Joop Sanders
Encyclopedia
Joop Sanders is a painter and founding member of the American
Abstract
Expressionist group. He is the youngest member of the first generation of the New York School
. He exhibited in the legendary "9th Street Art Exhibition", otherwise known as the 9th St. Show, May 21-June 10, 1951 along with Willem de Kooning
, Elaine de Kooning
, Albert Kotin
. Milton Resnick
, Joan Mitchell
, Lee Krasner
among others.
, Holland and emigrated to the USA in 1939. He became a US citizen in 1955. He is married to the lieder singer Isca Sanders. His son-in-law is the photographer Timothy Greenfield-Sanders
. His grandchildren include artist Isca Greenfield-Sanders
and filmmaker Liliana Greenfield-Sanders
. His son is the sculptor John Sanders and his daughter is the lawyer and environmental activist Karin Greenfield-Sanders.
Sanders was a charter member of The Club. The twenty original members were Landes Lewitin, Philip Pavia, Willem de Kooning
, Milton Resnick
, Conrad Marca-Relli
, Franz Kline
, James Rosati
, Ibram Lassaw
, Al Copley
, Ad Reinhardt
, George Cavillon, John Roelants, Joop Sanders
, Ludwig Sander, Emanuel Navaretta, Charles Egan, Jack Tworkov
, Gus Falk, Ahron Ben-Shnuel, and Peter Grippe
.
In 1940 Sanders met Willem de Kooning at a concert featuring the music of Virgil Thomson
, Aaron Copland
and William Schuman
. Like de Kooning, Sanders was Dutch. He had immigrated to the U.S. in 1939. At the concert Sanders started talking to the woman sitting next to him. When he told her his name was Joop, she remarked, "Oh, is that Dutch? You have to meet my fiance who is also Dutch." The woman was Elaine Fried Elaine de Kooning
.
He studied:
His teaching positions:
Sanders one-man exhibitions include the Tanager Gallery, New York City; Stable Gallery
, New York City; Stedelijk Museum
, Amsterdam
, Holland; Carnegie International
, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
; Bertha Schaefer Gallery, and Schlesinger-Boisante among others.
For Joop Sanders' 1960 exhibition at the Stedelijk Museum, critic Thomas B. Hess wrote the following.
"It was in 1948 that I first met the advanced painters and sculptors who a decade later were to become famous as the “New York School”. And it was then that I was introduced to Joop Sanders and I was told that Joop was painting in a new style. Later I saw his pictures in some of the huge lively exhibitions the artists themselves organized in empty lofts and stores (no one in New York with the exception of Pollock was selling any paintings). At the time Sanders was obviously influenced by de Kooning and as it turned out this influence was the healthiest, the most open and stimulating of the moment as many of Sanders’ young colleagues can testify. They went on to discover or invent some of the most original forms of the 1950s. Shortly thereafter Sanders went to Europe where, I heard, he was establishing a growing reputation.
Last year he returned to New York and this January held an exhibition of the new paintings and collages at the Stuttman Gallery. It is these together with some older works, which this forward accompanies to Europe. Joop Sanders left the figure once more in 1955 and returned to abstractions which relate to nature and to the cycles of growth and death, A recurring title “Buddingg Grove” comes from Proust and some of the Swans violent jealousy as well as Verdurin’s moral dilemma and Marcels infinite longing are appropriate parallels to Sanders’ green sprouting and dissolving shapes. The too solid flesh is resolved into leaf dew. Water and steam circulate; there is fluid motion and haze.
It is particularly appropriate that the Stedelijk Museum, which, under the enlightened leadership of Mr. Sandberg, has played such a crucial role in introducing advanced art in Europe, should have chosen for its exhibition of a younger American painter these eloquent works. It is also relevant that these ingratiating images of leaf and water (land and ocean), interpenetrating and substituting themselves one for the other, should be by an artist, who is both a native of Holland and New York. Holland—which is built of earth in the ocean. New York—a stone spine that breaks through the same waters 3000 miles to the west. It is a personal pleasure to introduce my friend Joop Sanders in this way to his own family".
In 1987 art critic John Sturman wrote the following for Art News about Joop Sanders' exhibition at the Alfred Kren Gallery in New York
Sanders, who was born in Holland in 1921, emigrated to the United States and helped spearhead the Abstract Expressionist movement in New York in the late 1940s and early ‘50s. Although Sanders has not achieved the fame of his former colleagues, he has produced an impressive body of work that deserves to be better known.
This show, the artist’s first solo exhibition in New York since 1968, focused on paintings and drawings from two discrete periods—the ‘60s and the ‘80s. Most of the ‘60s works offered nearly monochromatic fields of primary color. Sanders’ monochromatism is far more akin to the emotionality of Rothko than to the precise evenness of Newman. Summer Heat (1962), for example, features an expanse of bold, dense brushstrokes of deep yellow, with a thin white circle outlined at the lower left. Its hazy, mustardlike thickness says, with almost oriental simplicity, all one ever needs to know about the feel of oppressive days in July and August. In a similar fashion Blue Eclipse (1962) and Moonlite Night (1962) evoke a profound and enigmatic nocturnal ultramarine stillness. Sisyphus (1963), consisting of the outlines of two opposing triangles and a circle on black field, neatly sums up the tension and futility that characterize the task of the mythological titan.
The ‘80s paintings were a more disparate group, and, although they are strikingly different from the near monochromes of the ‘60s, they do have stylistic similarities with the earlier works—notably the bold, intense brushwork and the use of geometric forms (especially circles). The most spectacular of Sanders’ paintings, Dream of the Red Chamber (1981-82), is a large tondo of kaleidoscopic richness. With its vibrant palette of red, orange and light green, this work has an Asiatic cast that suggests the classic Chinese novel after which it is titled. Its intricate, pinwheel-like arcs and circles, in conjunction with lush colors, create an enchantingly phantasmagoric effect. Quite antithetical to the lyricism of this work is the blunt impact of such paintings as Pogrom (1984) and Interrogation Room (1986). The former is an abstraction suggesting a nighttime scene of flames and barred doors; the latter depicts a lone slatted seat against a murky, menacing background.
Sanders' work is in public collections including the Museum of Modern Art
, New York
; Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, Holland; Milwaukee Art Museum
, and the Israel Museum
. Selected reviews include Thomas Hess in ArtNews
, Kenneth B. Sawyer in Art International, Hiram Butler in Horizon
, John Sturman in ArtNews
, and Lawrence Campbell in Art in America
.
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
Abstract
Abstraction
Abstraction is a process by which higher concepts are derived from the usage and classification of literal concepts, first principles, or other methods....
Expressionist group. He is the youngest member of the first generation of the New York School
New York School
The New York School was an informal group of American poets, painters, dancers, and musicians active in the 1950s, 1960s in New York City...
. He exhibited in the legendary "9th Street Art Exhibition", otherwise known as the 9th St. Show, May 21-June 10, 1951 along with Willem de Kooning
Willem de Kooning
Willem de Kooning was a Dutch American abstract expressionist artist who was born in Rotterdam, the Netherlands....
, Elaine de Kooning
Elaine de Kooning
Elaine de Kooning was an Abstract Expressionist, Figurative Expressionist painter in the post-World War II era and editorial associate for Art News magazine...
, Albert Kotin
Albert Kotin
Albert Kotin belonged to the early generation of New York School Abstract Expressionist artists whose artistic innovation by the 1950s had been recognized across the Atlantic, including Paris...
. Milton Resnick
Milton Resnick
Milton Resnick was a major abstract expressionist painter and teacher known for his mystical, abstract and figurative paintings. Born in Bratslav, Russia, he emigrated to the United States in 1922.-Biography:...
, Joan Mitchell
Joan Mitchell
Joan Mitchell was a "second generation" abstract expressionist painter. She was an essential member of the American Abstract expressionist movement, even though much of her career took place in France. Along with Lee Krasner, Grace Hartigan, and Helen Frankenthaler she was one of her era's few...
, Lee Krasner
Lee Krasner
Lee Krasner was an influential abstract expressionist painter in the second half of the 20th century. On October 25, 1945, she married artist Jackson Pollock, who was also influential in the Abstract Expressionism movement....
among others.
Biography
Joop Sanders was born 1921 in AmsterdamAmsterdam
Amsterdam is the largest city and the capital of the Netherlands. The current position of Amsterdam as capital city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands is governed by the constitution of August 24, 1815 and its successors. Amsterdam has a population of 783,364 within city limits, an urban population...
, Holland and emigrated to the USA in 1939. He became a US citizen in 1955. He is married to the lieder singer Isca Sanders. His son-in-law is the photographer Timothy Greenfield-Sanders
Timothy Greenfield-Sanders
Timothy Greenfield-Sanders is an American portrait photographer known for his strikingly intimate portraits of world leaders and major cultural figures. The majority of his work is shot in large format, 11x14 inch black-and-white film and 8x10 color film...
. His grandchildren include artist Isca Greenfield-Sanders
Isca Greenfield-Sanders
-Life and work:Isca Greenfield-Sanders was born in New York City. In 2000 she received a B.A. in math and a B.A. in visual arts from Brown University. In 2001, she was a visiting artist at the American Academy in Rome. Isca Greenfield-Sanders is married to the artist and musician Sebastian Blanck...
and filmmaker Liliana Greenfield-Sanders
Liliana Greenfield-Sanders
Liliana Greenfield-Sanders is an American filmmaker.-Life and work:Liliana Greenfield-Sanders is a New York-based filmmaker. She is the daughter Timothy Greenfield-Sanders, a photographer and documentary filmmaker, and Karin Greenfield-Sanders, a lawyer...
. His son is the sculptor John Sanders and his daughter is the lawyer and environmental activist Karin Greenfield-Sanders.
Sanders was a charter member of The Club. The twenty original members were Landes Lewitin, Philip Pavia, Willem de Kooning
Willem de Kooning
Willem de Kooning was a Dutch American abstract expressionist artist who was born in Rotterdam, the Netherlands....
, Milton Resnick
Milton Resnick
Milton Resnick was a major abstract expressionist painter and teacher known for his mystical, abstract and figurative paintings. Born in Bratslav, Russia, he emigrated to the United States in 1922.-Biography:...
, Conrad Marca-Relli
Conrad Marca-Relli
Conrad Marca-Relli was an American artist who belonged to the early generation of New York School Abstract Expressionist artists whose artistic innovation by the 1950s had been recognized across the Atlantic, including Paris...
, Franz Kline
Franz Kline
Franz Jozef Kline was an American painter mainly associated with the Abstract Expressionist movement centered around New York in the 1940s and 1950s. He was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, and attended Girard College, an academy in Philadelphia for fatherless boys...
, James Rosati
James Rosati
James Rosati was an American abstract sculptor.Born in Pennsylvania, Rosati moved to New York in 1944, where he befriended fellow sculptor Philip Pavia. He was a charter member of the Eighth Street Club and the New York School of abstract expressionists...
, Ibram Lassaw
Ibram Lassaw
Ibram Lassaw is an American sculptor, known for nonobjective construction in brazed metals.-Biography:Lassaw was born in Alexandria, Egypt, of Russian émigré parents, he went to the U.S. in 1921. His family settled in Brooklyn, New York. He became a US citizen in 1928...
, Al Copley
Al Copley
Al Copley is a blues pianist who co-founded the American jump blues band Roomful of Blues with guitarist Duke Robillard in Westerly, Rhode Island in 1967. In 1974 Count Basie called Roomful "the hottest blues band I've ever heard". In 1975 Roomful signed a recording contract with Island Records,...
, Ad Reinhardt
Ad Reinhardt
Adolph Frederick Reinhardt was an Abstract painter active in New York beginning in the 1930s and continuing through the 1960s. He was a member of the American Abstract Artists and was a part of the movement centered around the Betty Parsons Gallery that became known as Abstract Expressionism...
, George Cavillon, John Roelants, Joop Sanders
Joop Sanders
Joop Sanders is a painter and founding member of the American Abstract Expressionist group. He is the youngest member of the first generation of the New York School. He exhibited in the legendary "9th Street Art Exhibition", otherwise known as the 9th St. Show, May 21-June 10, 1951 along with...
, Ludwig Sander, Emanuel Navaretta, Charles Egan, Jack Tworkov
Jack Tworkov
Jack Tworkov was a Polish born American abstract expressionist painter.He was born in Biała Podlaska, Russian Empire and immigrated to the United States in 1913 with his mother and younger sister who would later become known as Janice Biala...
, Gus Falk, Ahron Ben-Shnuel, and Peter Grippe
Peter Grippe
Peter Grippe was an American sculptor, printmaker, and painter. As a sculptor, he worked in bronze, terracotta, wire, plaster, and found objects. His "Monument to Hiroshima" series used found objects cast in bronze sculptures to evoke the chaotic humanity of the Japanese city after its...
.
In 1940 Sanders met Willem de Kooning at a concert featuring the music of Virgil Thomson
Virgil Thomson
Virgil Thomson was an American composer and critic. He was instrumental in the development of the "American Sound" in classical music...
, Aaron Copland
Aaron Copland
Aaron Copland was an American composer, composition teacher, writer, and later in his career a conductor of his own and other American music. He was instrumental in forging a distinctly American style of composition, and is often referred to as "the Dean of American Composers"...
and William Schuman
William Schuman
William Howard Schuman was an American composer and music administrator.-Life:Born in Manhattan in New York City to Samuel and Rachel Schuman, Schuman was named after the twenty-seventh U.S. president, William Howard Taft, although his family preferred to call him Bill...
. Like de Kooning, Sanders was Dutch. He had immigrated to the U.S. in 1939. At the concert Sanders started talking to the woman sitting next to him. When he told her his name was Joop, she remarked, "Oh, is that Dutch? You have to meet my fiance who is also Dutch." The woman was Elaine Fried Elaine de Kooning
Elaine de Kooning
Elaine de Kooning was an Abstract Expressionist, Figurative Expressionist painter in the post-World War II era and editorial associate for Art News magazine...
.
He studied:
- 1940: The Art Students League of New YorkArt Students League of New YorkThe Art Students League of New York is an art school located on West 57th Street in New York City. The League has historically been known for its broad appeal to both amateurs and professional artists, and has maintained for over 130 years a tradition of offering reasonably priced classes on a...
, New York CityNew York CityNew York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and...
for six months with George Gross; - 1948: with Willem de KooningWillem de KooningWillem de Kooning was a Dutch American abstract expressionist artist who was born in Rotterdam, the Netherlands....
His teaching positions:
- 1960-1965: Pratt InstitutePratt InstitutePratt Institute is a private art college in New York City located in Brooklyn, New York, with satellite campuses in Manhattan and Utica. Pratt is one of the leading undergraduate art schools in the United States and offers programs in Architecture, Graphic Design, History of Art and Design,...
, BrooklynBrooklynBrooklyn is the most populous of New York City's five boroughs, with nearly 2.6 million residents, and the second-largest in area. Since 1896, Brooklyn has had the same boundaries as Kings County, which is now the most populous county in New York State and the second-most densely populated...
, NY; - 1961-1965:Cooper UnionCooper UnionThe Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, commonly referred to simply as Cooper Union, is a privately funded college in the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, United States, located at Cooper Square and Astor Place...
, New York CityNew York CityNew York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and...
; - 1965-1966: Carnegie Institute of Technology, Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a permanent national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution....
; - 1966-1985: State UniversityState universityIn the United States, a state college or state university is one of the public colleges or universities funded by or associated with the state government. In some cases, these institutions of higher learning are part of a state university system, while in other cases they are not. Several U.S....
of New Paltz, NY; - 1968: University of CaliforniaUniversity of CaliforniaThe University of California is a public university system in the U.S. state of California. Under the California Master Plan for Higher Education, the University of California is a part of the state's three-tier public higher education system, which also includes the California State University...
, BerkeleyBerkeley, CaliforniaBerkeley is a city on the east shore of the San Francisco Bay in Northern California, United States. Its neighbors to the south are the cities of Oakland and Emeryville. To the north is the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington...
, CA.
Sanders one-man exhibitions include the Tanager Gallery, New York City; Stable Gallery
Stable Gallery
The Stable Gallery, originally located on West 58th Street in New York, was founded in 1953 by Eleanor Ward. The Stable Gallery hosted early solo New York exhibitions for artists including Robert Indiana and Andy Warhol.-History:...
, New York City; Stedelijk Museum
Stedelijk Museum
Founded in 1874, the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam is a museum for classic modern and contemporary art in Amsterdam in the Netherlands. It has been housed on the Paulus Potterstraat, next to Museum Square Museumplein and to the Rijksmuseum, Van Gogh Museum and the Concertgebouw, in Amsterdam Zuid...
, Amsterdam
Amsterdam
Amsterdam is the largest city and the capital of the Netherlands. The current position of Amsterdam as capital city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands is governed by the constitution of August 24, 1815 and its successors. Amsterdam has a population of 783,364 within city limits, an urban population...
, Holland; Carnegie International
Carnegie International
The Carnegie International is the oldest North American exhibition of contemporary art from around the globe. It was first organized at the behest of industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie on November 5, 1896 in Pittsburgh. Carnegie established the International to educate and inspire the...
, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is a U.S. state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The state borders Delaware and Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, New York and Ontario, Canada, to the north, and New Jersey to...
; Bertha Schaefer Gallery, and Schlesinger-Boisante among others.
For Joop Sanders' 1960 exhibition at the Stedelijk Museum, critic Thomas B. Hess wrote the following.
"It was in 1948 that I first met the advanced painters and sculptors who a decade later were to become famous as the “New York School”. And it was then that I was introduced to Joop Sanders and I was told that Joop was painting in a new style. Later I saw his pictures in some of the huge lively exhibitions the artists themselves organized in empty lofts and stores (no one in New York with the exception of Pollock was selling any paintings). At the time Sanders was obviously influenced by de Kooning and as it turned out this influence was the healthiest, the most open and stimulating of the moment as many of Sanders’ young colleagues can testify. They went on to discover or invent some of the most original forms of the 1950s. Shortly thereafter Sanders went to Europe where, I heard, he was establishing a growing reputation.
Last year he returned to New York and this January held an exhibition of the new paintings and collages at the Stuttman Gallery. It is these together with some older works, which this forward accompanies to Europe. Joop Sanders left the figure once more in 1955 and returned to abstractions which relate to nature and to the cycles of growth and death, A recurring title “Buddingg Grove” comes from Proust and some of the Swans violent jealousy as well as Verdurin’s moral dilemma and Marcels infinite longing are appropriate parallels to Sanders’ green sprouting and dissolving shapes. The too solid flesh is resolved into leaf dew. Water and steam circulate; there is fluid motion and haze.
It is particularly appropriate that the Stedelijk Museum, which, under the enlightened leadership of Mr. Sandberg, has played such a crucial role in introducing advanced art in Europe, should have chosen for its exhibition of a younger American painter these eloquent works. It is also relevant that these ingratiating images of leaf and water (land and ocean), interpenetrating and substituting themselves one for the other, should be by an artist, who is both a native of Holland and New York. Holland—which is built of earth in the ocean. New York—a stone spine that breaks through the same waters 3000 miles to the west. It is a personal pleasure to introduce my friend Joop Sanders in this way to his own family".
In 1987 art critic John Sturman wrote the following for Art News about Joop Sanders' exhibition at the Alfred Kren Gallery in New York
Sanders, who was born in Holland in 1921, emigrated to the United States and helped spearhead the Abstract Expressionist movement in New York in the late 1940s and early ‘50s. Although Sanders has not achieved the fame of his former colleagues, he has produced an impressive body of work that deserves to be better known.
This show, the artist’s first solo exhibition in New York since 1968, focused on paintings and drawings from two discrete periods—the ‘60s and the ‘80s. Most of the ‘60s works offered nearly monochromatic fields of primary color. Sanders’ monochromatism is far more akin to the emotionality of Rothko than to the precise evenness of Newman. Summer Heat (1962), for example, features an expanse of bold, dense brushstrokes of deep yellow, with a thin white circle outlined at the lower left. Its hazy, mustardlike thickness says, with almost oriental simplicity, all one ever needs to know about the feel of oppressive days in July and August. In a similar fashion Blue Eclipse (1962) and Moonlite Night (1962) evoke a profound and enigmatic nocturnal ultramarine stillness. Sisyphus (1963), consisting of the outlines of two opposing triangles and a circle on black field, neatly sums up the tension and futility that characterize the task of the mythological titan.
The ‘80s paintings were a more disparate group, and, although they are strikingly different from the near monochromes of the ‘60s, they do have stylistic similarities with the earlier works—notably the bold, intense brushwork and the use of geometric forms (especially circles). The most spectacular of Sanders’ paintings, Dream of the Red Chamber (1981-82), is a large tondo of kaleidoscopic richness. With its vibrant palette of red, orange and light green, this work has an Asiatic cast that suggests the classic Chinese novel after which it is titled. Its intricate, pinwheel-like arcs and circles, in conjunction with lush colors, create an enchantingly phantasmagoric effect. Quite antithetical to the lyricism of this work is the blunt impact of such paintings as Pogrom (1984) and Interrogation Room (1986). The former is an abstraction suggesting a nighttime scene of flames and barred doors; the latter depicts a lone slatted seat against a murky, menacing background.
Sanders' work is in public collections including the Museum of Modern Art
Museum of Modern Art
The Museum of Modern Art is an art museum in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, on 53rd Street, between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. It has been important in developing and collecting modernist art, and is often identified as the most influential museum of modern art in the world...
, New York
New York
New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east...
; Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, Holland; Milwaukee Art Museum
Milwaukee Art Museum
The Milwaukee Art Museum is located on Lake Michigan in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.Beginning around 1872, multiple organizations were founded in order to bring an art gallery to Milwaukee, as the city was still a growing port town with little or no facilities to hold major art exhibitions...
, and the Israel Museum
Israel Museum
The Israel Museum, Jerusalem was founded in 1965 as Israel's national museum. It is situated on a hill in the Givat Ram neighborhood of Jerusalem, near the Bible Lands Museum, the Knesset, the Israeli Supreme Court, and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem....
. Selected reviews include Thomas Hess in ArtNews
ARTnews
ARTnews is an arts magazine based in New York, founded by James Clarence Hyde in 1902 as Hyde’s Weekly Art News. It is published 11 times a year.ARTnews covers all art, from ancient to Post-modernism...
, Kenneth B. Sawyer in Art International, Hiram Butler in Horizon
Horizon
The horizon is the apparent line that separates earth from sky, the line that divides all visible directions into two categories: those that intersect the Earth's surface, and those that do not. At many locations, the true horizon is obscured by trees, buildings, mountains, etc., and the resulting...
, John Sturman in ArtNews
ARTnews
ARTnews is an arts magazine based in New York, founded by James Clarence Hyde in 1902 as Hyde’s Weekly Art News. It is published 11 times a year.ARTnews covers all art, from ancient to Post-modernism...
, and Lawrence Campbell in Art in America
Art in America
Art in America is an illustrated monthly, international magazine concentrating on the contemporary art world, including profiles of artists and genres, updates about art movements, show reviews and event schedules. It is designed for collectors, artists, dealers, art professionals and other...
.
External links
See also
- Action paintingAction paintingAction painting sometimes called "gestural abstraction", is a style of painting in which paint is spontaneously dribbled, splashed or smeared onto the canvas, rather than being carefully applied...
- New York SchoolNew York SchoolThe New York School was an informal group of American poets, painters, dancers, and musicians active in the 1950s, 1960s in New York City...
- Abstract expressionismAbstract expressionismAbstract expressionism was an American post–World War II art movement. It was the first specifically American movement to achieve worldwide influence and put New York City at the center of the western art world, a role formerly filled by Paris...
- Tenth street galleriesTenth street galleriesThe Tenth Street galleries was a collective term for the co-operative galleries that operated mainly in the Lower East Side of Manhattan, New York in the 1950s and 1960s. The galleries were artist run and generally operated on very low budgets, often without any staff. Some artists became members...
- Abstract ImpressionismAbstract impressionismAbstract Impressionism is a type of abstract painting where small brushstrokes build and structure large paintings...