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Hyoscyamine
 
 
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Hyoscyamine, pronounced hi-oh-SYE-uh-meen, is a chemical compound, a tropane alkaloid
Tropane alkaloid

Tropane alkaloids, also known as Belladonna alkaloids are a class of alkaloids and secondary metabolites that contain a tropane ring in their chemical structure....
. It is the levorotary isomer
Isomer

In chemistry, isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae. Isomers do not necessarily share similar properties unless they also have the same functional groups....
 to atropine
Atropine

Atropine is a tropane alkaloid extracted from deadly nightshade , jimsonweed , Mandrake and other plants of the family Solanaceae. It is a secondary metabolite of these plants and serves as a hard drug with a wide variety of effects....
. It is a secondary metabolite
Secondary metabolite

Secondary metabolites are organic compounds that are not directly involved in the normal cell growth, Biological development or reproduction of organisms....
 found in certain plants of the Solanaceae
Solanaceae

The Solanaceae is a family of flowering plants, that contains a number of important agricultural plants as well as many toxic plants. The name of the family comes from the Latin Solanum "the nightshade plant", but the further etymology of that word is unclear....
 family, including henbane
Henbane

Henbane , also known as stinking nightshade, is a plant of the family Solanaceae that originated in Eurasia, though it is now globally distributed....
, (Hyoscamus niger) mandrake
Mandrake

Mandrake may refer to:* Mandrake , a plant of the genus Mandragora* Mandrake , a pesticide for wheat, commercialized by Bayer* Mandrake , an original TV series from HBO Latin America ...
  (Mandragora officinarum
Mandragora officinarum

'Mandragora officinarum' is a species of Mandrake , which is used medicinally....
), jimsonweed (Datura stramonium
Datura stramonium

Datura stramonium, known by the common names jimson weed, ditch weed, stink weed, loco weed, Korean morning glory, Jamestown weed, thorn apple, angel's trumpet, devil's trumpet, devil's snare, devil's seed, mad hatter, crazy tea, malpitte, and, along with...
), and deadly nightshade
Deadly nightshade

Atropa belladonna or Atropa bella-donna, commonly known as belladonna or deadly nightshade, is a perennial plant herbaceous plant in the family Solanaceae, native to Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia....
 (Atropa belladonna).

Brand names for hyoscyamine include Symax
Symax

Symax is a brand of the pharmaceutical hyoscyamine sulfate sold by Capellon Pharmaceuticals and indicated for the treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome....
, HyoMax, Anaspaz, Buwecon, Cystospaz, Levsin, Levbid, Donnamar, NuLev, Buscopan (containing the derivative hyoscine-N-butylbromide), Hyospasmol (also hyoscine-N-butylbromide) and Neoquess.

cyamine is used to provide symptomatic relief to various gastrointestinal disorders including spasms, peptic ulcer
Peptic ulcer

A peptic ulcer, also known as ulcus pepticum, PUD or peptic ulcer disease, is an ulcer of an area of the gastrointestinal tract that is usually acidic and thus extremely painful....
s, irritable bowel syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome , also called spastic colon, is a functional bowel disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating, and alteration of bowel habits in the absence of any organic cause....
, pancreatitis
Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas. See also acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis for more details....
, colic
Colic

Colic is a form of pain in the abdomen which starts and stops abruptly....
 and cystitis
Cystitis

Cystitis is inflammation of the urinary bladder. The condition more often affects women, but can affect either sex and all age groups....
.






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Hyoscyamine, pronounced hi-oh-SYE-uh-meen, is a chemical compound, a tropane alkaloid
Tropane alkaloid

Tropane alkaloids, also known as Belladonna alkaloids are a class of alkaloids and secondary metabolites that contain a tropane ring in their chemical structure....
. It is the levorotary isomer
Isomer

In chemistry, isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae. Isomers do not necessarily share similar properties unless they also have the same functional groups....
 to atropine
Atropine

Atropine is a tropane alkaloid extracted from deadly nightshade , jimsonweed , Mandrake and other plants of the family Solanaceae. It is a secondary metabolite of these plants and serves as a hard drug with a wide variety of effects....
. It is a secondary metabolite
Secondary metabolite

Secondary metabolites are organic compounds that are not directly involved in the normal cell growth, Biological development or reproduction of organisms....
 found in certain plants of the Solanaceae
Solanaceae

The Solanaceae is a family of flowering plants, that contains a number of important agricultural plants as well as many toxic plants. The name of the family comes from the Latin Solanum "the nightshade plant", but the further etymology of that word is unclear....
 family, including henbane
Henbane

Henbane , also known as stinking nightshade, is a plant of the family Solanaceae that originated in Eurasia, though it is now globally distributed....
, (Hyoscamus niger) mandrake
Mandrake

Mandrake may refer to:* Mandrake , a plant of the genus Mandragora* Mandrake , a pesticide for wheat, commercialized by Bayer* Mandrake , an original TV series from HBO Latin America ...
  (Mandragora officinarum
Mandragora officinarum

'Mandragora officinarum' is a species of Mandrake , which is used medicinally....
), jimsonweed (Datura stramonium
Datura stramonium

Datura stramonium, known by the common names jimson weed, ditch weed, stink weed, loco weed, Korean morning glory, Jamestown weed, thorn apple, angel's trumpet, devil's trumpet, devil's snare, devil's seed, mad hatter, crazy tea, malpitte, and, along with...
), and deadly nightshade
Deadly nightshade

Atropa belladonna or Atropa bella-donna, commonly known as belladonna or deadly nightshade, is a perennial plant herbaceous plant in the family Solanaceae, native to Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia....
 (Atropa belladonna).

Brand names for hyoscyamine include Symax
Symax

Symax is a brand of the pharmaceutical hyoscyamine sulfate sold by Capellon Pharmaceuticals and indicated for the treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome....
, HyoMax, Anaspaz, Buwecon, Cystospaz, Levsin, Levbid, Donnamar, NuLev, Buscopan (containing the derivative hyoscine-N-butylbromide), Hyospasmol (also hyoscine-N-butylbromide) and Neoquess.

Uses

Hyoscyamine is used to provide symptomatic relief to various gastrointestinal disorders including spasms, peptic ulcer
Peptic ulcer

A peptic ulcer, also known as ulcus pepticum, PUD or peptic ulcer disease, is an ulcer of an area of the gastrointestinal tract that is usually acidic and thus extremely painful....
s, irritable bowel syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome , also called spastic colon, is a functional bowel disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating, and alteration of bowel habits in the absence of any organic cause....
, pancreatitis
Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas. See also acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis for more details....
, colic
Colic

Colic is a form of pain in the abdomen which starts and stops abruptly....
 and cystitis
Cystitis

Cystitis is inflammation of the urinary bladder. The condition more often affects women, but can affect either sex and all age groups....
. It has also been used to relieve some heart problems, control some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's motor skills and speech, as well as other functions....
, as well as for control of respiratory secretions in palliative care
Palliative care

Palliative care is any form of medical care or treatment that concentrates on reducing the severity of disease symptoms, rather than striving to halt, delay, or reverse progression of the disease itself or provide a cure....
.

Side effects

Side effects include dry mouth and throat, eye pain, blurred vision, restlessness, dizziness, arrythmia, flushing, faintness. An overdose will cause headache, nausea, vomiting and CNS symptoms including disorientation, hallucinations, euphoria, sexual arousal, short-term memory loss and possible coma in extreme cases.

Pharmacology

Hyoscyamine is an anticholinergic
Anticholinergic

An anticholinergic agent is a substance that blocks the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system....
, specifically an antimuscarinic, working by blocking the action of acetylcholine
Acetylcholine

The chemical compound acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system in many organisms including homo sapiens....
 at parasympathetic sites in smooth muscle, secretory glands and the CNS; increases cardiac output, dries secretions, and antagonizes serotonin. At comparable doses, hyoscyamine has 98 per cent of the anticholinergic
Anticholinergic

An anticholinergic agent is a substance that blocks the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system....
 power of atropine
Atropine

Atropine is a tropane alkaloid extracted from deadly nightshade , jimsonweed , Mandrake and other plants of the family Solanaceae. It is a secondary metabolite of these plants and serves as a hard drug with a wide variety of effects....
 and the other major belladonna-derived drug scopolamine
Scopolamine

Scopolamine, known by the names levo-duboisine and hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid Medication with muscarinic antagonist effects. It is obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae , such as henbane, jimson weed and Angel's Trumpets , and corkwood ....
 having 92 per cent of the antimuscarinic potency of atropine.

Isolation

Hyoscyamine can be extracted from plants of the Solanaceae
Solanaceae

The Solanaceae is a family of flowering plants, that contains a number of important agricultural plants as well as many toxic plants. The name of the family comes from the Latin Solanum "the nightshade plant", but the further etymology of that word is unclear....
 family, notably Datura stramonium
Datura stramonium

Datura stramonium, known by the common names jimson weed, ditch weed, stink weed, loco weed, Korean morning glory, Jamestown weed, thorn apple, angel's trumpet, devil's trumpet, devil's snare, devil's seed, mad hatter, crazy tea, malpitte, and, along with...
. Empirically it is C17H23NO3. Its structural name is a-(hydroxymethyl)-, 8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl ester, [3(S)-endo]-1aH,5aH-Tropan-3a-ol. Do not crush, chew, or divide the extended-release capsules, otherwise, an overdose will result.

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