1439-1458 Ludolf Grove (in Saaremaa (Ösel) and Hiiumaa
Hiiumaa is the second largest island belonging to Estonia. It is located in the Baltic Sea, north of the island of Saaremaa, a part of the west Estonian archipelago . Its largest town is Kärdla....
(Dagö) 1449-1457 with Johann II Creul)
- 1449-1457 Johann II Creul (in Läänemaa (Wiek))
- Vacant
- 1460-1471 Jodokus Hoenstein
- 1471-1491 Peter Wetberch
- 1491-1515 Johann III Orgas
- 1515-1527 Johann IV Kyvel
- 1527-1530 Georg von Tiesenhausen
Dr. Georg von Tiesenhausen is a retired German rocket scientist. He was brought to America after World War II and worked under Wernher von Braun. He created the first complete design of the Lunar Rover. Dr...
- 1532-1541 Reinhold Buxhoewden
- 1542-1560 Johann V von Münchhausen 1542-1560
- 1560-1572 Magnus
Magnus, Duke of Holstein was a Prince of Denmark and a member of the House of Oldenburg. As a vassal of Ivan IV of Russia, he was the titular King of Livonia from 1570 to 1578.-Early life:...
, Duke of Holstein (Protestant bishop)
Kievan Rus'Kievan Rus , usually written simply Kievan Rus and sometimes Kyivan Rus, was a medieval state which existed from approximately 880 to the middle of the 13th century...
Title:
Grand PrinceThe title Grand Prince or Great Prince ranked in honour below emperor and tsar and above a sovereign prince .Grand Duke is the usual and established, though not literal, translation of these terms in...
Rulers over parts of
UgauniaUgandi was an independent country between the east coast of Lake Võrtsjärv and west coast of Lake Pskov, bordered by Vaiga, Mõhu, Nurmekund, Sakala, Latgale, and The Principality of Pskov. Ugandi had an area of approximately 3000 hides...
(1030 - 1061)
- 1030–1054 Jaroslav Tark
Yaroslav I the Wise was thrice Grand Prince of Novgorod and Kiev, uniting the two principalities for a time under his rule...
- 1054–1061 Izjaslav I
Iziaslav of Kiev may refer to:* Iziaslav I of Kiev , patronymic Yaroslavich* Iziaslav II of Kiev , patronymic Mstislavich* Iziaslav III of Kiev , patronymic Davidovich* Iziaslav IV Vladimirovich...
Kingdom of DenmarkDenmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe and the senior member of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries; southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and it is bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark borders both the Baltic and the North Sea...
Title: King (1219–1346) Rulers over Harria and Vironia
- 1219-1241 : Valdemar II Võitja
- 1241-1250 : Erik IV Plovpenning
Eric IV , was king of Denmark from 1241 until his death. He was the son of Valdemar II by his wife, Princess Berengária of Portugal, and brother to Abel and Christopher I.Eric was coruler with his father from 1232....
- 1250-1252 : Abel
Abel of Denmark was Duke of Schleswig from 1232 to 1252 and King of Denmark from 1250 until his death in 1252. Abel's reign was the shortest of any Danish monarch. He was the son of Valdemar II by his wife, Princess Berengária of Portugal, and brother to Eric IV and Christopher I...
- 1252-1259 : Christoffer I
- 1259-1286 : Erik V Glipping
- 1286-1320 : Erik VI Menved
- 1320-1326 : Christoffer II
- 1326-1329 : Valdemar III
- 1329-1332 : Christoffer II
- 1332-1340 : interregnum
An interregnum is a period of discontinuity of a government, organization, or social order. Archetypally, it was the period of time between the reign of one monarch and the next , and the concepts of interregnum and regency therefore overlap...
- 1340-1346 : Valdemar IV Atterdag
Livonian OrderThe Livonian Order was an autonomous Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order and a member of the Livonian Confederation from 1435–1561. After being defeated by Samogitians in the 1236 Battle of Schaulen , the remnants of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword were incorporated into the Teutonic...
Title:
Grand Master of LivoniaGrand Master is the typical title of the supreme head of various orders of knighthood, including various military orders, religious orders and sectarian orders such as the Ancient Order of Hibernians and the Orange Order...
(1237–1561) Rulers over Saccala or
SackaliaSakala County was an ancient Estonian county , first mentioned in print by Henry of Livonia in the beginning of the 13th Century ....
(fiefdom of the
Bishopric of DorpatThe Bishopric of Dorpat was a medieval principality and a catholic diocese which existed from 1224 to 1558, generally encompassing what are now Tartu, Põlva, Võru and Jõgeva counties in Estonia. The Bishopric was part of Livonian Confederation. The first bishop of Dorpat was Hermann von...
and
JerviaJärva County , or Järvamaa , is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is situated in central part of the country and borders Lääne-Viru County to the east, Jõgeva County to the south-east, Viljandi County to the south, Pärnu County to the south-west, Rapla County to the west, and Harju County to the...
- 1237-1238 Hermann Balk
Hermann Balk , also known as Hermann von Balk or Hermann Balke, was a Knight-Brother of the Teutonic Order and its first Landmeister, or Provincial Master, in both Prussia and Livonia. From 1219-27, he served as the Deutschmeister in the Order's Province of Alemannia...
(Balke)
- 1238-1241 Dietrich von Grüningen
- 1241-1244 Andreas von Velven (Felben)
- 1244-1245 Heinrich von Heimburg
- 1245-1247 Dietrich von Grüningen
- 1247-1253 Andreas von Stirland
- 1253-1254 Eberhard von Seine (Seyn)
- 1254-1257 Anno von Sangershausen
- 1257-1261 Burchard von Hornhausen
- 1261 ....... Georg von Eichstadt
- 1261-1263 Werner von Breithausen
- 1263-1266 Konrad von Mandern (Manstadt)
- 1266-1270 Otto von Lutterberg
Otto von Lutterberg was the Ordensmeister of the Livonian Order of the Teutonic Knights from 1266 to 1270, and was in command of the Livonian Order in 1268 when the Knights were heavily defeated by a Russian army at the Battle of Rakovor....
- 1271 ....... Andreas von Westphalen
- 1271-1273 Walther von Nordeck (Nortecken)
- 1273-1279 Ernst von Ratzeburg (Rassburg)
- 1279-1280 Gerhard von Katzenelnbogen
- 1280-1282 Konrad von Feuchtwangen
Konrad von Feuchtwangen was the 13th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, serving from 1291-96. He was a relative of the later Grand Master Siegfried von Feuchtwangen....
- 1282 ....... Mangold von Sternberg (Manhold von Sternberg)
- 1282-1288 Wilhelm von Nindorf (Wilken von Endorp, Willekin von Endorp)
- 1288-1290 Konrad von Hazzigenstein (Konrad von Hattstein, Konrad von Herzogenstein)
- 1290-1293 Halt von Hohembach (Balthasar Holte)
- 1294-1295 Heinrich von Dinkelaghe (Heinrich II von Dumpshagen)
- 1296-1298 Bruno
- 1298-1305 Gottfried von Rogge
- 1305-1306 Wennemar I
- 1307-1322 Gerhard von Jork (Gerhard II von Jocke, Conrad von Jocke or Conrad von Jorke)
- 1322-1324 Konrad Kesselhut (Konrad Ketelhoed, Johannes Ungenade)
- 1324-1328 Reimar Hane
- 1328-1340 Eberhard von Monheim
- 1340-1345 Burchard von Dreileben
- 1345-1359 Goswin von Herike
- 1359-1364 Arnold von Vietinghof
- 1364-1385 Wilhelm von Friemersheim (Vrymersheim, Vrimersheim)
- 1385-1388 Robin von Eltz
- 1388-1389 Johann von Ohle
- 1389-1401 Wennemar von Bruggenei (Wennemar Hasenkamp von Brüggeneye, Wolmer von Brüggeney)
- 1401-1413 Konrad von Vietinghof
- 1413-1415 Dietrich Tork
- 1415-1424 Siegfried Lander von Spanheim
- 1424-1433 Cysse von Rutenberg (Zisse, Cisse von dem Rutenberg)
- 1433-1435 Frank von Kersdorf
- 1435-1437 Heinrich von Bockenvorde (Schüngel)
- 1438-1450 Heinrich Vincke von Oberbergen (Overberg)
- 1450-1469 Johann von Mengeden (Osthoff)
- 1470-1471 Johann Wolthus von Herse
- 1471-1483 Bernhard von der Borch
- 1483-1494 Johann Freitag von Loringhoven
- 1494-1535 Wolter von Plettenberg
Wolter von Plettenberg , was the Master of the Livonian Order from 1494 to 1535 and one of the greatest leaders of the Teutonic knights. He was an important early Baltic German.- Biography :Plettenberg was born in Welver , Westphalia...
- 1535-1549 Hermann von Bruggenei (Hermann Hasenkamp von Brüggeneye)
- 1549-1551 Johann von der Recke
- 1551-1557 Heinrich von Galen
- 1557-1559 Johann Wilhelm von Fürstenberg
- 1559-1561 Gotthard Kettler
Gotthard von Kettler was the last Master of the Livonian Order and the first Duke of Courland and Semigallia....
Jagiellon DynastyThe Jagiellons were a royal dynasty originating from the Lithuanian House of Gediminas dynasty that reigned in Central European countries between the 14th and 16th century...
- 1569-1572 Sigismund II Augustus
Sigismund II Augustus I was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, the only son of Sigismund I the Old, whom Sigismund II succeeded in 1548...
Title: Electoral King (1572 - 1586)
- 1572-1573 Henryk II Walezy
- 1576-1586 Stefan I Batory
Title: King (1587 – 1660)
House of VasaThe House of Vasa was the Royal House of Sweden 1523-1654 and of Poland and Lithuania 1587–1668. In 1611–1613 Duke Charles Philip, Prince of Sweden, was a pretender to Russian throne during Time of Troubles; so was Wladyslaw, the future King of Poland, in 1610–1613...
- 1587–1632 Sigismund III
Sigismund III Vasa was King of Polish Crown and Grand Duke of Lithuania, a monarch of joined Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1587 to 1632, and King of Sweden from 1592 until he was deposed in 1599...
; known also as Sigismund of SwedenSigismund III Vasa was King of Polish Crown and Grand Duke of Lithuania, a monarch of joined Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1587 to 1632, and King of Sweden from 1592 until he was deposed in 1599...
- 1632-1648 Władysław IV Waza
- 1648-1660 Jan II Kazimierz
Swedish Governors
- 1561 - 1562 Lars Ivarsson Fleming
- 1562 - 1562 Henrik Klasson Horn
- 1562 - 1564 Swante Stenson Sture
- 1564 - 1565 Hermann Pederson Fleming
- 1565 - 1568 Henrik Klasson Horn
- 1568 - 1570 Gabriel Kistiernsson
- 1570 - 1572 Hans Björnson
- 1572 - 1574 Claes Åkeson Tott
- 1574 - 1575 Pontus de la Gardie
Pontus De la Gardie was a French nobleman in the service of the Kingdom of Sweden.He was born Ponce De La Gardie in Russol , Languedoc, as a son of Jacques De la Gardie and Catherine de Sainte-Colombe...
- 1576 - 1578 Karl Henriksson Horn
- 1576 - 1577 Nilsson Hans Erikson Finne
- 1577 - 1580 Göran Boije af Gennäs
- 1580 - 1581 Swante Erikson Stolarn
- 1582 - 1583 Göran Boije
- 1583 - 1585 Pontus De la Gardie
Pontus De la Gardie was a French nobleman in the service of the Kingdom of Sweden.He was born Ponce De La Gardie in Russol , Languedoc, as a son of Jacques De la Gardie and Catherine de Sainte-Colombe...
- 1585 - 1588 Gustaf Gabrielsson Oxenstierna
- 1588 - 1588 Hans Wachtmeister
Count Hans Wachtmeister af Johannishus , was admiral general of the Swedish Navy and advisor to King Charles XI of Sweden and King Charles XII of Sweden. He served in the Scanian War of 1675-1679 and during the following twenty years of peace worked to built up the Swedish Navy...
- 1588 - 1590 Gustaf Axelson Banér
- 1590 - 1592 Erik Gabrielsson Oxenstierna
- 1592 - 1600 Göran Boije
- 1600 - 1601 Karl Henriksson Horn
- 1601 - 1602 Moritz Stensson Leijonhufvud
- 1605 - 1608 Axel Nilsson Ryning
- 1611 - 1617 Gabriel Bengtsson Oxenstierna
- 1617 - 1619 Anders Eriksson Hästehufvud
Anders Eriksson Hästehufvud was a Swedish officer, governor of the Estonia province between 1617 - 1619 and Governors-General of the Livonia province 1628.-External links: - Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon at Project Runeberg...
- 1619 - 1622 Jacob de la Gardie
Field Marshal and Count Jacob Pontusson De la Gardie was a statesman and a soldier of the Swedish Empire....
- 1622 - 1626 Per Gustafsson Banér
- 1626 - 1628 Johan Pontusson
- 1628 - 1642 Philipp Scheiding
- 1642 - 1646 Gustaf Gabrielsson Oxenstierna
- 1646 - 1653 Erik Axelson Oxenstierna
- 1653 - 1655 Heinrich von Thurn-Valsassina
- 1655 - 1656 Wilhelm Ulrich
- 1656 - 1674 Bengt Klasson Horn
- 1674 - 1681 Andreas Lennartson Torstensson
Count Anders Torstenson , Swedish statesman, son of Lennart Torstenson and member of the Privy Council, was from 1674 to 1681 Governor-General of Estonia. The family became extinct on the sword-side in 1727.-References:...
- 1681 - 1687 Robert Johannson Lichton
- 1687 - 1704 Axel Julius De la Gardie
Axel Julius de la Gardie was a Swedish Field Marshal and was appointed Governor-General over Estonia.Axel Julius was the son of military commander Jacob De la Gardie and Ebba Brahe. He became colonel of an infantry regiment and a cavalry regiment and in 1684 he attained the rank of major general...
- 1704 - 1706 Wolmar Anton von Schlippenbach
Wolmar Anton von Schlippenbach, , was Governor General of Swedish Estonia from 1704 to 1706.-Biography:Born in Livonia, Schlippenbach participated as a captain in the Swedish army Scanian War under Charles XI and served later as a major in Swedish Pomerania and Prussia...
- 1706 - 1709 Niels Jonsson Stromberg af Clastorp
Niels Jonsson Stromberg af Clastorp was a Swedish soldier and Governor-General of Swedish Estonia from 1706 to 1709....
- 1709 - 1710 Carl Gustaf von Nieroth
Carl Nieroth , a Swedish officer and Governor-General of Swedish Estonia 1709-1710 and of Finland 1710-1712.The exact date and location of his birth are unknown, but it was in Finland. He was a son of the Baltic German Otto Nieroth and Gertrud Baranoff. The first information of his life is as a...
Russian Governors
- 1710 - 1711 Rudolph Felix Bauer - General-Governor
- 1711 - 1719 Prince Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov
Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov was a Russian statesman, whose official titles included Generalissimo, Prince of the Russian Empire and Duke of Izhora...
- General-Governor
- 1719 - 1728 Count Fyodor Matveyevich Apraksin
Count Fyodor Matveyevich Apraksin was one of the first Russian admirals who governed Estonia and Karelia from 1712 to 1723, general admiral , presided over the Russian Admiralty since 1718 and commanded the Baltic Fleet since 1723.-Early shipbuilding activities:The Apraksin...
- General-Governor
- 1728 - 1736 Friedrich Baron von Löwen
- 1736 - 1738 Sebastian Ernst von Manstein
- 1738 - 1740 Gustaf Otto Douglas
Count Gustaf Otto Douglas was a Swedish mercenary, grandson of Robert Douglas, Count of Skenninge. He was captured by Russians during the Battle of Poltava. He was eventually employed by the Russian army during the Great Northern War, and in 1717 was placed in charge of the occupation of Finland...
- 1740 - 1743 Woldemar von Löwendahl
- 1743 - 1753 Peter August Friedrich von Holstein-Beck
Peter Augustus of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck was the eighth Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck...
(1696-1775)
- 1753 - 1758 Prince Vladimir Petrovich Dolgorukiy
- 1758 - 1775 Peter August Friedrich von Holstein-Beck
Peter Augustus of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck was the eighth Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck...
- General-Governor
- 1775 - 1792 Count George Browne
George Browne, Count von Browne in the nobility of the Holy Roman empire was an Irish soldier of fortune who became field-marshal in the Russian service....
- General-Governor
- 1783 - 1786 Georg Friedrich von Grotenhielm
- 1786 - 1797 Heinrich Johann Baron von Wrangell
- 1797 - 1808 Andreas von Langell
- 1808 - 1809 Peter Friedrich Georg von Oldenburg (1784-1812)
- 1809 - 1811 Vacant
- 1811 - 1816 Grand Duke Paul Friedrich August von Oldenburg (1783-1853)
- 1816 - 1819 Berend Baron Üxküll
- 1819 - 1832 Gotthard Wilhelm Baron Budberg von Bönninghausen
- 1832 - 1833 Otto Wilhelm von Essen
- 1833 - 1841 Paul Friedrich von Benckendorff
- 1842 - 1859 Johann Christoph Engelbrecht von Grünewaldt
- 1859 - 1868 Wilhelm Otto Cornelius Alexander Ulrich
- 1868 - 1870 Mikhail Nikolaiyevich Galkin-Vraskoy
- 1870 - 1875 Prince Mikhail Valentinovich Shakhovskoiy-Glebov-Strezhnev
- 1875 - 1885 Viktor Petrovich Polivanov
- 1885 - 1894 Prince Sergey Vladimirovich
- 1894 - 1902 Yefstafiy Nikolaiyevich Skalon
- 1902 - 1905 Aleksey Valerianovich Bellegarde
- 1905 - 1906 Nikolay Georgiyevich von Bünting
- 1906 - 1907 Pyotr Petrovich Bashilov
- 1907 - 1915 Izmail Vladimirovich Korostovetch
- 1915 - 1917 Pyotr Vladimirovich Veryovkin
Russian Provisional Government, 1917
Title: Chairman (1917)
- Georgy Evgenyevich Lvov (15 March (2 March) - 21 July (8 July) 1917)
Title:
Prime MinisterA prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. The position is usually held by, but need not always be held by, a politician. In many systems, the prime minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet, and...
(1917)
- Aleksandr Kerensky (21 July (8 July) - 7 November (25 October) 1917)
Hohenzollern
- Wilhelm II (October 1917 - 9 November 1918)
The October Revolution of 1917 era
(independent
de factoDe facto is a Latin expression that means "by [the] fact". In law, it is meant to mean "in practice but not necessarily ordained by law" or "in practice or actuality, but without being officially established"...
)
Title: Chairman of the Soviet Executive Committee of Estonia (
Eestimaa Nõukogude Täitevkomitee esimees) (1917–1918)
- Jaan Anvelt
Jaan Anvelt Jaan Anvelt Jaan Anvelt (in Russian Ян Анвельт, also known by the pseudonyms Eessaare Aadu, Jaan Holm, Jaan Hulmu, Kaarel Maatamees, Onkel Kaak or Н...
(5 November (23 October) 1917 - 4 March 1918)
(independent
de jureDe jure is an expression that means "concerning law", as contrasted with de facto, which means "concerning fact"....
)
Title: Gouvernement Commissioner (
Kubermangukomissar) (1917 - 1918)
- Jaan Poska
Jaan Poska VR III/1 was an Estonian barrister and politician....
(28 November (15 November) 1917 - 24 February 1918)
Soviet Republic of Naissaar
Title: Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (
Rahvakomissaride Nõukogu esimees) (1917 - 1918)
- Stepan Petrichenko
Stepan Maximovich Petrichenko , was a Russian revolutionary, an anarcho-syndicalist politician, one of the main leaders of the Third Russian Revolution, the head of the Soviet Republic of Soldiers and Fortress-Builders of Nargen and in 1921, de facto leader of the Kronstadt Commune, and the leader...
(December 1917 - 26 February 1918)
Republic of Estonia
Title: Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of Estonia (
Peaminister) (1918 - 1919)
- Konstantin Päts
Konstantin Päts VR I/1 and III/1 was a politician and the first President of Estonia.Päts surname, which means a loaf of bread in Estonian, came from an ancestor who was a miller by profession...
(24 February 1918 - 9 May 1919)
Title: Prime Minister (
Peaminister) (1919 - 1920)
- Otto August Strandman
Otto August Strandman VR III/1 was a Prime Minister of Estonia and Head of State. He was born in Vandu, Undla rural municipality, now in Kadrina Parish, Lääne-Viru County...
(9 May - 18 November 1919)
- Jaan Tõnisson
Jaan Tõnisson was an Estonian statesman, serving as the Prime Minister of Estonia twice during 1919 to 1920 and as the Foreign Minister of Estonia from 1931 to 1932.-Early life:...
(18 November 1919 - 28 July 1920)
- Ado (Aadu) Birk (28 July - 30 July 1920)
- Jaan Tõnisson (30 July - 26 October 1920)
- Ants Piip
Ants Piip VR III/1 was an Estonian lawyer, diplomat and politician.Piip studied at the Teachers' Seminar in Kuldīga , now in Latvia...
(26 October - 20 December 1920)
Title: Head of State (
Riigivanem) (1920 - 1934)
- Ants Piip
Ants Piip VR III/1 was an Estonian lawyer, diplomat and politician.Piip studied at the Teachers' Seminar in Kuldīga , now in Latvia...
(20 December 1920-25 January 1921)
- Konstantin Päts (25 January 1921-21 November 1922)
- Juhan (Johann) Kukk
Juhan ' Kukk was an Estonian politician....
(21 November 1922-2 August 1923)
- Konstantin Päts (2 August 1923-26 March 1924)
- Friedrich Karl Akel
Friedrich Karl Akel was an Estonian diplomat and politician, a member of the International Olympic Committee...
(26 March 1924-16 December 1924)
- Jüri Jaakson
Jüri Jaakson VR III/1 was an Estonian businessman and politician....
(16 December 1924-15 December 1925)
- Jaan Teemant
Jaan Teemant was an Estonian lawyer and politician.Teemant studied in H. Treffner's Private High School. In 1901 he graduated from the Department of Law the St. Petersburg University. He was a solicitor in Tallinn. In 1904-1905 was a member of the Tallinn Municipal Council...
(15 December 1925-9 December 1927)
- Jaan Tõnisson (9 December 1927-4 December 1928)
- August Rei
August Rei VR III/1 was an Estonian Social Democratic politician. He was born in Pilistvere, Kõo Parish, Viljandi County.- Education :...
(4 December 1928-9 July 1929)
- Otto August Strandman
Otto August Strandman VR III/1 was a Prime Minister of Estonia and Head of State. He was born in Vandu, Undla rural municipality, now in Kadrina Parish, Lääne-Viru County...
(9 July 1929-12 February 1931)
- Konstantin Päts (12 February 1931-19 February 1932)
- Jaan Teemant (19 February 1932-19 July 1932)
- Kaarel Eenpalu
Kaarel Eenpalu was an Estonian journalist, politician and head of state.- Education :...
(19 July 1932-1 November 1932)
- Konstantin Päts (1 November 1932-18 May 1933)
- Jaan Tõnisson (18 May 1933-21 October 1933)
- Konstantin Päts (21 October 1933-24 January 1934)
Title: Prime Minister acting Head of State (
Peaminister Riigivanema ülesannetes) (1934 - 1937)
- Konstantin Päts (24 January 1934 - 3 September 1937)
Title: President-Regent (
Riigihoidja) (1937 - 1938)
- Konstantin Päts (3 September 1937 - 24 April 1938)
Title:
President of the RepublicThe President of the Republic is a title used for heads of government and or heads of state in some republics:*President of Colombia, the Presidente de la República de Colombia*President of the French Republic, the Président de la République Française...
(1938 - 1940)
- Konstantin Päts (24 April 1938 - 21 June 1940)
- Johannes Vares
Johannes Vares , commonly known as Johannes Vares Barbarus, was an Estonian poet, doctor, and politician.Vares was born in Heimtali, now in Pärsti Parish, Viljandi County, and educated at Pärnu Gymnasium...
(21 June – 21 July 1940 (Prime Minister acting as the President of Repuvblic, Soviet-installed collaborant)
Title: Prime Minister acting President (
Peaminister Vabariigi Presidendi ülesandeis) (1940 - 1992)
- Jüri Uluots
Jüri Uluots was an Estonian prime minister, journalist, and prominent attorney.Uluots was born in Lihula in 1890 and studied law at St. Petersburg University in 1910 - 1918. He subsequently taught Roman and Estonian law at the University of Tartu until 1944...
(21 June 1940–9 January 1945)
- August Rei
August Rei VR III/1 was an Estonian Social Democratic politician. He was born in Pilistvere, Kõo Parish, Viljandi County.- Education :...
(9 January 1945–29 March 1963)
- Aleksander Varma (Warma) (30 March 1963–23 December 1970)
- Tõnis Kint
Tõnis Kint was an Estonian politician. He served as "Prime Minister in duties of the President" from December 23, 1970 to March 1, 1990.From April 7, 1938 member of the Chamber of Deputies...
(23 December 1970–1 March 1990)
- Heinrich Mark
Heinrich Mark was born on October 1, 1911 in Krootuse, Kõlleste Parish, now in Põlva County, Estonia. He died on August 2, 2004 in Stockholm, Sweden....
(1 March 1990–15 September 1992)
Title: Acting
Prime MinisterA prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. The position is usually held by, but need not always be held by, a politician. In many systems, the prime minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet, and...
(
Peaministri asetäitja) (since 1944)
- Otto Tief
Otto Tief was a lawyer, an Estonian military commander during Estonian War of Independence and later politician, Acting Prime Minister of last legal government of Estonia before Estonia re-gained independence from Soviet occupation.-Education and career:Tief studied law in St Petersburg between...
(18 September 1944 - 12 January 1944, since 10 October 1944 Soviet prisoner)
- Johannes Sikkar
Johannes Sikkar was first head of the Estonian government in exile as Acting Prime Minister.Sikkar served in the Estonian War of Independence against post-revolutionary Soviet Russia on armoured train as a voluntary and an officer, him was granted a farm, which he held until 1944. He finished...
- Aleksander Warma
Aleksander Warma VR I/3 was an Estonian navy officer, diplomat and painter....
- Tõnis Kint
Tõnis Kint was an Estonian politician. He served as "Prime Minister in duties of the President" from December 23, 1970 to March 1, 1990.From April 7, 1938 member of the Chamber of Deputies...
- Heinrich Mark
Heinrich Mark was born on October 1, 1911 in Krootuse, Kõlleste Parish, now in Põlva County, Estonia. He died on August 2, 2004 in Stockholm, Sweden....
- Enno Penno
Enno Penno is a former Estonian politician and was acting Prime Minister of Estonia from March 1, 1990 to September 15, 1992....
Title: Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia (in the body of
Soviet UnionThe Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. The name is a translation of the , tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated СССР, SSSR. The common short name is Soviet Union, from , Sovetskiy Soyuz...
) (1990 - 1991)
- Arnold Rüütel
Arnold Rüütel was the President of the Republic of Estonia from October 8, 2001 to October 9, 2006. He was the second President since Estonia regained its independence in 1991....
(8 May 1990 - 20 August 1991)
Title: Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia (
Eesti Vabariigi Ülemnõukogu esimees) (1991 - 1992)
- Arnold Rüütel
Arnold Rüütel was the President of the Republic of Estonia from October 8, 2001 to October 9, 2006. He was the second President since Estonia regained its independence in 1991....
(20 August 1991 - 6 October 1992)
Title: President (since 1992)
- Lennart Georg Meri
Lennart Georg Meri was a writer, film director and statesman who served as President of Estonia from 1992 to 2001. Meri was a leader of the Estonian independence movement.-Early life:...
(6 October 1992 - 8 October 2001)
- Arnold Rüütel
Arnold Rüütel was the President of the Republic of Estonia from October 8, 2001 to October 9, 2006. He was the second President since Estonia regained its independence in 1991....
(8 October 2001 - 9 October 2006)
- Toomas Hendrik Ilves
Toomas Hendrik Ilves is the current President of Estonia. He is a former diplomat and journalist, was the leader of the Social Democratic Party in the 1990s and later a member of the European Parliament...
(since 9 October 2006)
Baltic Duchy
Title: Regent Councillor (1918)
- Adolf Pilar von Pilchau
Adolf Konstantin Jakob Pilar von Pilchau was a Baltic German politician, regent of the United Baltic Duchy , and baron....
(9 November - 19 November 1918)
Commune of the Working People of EstoniaThe Commune of the Working People of Estonia was an unrecognised government claiming the Bolshevik-occupied parts of Republic of Estonia as its territories during the Estonian War of Independence and the Russian Civil War...
Title: Chairman of the Council of The Commune of the Working People of Estonia (
Eesti Töörahva Komuuna Nõukogu esimees) (1918 - 1919)
- Jaan Anvelt
Jaan Anvelt Jaan Anvelt Jaan Anvelt (in Russian Ян Анвельт, also known by the pseudonyms Eessaare Aadu, Jaan Holm, Jaan Hulmu, Kaarel Maatamees, Onkel Kaak or Н...
(29 November 1918 - 5 June 1919)
Estonian SSRThe Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic , often abbreviated as Estonian SSR or ESSR, was a republic of the Soviet Union, administered by and subordinated to the Government of the Soviet Union...
Title: Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of Estonian SSR (
Eesti NSV Ülemnõukogu Presiidiumi esimees) (1940 - 1988)
- Johannes Vares-Barbarus (21 July 1940 - 29 November 1946)
- Nigol Andresen (1946 - 1947)
- Eduard Päll (1947 - 1950)
- August Jakobson (1950 - 1958)
- Johan Eichfeld (1958 - 1961)
- Aleksei Müürisepp (1961 - 7 October 1970)
- Aleksander Ansberg (1970)
- Artur Vader (22 December 1970 – 25 May 1978)
- Meta Vannas (acting chairman; 1978)
- Johannes Käbin
Johannes Käbin was a Soviet politician who led the Estonian Communist Party from April, 1950 to July 26, 1978. He was Chairman of the Supreme Soviet from July 26, 1978 to April 8, 1983. Initially a hardline Stalinist, he gradually became more moderate in the post-Stalin era...
(1978 - 1983)
- Arnold Rüütel
Arnold Rüütel was the President of the Republic of Estonia from October 8, 2001 to October 9, 2006. He was the second President since Estonia regained its independence in 1991....
(1983 - 16 November 1988)
Title: Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of Estonian SSR (independent) (1988 - 1990)
- Arnold Rüütel
Arnold Rüütel was the President of the Republic of Estonia from October 8, 2001 to October 9, 2006. He was the second President since Estonia regained its independence in 1991....
(16 November 1988 - 8 May 1990)
Soviet UnionThe Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. The name is a translation of the , tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated СССР, SSSR. The common short name is Soviet Union, from , Sovetskiy Soyuz...
Title: Secretary General of the Central Committee of the
Communist Party of the Soviet UnionThe Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the ruling and only legal political party in the Soviet Union and one of the largest communist organizations in the...
(
NLKP Keskkomitee peasekretär) (1940 - 1991)
- Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953...
(1940 - 1953)
- Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev led the Soviet Union during the Cold War. He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964...
(1953 - 1964)
- Leonid Brezhnev
Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982, serving in that position longer than anyone except Joseph Stalin...
(1964 - 1982)
- Yuri Andropov
Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov was a Soviet politician and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 12 November 1982 until his death fifteen months later.-Early life:...
(1982 - 1984)
- Konstantin Chernenko
Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko was a Soviet politician and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He led the Soviet Union from 13 February 1984, until his death just thirteen months later on 10 March 1985...
(1984 - 1985)
- Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev was the second-to-last General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, serving from 1985 until 1991, and the last head of state of the USSR, serving from 1988 until its collapse in 1991...
(1985 - 1991)
Great-German StateNazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany between 1933 and 1945, while it was led by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Worker's Party . The name Third Reich refers to the state as the successor to the Holy Roman Empire of the Middle Ages and the German...
(
Reichskommissariat OstlandReichskommissariat Ostland was the German name for the Nazi civil administration of part of the occupied Eastern territories of the Third Reich, occupied during World War II...
)
Title:
Führer und Reichskanzler (1941 - 1944)
- Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party , popularly known as the Nazi Party...
(7 July 1941 - 24 November 1944)
See also
- History of Estonia
Estonia was settled near the end of the last glacial era, beginning from around 8500 BC. Before the German invasions in the 13th century proto-Estonians of the Ancient Estonia worshipped the spirits of nature...
- List of Estonian presidents
- List of Swedish monarchs
- List of Russian rulers
- Lists of incumbents