Cyathus

Cyathus

Cyathus is a genus of fungi in the Nidulariaceae, a family collectively known as the bird's nest fungi. They are given this name since they resemble tiny bird's nests filled with "eggs", structures large enough to have been mistaken in the past for seeds. However, these are now known to be...

 is a genus of fungi in the family Nidulariaceae

Nidulariaceae

The Nidulariaceae are a family of fungi in the order Nidulariales. Commonly known as the bird's nest fungi, their fruiting bodies resemble tiny egg-filled birds' nests...

. Along with the genera Crucibulum

Crucibulum

Crucibulum is a genus in the Nidulariaceae, a family of fungi whose fruiting bodies resemble tiny egg-filled bird's nests. Often called "splash cups", the fruiting bodies are adapted for spore dispersal by using the kinetic energy of falling drops of rain...

, Mycocalia

Mycocalia

Mycocalia is a genus of fungi in the family Nidulariaceae. Like other members of the Nidulariaceae, their fruiting bodies resemble tiny egg-filled birds' nests...

, Nidula

Nidula

Nidula is a genus of fungi in the family Nidulariaceae. Like other members of the Nidulariaceae, their fruit bodies resemble tiny egg-filled birds' nests, from which they derive their common name "bird's nest fungi"...

 and Nidularia

Nidularia

Nidularia is a genus of fungi in the family Agaricaceae. Their fruit bodies resemble tiny egg-filled bird nests. The name comes from the Latin nidus meaning nest.-Description:...

, they are known collectively as the bird's nest fungi due to their small nest-like fruiting bodies containing egg-shaped peridioles. The genus Cyathus was monographed by mycologist Lloyd

Curtis Gates Lloyd

Curtis Gates Lloyd was an American mycologist known for both his research on the Gasteromycetes, as well as his controversial views on naming conventions in taxonomy. He had a herbarium with over 59,000 fungal specimens, and published over a thousand new species of fungi...

 (1906), and later Brodie

Harold J Brodie

Harold Johnston Brodie was a Canadian mycologist, known for his contributions to the knowledge of the Nidulariaceae, or bird's nest fungi.-Early life:...

 (1975, 1984), and their species concepts, especially those of Brodie (1975), are followed by most mycologists.

Taxonomic characters

The differentiation of Cyathus species is based on observable characters, such as fruiting body shape, coverings and plications of peridia

Peridium

The peridium is the protective layer that encloses a mass of spores in fungi. This outer covering is a distinctive feature of the Gasteromycetes.-Description:...

, and microscopic characteristics such as the anatomy of peridioles, and the size and shape of basidiospore

Basidiospore

A basidiospore is a reproductive spore produced by Basidiomycete fungi. Basidiospores typically each contain one haploid nucleus that is the product of meiosis, and they are produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia. In grills under a cap of one common species in the phylum of...

s. The following characters are used to help identify Cyathus species:

• Shape
• Size
• Color
• Peridium
  Peridium
  The peridium is the protective layer that encloses a mass of spores in fungi. This outer covering is a distinctive feature of the Gasteromycetes.-Description:...
  
  
• Plication means being folded in pleat
  Pleat
  A pleat is a type of fold formed by doubling fabric back upon itself and securing it in place. It is commonly used in clothing and upholstery to gather a wide piece of fabric to a narrower circumference....
  
  s.
• Setae are rigid bristles made of compacted hyphae that are sometimes found at the mouth of the peridium.
• The emplacement is the rounded mass of hypha
  Hypha
  A hypha is a long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus, and also of unrelated Actinobacteria. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium; yeasts are unicellular fungi that do not grow as hyphae.-Structure:A hypha consists of one or...
  
  e at the lower, narrow end of the fruiting body which attaches it to the growing surface.

Microscopic characters

• Tunica: a thin membrane that is the outermost covering layer of the peridioles.
• Cortex: in this article, the cortex refers to the tissue layer comprising the wall of the peridiole.
• Spores:

Species

The following list of species is compiled from Brodie's monograph (1975) and subsequent revision (1984), as well as articles written since then describing new species or reducing others to synonymy.

Species authority	Distribution	Dimensions (mm tall × mm wide)	Characteristics	Spore size (µm Micrometre A micrometer , is by definition 1×10-6 of a meter .In plain English, it means one-millionth of a meter . Its unit symbol in the International System of Units is μm... ) shape
Etymology Etymology Etymology is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time.For languages with a long written history, etymologists make use of texts in these languages and texts about the languages to gather knowledge about how words were used during...
C. africanus H.J. Brodie (1967)	Mount Kilimanjaro Mount Kilimanjaro Kilimanjaro, with its three volcanic cones, Kibo, Mawenzi, and Shira, is a dormant volcano in Kilimanjaro National Park, Tanzania and the highest mountain in Africa at above sea level .-Geology:...  (Tanzania Tanzania The United Republic of Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern borders lie on the Indian Ocean.Tanzania is a state... )	4–6 × 6–8	experidium not plicate, woolly, hairs of equal length knotted into tight curls; endoperidium smooth with faint or irregular ridges; peridioles 2–2.5 mm in diameter, silvery with tunica	6.5–8.5 × 8.5–12 ovoid, with a distinct apiculus
L. African
C. amazonicus Trierveiler-pereira & Baseia (2009)	Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...	9–11 × 5–7	experidium finely plicate, woolly, hairs yellowish-brown; endoperidium distinctly plicate; peridioles 2–3 × 1.2–2 mm, dark gray and shiny	14–19 × 12–16 subglobose
L. Amazon
C. annulatus H.J. Brodie (1970)	Cypress Hills (Canada)	7–10 × 7–12	pale brown, covered on exoperidium with tomentum; basal emplacement small and inconspicuous; endoperidium pale buff, shiny, lightly striate; lip of peridium with deep brown ring 0.5 mm wide; peridioles 1.5–1.75 mm, roughly triangular with shiny tunica	15.5–17 × 15–19 ellipsoid to ovate or roughly spherical
C. badius Kobayasi (1937)	Japan Japan Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...	8–10 × 6–8	Exoperidium dark brown, fruiting bodies arising from wooly base 3–mm in diameter; peridioles lenticular, 2.3 mm long by 2 mm wide by 0.6–0.9 mm thick, silvery-lead colored, with tunica.	15–18 × 11–13
L. badius (dull brown)
C. berkeleyanus (Tul. & C. Tul.) Lloyd Curtis Gates Lloyd Curtis Gates Lloyd was an American mycologist known for both his research on the Gasteromycetes, as well as his controversial views on naming conventions in taxonomy. He had a herbarium with over 59,000 fungal specimens, and published over a thousand new species of fungi...  (1906)	Widespread distribution in the tropics: West Indies, Florida, Mexico, Bolivia, Brazil, Hawaiian Islands	6–8 × 4–6	Exoperidium hairy in fresh specimens, but wears off in age, leaving surface smooth and plicate; inner surface variably plicate; peridioles dark brown, 1.5–3 mm in diameter; typically elliptical, with a thin tunica.	6–9 × 4–7
C. bulleri H.J. Brodie (1967)	West Indies, Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Islands The Hawaiian Islands are an archipelago of eight major islands, several atolls, numerous smaller islets, and undersea seamounts in the North Pacific Ocean, extending some 1,500 miles from the island of Hawaii in the south to northernmost Kure Atoll... , Mexico Mexico The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...	5–9 × 5–8	Exoperidium with fine tomentum and long, converging downward-pointing hairs, plicate in upper third; ectoperidal surface plicate, silvery; epiphragm white with vertical tufts of hyphae; peridioles 2–2.5 mm in diamter with thick tunica, silvery when fresh, dark-brown when old.	5–8.5  spherical
C. canna Lloyd (1906)	Tropical locales: Jamaica, Costa Rica, Barbados Barbados Barbados is an island country in the Lesser Antilles. It is in length and as much as in width, amounting to . It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic and 100 kilometres east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; therein, it is about east of the islands of Saint... , Mexico, Mauritius Mauritius Mauritius , officially the Republic of Mauritius is an island nation off the southeast coast of the African continent in the southwest Indian Ocean, about east of Madagascar...	7–8 × 6–8	Exoperidium dark brown, scabrous with short tomentum; endoperidial surface smooth, white; peridioles with thin tunica on upper side.	7–9  roughly spherical
L. from Gr. canna (a reed)
C. chevalieri Har. & Pat. (1909)	Oubangui	Up to 20 × 5–7	Resembles C. striatus	8 × 5 ovoid
C. colensoi Berk. (1855)	New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga... , Australia Australia Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...	6–7 × 5–6	Cups bell-shaped, smooth with fine hairs pressed down on exoperidium; peridioles approximately 2 mm	Some ellipsoid, 10–12 × 8–10; some subglobose, 9–12
W. Colenso
C. confusus Tai & Hung (1948)	Yunnan (China)	11–17 × 5–9	Exterior surface light cinnamon colored, shaggy; interior surface light buff, smooth; tunica thick.	7–10 × 5–6.4 elliptic or narrowly obovate
L. confusus (confused)
C. cornucopiodes T.X. Zhou & W. Ren (1992)	China
C. costatus Lloyd (1936)	Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Puerto Rico , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , is an unincorporated territory of the United States, located in the northeastern Caribbean, east of the Dominican Republic and west of both the United States Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands.Puerto Rico comprises an...	2.5–3 mm diameter	Exoperidium covered with dark, strigose hairs, ribbed, plicate; peridioles small (1 mm), black.	16–× 5– elliptical
L. costatus (ribbed)
C. crassimurus H.J. Brodie (1971)	Hawaii	5 × 6–7	Golden colored, plicate, external hairs; radially wrinkled dark brown peridioles. Has a two-layered cortex and long narrow spores.	17–20 × 11–12 ellipsoid, very thick-walled (2.5–4 µm)
L. crassus (thick) murus (wall)
C. crispus H.J. Brodie (1974)	Ghana Ghana Ghana , officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country located in West Africa. It is bordered by Côte d'Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south...		Golden-colored, plicate peridia covered on external surface with curls of hyphal hairs
C. earlei Lloyd (1906)	Tropical or subtropical: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Hawaii	6–7 × 8	Dark brown exterior, silvery (almost white) interior surface; tomentum of short hairs; peridioles up to 2 mm wide, thin tunica on upper side	12 × 10 to 22 × 12
F.S. Earle
C. ellipsoideus H.J. Brodie (1974)	Mysore India		Pale colored and plicate; has peridioles and spores with an ellipsoidal outline.
C. elmeri Bres.	Philippines Philippines The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...	7–10 × 7–9	Peridioles ash-grey, powdery, 1.3–1.5 mm in diameter; thin tunica (100–150 µm thick).	18–22 × 10–12 ellipsoidal
A.D.E. Elmer
C. fimicola Berk. (1881)	Puerto Rico, Mexico	2–3 × 4–5	Pale, with strigose matted hairs; peridioles small, black, 1.5 mm	8 × 16
C. gayanus Tul. & C. Tul. (1844)	Chile Chile Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far... , Costa Rica Costa Rica Costa Rica , officially the Republic of Costa Rica is a multilingual, multiethnic and multicultural country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Caribbean Sea to the east.... , Jamaica, Venezuela	153 × 5–6	Narrow, conic, dark brown, innter surface striate, out surface ony faintly striate; peridioles black, 3 mm with thick outer wall.	20–32 roughly spherical
C. Gay
C. gracilis H.J. Brodie (1973)	Luzon Luzon Luzon is the largest island in the Philippines. It is located in the northernmost region of the archipelago, and is also the name for one of the three primary island groups in the country centered on the Island of Luzon...  (Philippines)	4–7 × 8–10	Peridium slender, obconic, thin-walled (0.2–0.4 mm); outer surface umber- or rust-colored and covered with conical tufts of hairs, not plicate, inner surface same color as outer or lighter; epiphragm pale buff with brown hairs; peridioles 2 mm in diameter, circular.	20 × 10 ellipsoidal
L. gracilis (slender)
C. griseocarpus H.J. Brodie (1984)
C. helenae Cyathus helenae Cyathus helenae is a species of fungus in the genus Cyathus, family Nidulariaceae. Like other members of the Nidulariaceae, C. helenae resembles a tiny bird's nest filled with 'eggs'—spore-containing structures known as peridioles. It was initially described by mycologist Harold Brodie in... H.J. Brodie (1966)	Alpine and boreal, and dry areas of Idaho Idaho Idaho is a state in the Rocky Mountain area of the United States. The state's largest city and capital is Boise. Residents are called "Idahoans". Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890, as the 43rd state....			15–19 × 12–14
C. hirtulus B. Liu & Y.M. Li (1989)				18–25.5 × 7.5–9
C. hookeri Berk. (1854)	India, New Zealand, Yunnan (China)	up to 14 × 10	Bell-shaped
J. Hooker
C. intermedius (Mont.) Tul. & C. Tul. (1844)	West Indies, Florida, Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, Philippines	8–9 × 7–8	Pale fawn color, when young covered with tomentum organized in nodules; peridioles about 2 mm in diameter, with a thin tunica.	10–× 16 elliptical
L. inter (middle) and medius (middle)
C. jiayuguanensis J. Yu, T.X. Zhou & L.Z. Zhao (2002)
C. julietae H.J. Brodie (1967)	Jamaica	7–8 × 7–8	Pale brown or yellow, obconic with straight sides, thin-walled; exoperidium not plicate, covered with very fine hairs; inside wall smooth, glossy; narrow basal emplacement; epiphragm pale brown or yellowish; peridioles black, elliptical, wriklned on upper surface, 1.5–1.75 mm long; thin tunica, single-layered cortex.	5–9 × 5–7 subglobose to ellipsoid, thin-walled.
L. from the name Juliet
C. lanatus (H.J. Brodie) R.L. Zhao (2007)
C.  lijiangensis T.X. Zhou & R.L. Zhao (2004)	China	6–9 × 3–6	Obconic or funnel-shaped, outer surface covered by greyish-white hais and narrow tufts, plicate externally and internally, lip not setose; peridioles 1.5–2 × 1.5–1.8 mm, depressed, mostly round or ellipsoid.	15.5–18.5 × 11–15
C. limbatus Tul. & C. Tul. (1844)	British Guiana British Guiana British Guiana was the name of the British colony on the northern coast of South America, now the independent nation of Guyana.The area was originally settled by the Dutch at the start of the 17th century as the colonies of Essequibo, Demerara, and Berbice... , West Indies, China, India, Africa, South America, Hawaiian Islands, Pacific Islands	7–10 × 6–7	Dark brown color, innrer and outer surfaces plicate; peridioles 2 mm wide or more, deep brown to black, shiny. Synonymous with C. cheliensis	16–22 × 10–12
L. limbatus (bordered, or fringed)
C. luxiensis T.X. Zhou, J. Yu & Y. Hui Chen (2003)	China
C. microsporus Tul. & C. Tul. (1844)	San Domingo, Cuba, Costa Rica, Jamaica, Hawaii, Florida	5–7 × 6–8	Obconic, exoperidium no plicate, at times hairy; endoperidium smooth or with faint ridges, but not plicate; peridioles black, about 2 mm	5–6 × 4
Gr. mikros (small) and spora (seed)
C. minimus Pat.	China	4–5 × 4	Exoperidium covered with hairs pressed-down. Interior surface smooth. Peridioles approximately 1 mm, with a thin tunica. Single-layered cortex, 50 µm thick.	18–20 × 10–12
L. minimus (smallest)
C. montagnei Tul. & C. Tul. (1844)	Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people... , West Indies, Central America Central America Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. It is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with South America on the southeast. When considered part of the unified continental model, it is considered a subcontinent... , Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela , officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south... , Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a state located in Central Africa. It is the second largest country in Africa by area and the eleventh largest in the world... , Philippines Philippines The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam... , Thailand Thailand Thailand , officially the Kingdom of Thailand , formerly known as Siam , is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula and Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the...	7–10 × 8	dark brown, fading with age, outside hirsute, faintly plicate; inside walls widely plicate, silvery-colored Peridioles are black and shiny, with a thin tunica, cortex one-layered but may appear two-layered	20 × 12 ellipsoid
for Jean P. Montagne, French mycologist
C. nigroalbus Lloyd (1906)	Samoa Samoa Samoa , officially the Independent State of Samoa, formerly known as Western Samoa is a country encompassing the western part of the Samoan Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. It became independent from New Zealand in 1962. The two main islands of Samoa are Upolu and one of the biggest islands in... , Fiji Fiji Fiji , officially the Republic of Fiji , is an island nation in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about northeast of New Zealand's North Island...
C. novae-zeelandiae Tul. & C. Tul. (1844)	New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga...
C. olivaceobrunneus Tai & Hung (1948)	Yunnan (China)	7–8 × 6		16–19 × 8.6–10 ellpitic, rounded at both ends
L. oliva (olive) and brunneus (brown)
C. olla Cyathus olla Cyathus olla is a species of saprobic fungus in the genus Cyathus, family Nidulariaceae. The fruit bodies resemble tiny bird's nests filled with "eggs" – spore-containing structures called peridioles. Like other bird's nest fungi, C. olla relies on the force of falling water to dislodge... (Batsch) Pers. (1801)	Common, widespread	10–15 × 8–10	Flared outwards towards the mouth; exoperidium grey, fine-textured; endoperidium smooth; peridioles large, up to 3.5 wide, irregularly shaped, with tunica.	10–14 × 6–8
L. olla (pot)
C. pallidus Berk. & M.A. Curtis (1868)	West Indies, Mexico, South America (Brazil and Peru), United States (Georgia and Florida), Hawaiian Islands	5–7 × 5–7	Crucible shaped, pale buff-colored; thin and friable peridium walls; exoperidium covered with long down-ward-bent hairs; peridioles dark grey to black; 2 mm diameter; with a thin tunica.	7.5–15 × 4–8.5 Mostly ellipsoid.
L. pallidus (pale-colored)
C. pictus H.J. Brodie (1971)	Mexico	8–9 × 5	Outer surface with fine hairs clumped into small mounds; cinnamon brown when dry, dark brown when moist; the mouth has a distinct red-brown band (0.2–0.3 mm wide) immediately below the rim; insdie wall smooth, not plicate, lead-grey; emplacement large (7 mm); peridioles situated deep in cup, black, irregular shape (1.75–2 mm wide × 2–2.5 mm long), with depression on upper side; no tunica.	26–32 globose
L. picted (painted)
C. poeppigii Tul. & C. Tul. (1844)	Warm countries: West Indies, South America, Hawaiian Islands, Asia, Africa, China, Florida	6–8 × 6	Narrowly obconic, felty or shaggy, reddish brown to dark brown, almost black in age; both inner and outer surface deeply fluted or plicate; peridioles black and shiny. Synonymous with C. megasporus	30–42 × 20–28 elliptical
Poeppig, the collector
C. pullus Tai & Hung (1948)	Yunnan Yunnan Yunnan is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the far southwest of the country spanning approximately and with a population of 45.7 million . The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders Burma, Laos, and Vietnam.Yunnan is situated in a mountainous area, with...  China
C. pygmaeus Lloyd (1906)	United States: Washington State, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, California; Santiago (Chile)	4–4.5 × 3.5–4	Exoperidium greyish brown, smooth, with appressed hairs; peridioles about 1 mm, with thin tunica. Synonymous with C. gansuensis	12–14 × 8–9
L. pygmaeus (dwarf)
C. renweii T.X. Zhou & R.L. Zhao (2004)	China	8–10 × 5–6	Obconic or cup-shaped; outer surface brownish, with yellowish to pinkish hairs and narrow tufts, strongly plicate; peridioles 2 mm diameter	21–31 × 10.5–13.5 ellipsoid to elongate-ellipsoid
C. rudis Pat. (1924)	New Caledonia New Caledonia New Caledonia is a special collectivity of France located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, east of Australia and about from Metropolitan France. The archipelago, part of the Melanesia subregion, includes the main island of Grande Terre, the Loyalty Islands, the Belep archipelago, the Isle of... , Amboina	5–10 × 5–8	Conic; striate on inner surface, with reddish squamules on outer surface; interior surface silvery-white; peridioles black-brown with thin tunica, 1 mm wide	9–12 × 5 elliptical
C. setosus H.J. Brodie (1967)	St Lucia, Trinidad, Guadelope, Jamaica, Mexico, Bolivia	8–10 × 7–8	Mouth of cup has stiff, dark setae 0.5–1 mm long; outside surface with fine appressed hairs and some longer tangled hairs; inside surface barely plicate, silvery; basal emplacement narrow (1.5–2 mm wide); epiphragm thin, white to pale buff; peridioles angular, black, shiny, 2.5  or more wide.	17–24 × 10–14
L. setosus (bristly or hairy)
C. sinensis Imazeki (1950)	Kyushu Kyushu is the third largest island of Japan and most southwesterly of its four main islands. Its alternate ancient names include , , and . The historical regional name is referred to Kyushu and its surrounding islands....  Islands (Japan)	5–6 × 2.5–5	Peridium with obconic shape, woolly exoperidial surface (hairs tufted), cinnamon-brown color; inner surface smooth, lead-white; peridioles grey, 1.3 mm wide, 0.5 mm thick.	12.5–18.5 × 8.3–10.3 ellipsoid
L.sinensis (Chinese)
C. stercoreus Cyathus stercoreus Cyathus stercoreus, commonly known as the dung-loving bird's nest, is a species of fungus in the genus Cyathus, family Nidulariaceae. Like other species in the Nidulariaceae, the fruiting bodies of C. stercoreus resemble tiny bird's nests filled with eggs... (Schwein.) De Toni (1888)	Worldwide
L. "stercorarius (of dung)
C. striatus Cyathus striatus Cyathus striatus, commonly known as the fluted bird's nest, is a common saprobic bird's nest fungus with a widespread distribution throughout temperate regions of the world. This fungus resembles a miniature bird's nest with numerous tiny "eggs"; the eggs, or peridioles, are actually lens-shaped... (Huds.) Willd. (1787)	Widespread in temperate regions; Europe, America, India, Japan, China, Mexico			18–20 × 8–10
C. subglobisporus R.L. Zhao, Desjardin & K.D. Hyde (2008)	Northern Thailand Thailand Thailand , officially the Kingdom of Thailand , formerly known as Siam , is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula and Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the...		Ivory-coloured fruiting bodies covered with shaggy hairs, plications on the inner surface of the peridium and subglobose basidiospores.
C. triplex Lloyd (1906)	West Indies, Florida, Venezuela, Hawaii, Philippines, Thailand Thailand Thailand , officially the Kingdom of Thailand , formerly known as Siam , is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula and Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the...	5–6 × 5	Outer surface smooth, covered with scabrous hairs, innrer sirface smooth, silvery white; peridioles 2 mm with very thin tunica.	16–22 × 12–14 ellipsoid
L. triplex (threefold)
C. yunnanensis B. Liu & Y.M. Li (1989)	China			14.5–22.5 × 10.5–18