Henry Arundell, 3rd Baron Arundell of Wardour
Encyclopedia
Henry Arundell, 3rd Baron Arundell of Wardour, PC
(bef. 23 February 1607/8 – 28 December 1694) was a Peer
of England
during the 17th century, and the most famous of the Lords Arundell of Wardour
. He served as Lord Privy Seal
and Lord High Steward
, and was appointed to the Privy Council
. During the Popish Plot
he suffered a long period of imprisonment.
, Holborn
, London
. On the death of his father on 19 May 1643 he succeeded to his estates and to his titles, which included that of Count of the Holy Roman Empire. Throughout his life a devoted Catholic, he fought on the side of Charles I
in the First English Civil War
. In May 1643 the parliamentarians wrested Wardour Castle
, in Wiltshire, from his mother Lady Blanche Arundell
who was defending it. In the following September Arundell laid siege to the castle and its new occupiers and fought in the re-taking from the rebels. By springing a mine and ruining the building, he finally dislodged the enemy under General Edmund Ludlow
in March 1644, eventually destroying it to prevent it being used as a fortress.
On 13 May 1652 he acted as one of the seconds of his brother-in-law Colonel Henry Compton, in a duel with George Brydges, 6th Baron Chandos
. Compton was killed, and a warrant was issued by the council of state
to arrest Arundell with others who had taken part. On 17 May 1653 he was found guilty of manslaughter
and sentenced to be burned in the hand. In that year Arundell appears to have petitioned Oliver Cromwell
for pardon, and in 1656 to have received permission to take refuge in France. At the restoration of Charles II, Arundell, on paying £35,000, was confirmed in all his family estates, many of which had been sold by the Commonwealth to Humphrey Weld
. On 7 March 1663 he was nominated and held the office of Master of the Horse
to the Queen-Mother, Henrietta Maria.
In January 1669 he was summoned by Charles II, with other Roman catholic peers, to a secret council, and was commissioned to proceed to France to inform Louis XIV of the English king's desire to be reconciled to Roman Catholicism, and of his want of ready money. In June 1669 Arundell returned with Louis's assent to the secret Treaty of Dover with Charles, which was signed in the following year. In 1678 Titus Oates
and his associates announced that Arundell was a chief mover in the Popish Plot
against Charles II, which they professed to have discovered; it was a complete fabrication. According to the evidence of these informers, attempts had been made by the catholics of England, in league with Louis XIV, to raise an army of 50,000, which was to be placed under the command of Lords Arundell, Powis, and Belasyse. Some of the witnesses asserted that the pope had issued a commission to Arundell to be lord chancellor as soon as the present ministers had been removed, and that Arundell had for many years been actively employed in arranging the details of the plot. For details of the proceedings by Parliament, see trial of the five Catholic lords. Between October 1678 and February 1684 he was imprisoned in the Tower of London
, along with other 'Popish' peers, on the accusation of Titus Oates. During his imprisonment in 1679 Arundell wrote five short religious poems, published in a single folio sheet in 1679, and reissued in A Collection of Eighty-six Loyal Poems in 1685.
After the death of Charles II, his successor, James II, admitted Arundell, although a Catholic, to the Privy Council
(PC), to which he was invedted on 17 July/August 1686, and appointed him Keeper of the Privy Seal or Lord Privy Seal
in place of Lord Clarendon on 11 March 1686/87, office he held. By royal dispensation he was relieved of the necessity of taking the customary oaths on accepting office. In the following June Arundell presented an address to the King on behalf of the Roman catholics, thanking him for the Declaration of Indulgence
; uncharacteristicly, he strongly opposed the admission of the Jesuit Edward Petre
to the privy council. He received, on 24 June 1687, a bounty of £250 from the king for secret service. In 1688 he was one of the five Lords to whom King James II committed the administration of his affairs.
On the abdication of James, Arundell retired to his house at Breamore
, Hampshire
, and took no further part in public life. He died there Breamore on 28 December 1694, at the age of eighty-eight. He was buried with his ancestors at Tisbury, Wiltshire
. He was a noted gambler and sportsman, and kept at Breamore a celebrated pack of hounds, which became the property of the Earl of Castlehaven
, and subsequently of Hugo Meynell
. From them the Quorn Hunt
's pack is descended.
, by his wife, Lady Blanche.
He married Cicely Compton
(c. 1610 - 24 March 1675/76), daughter of the Hon. Sir Henry Compton, Knt.
, of Brambletye, Sussex
, invested as a Knight of the Order of the Bath
(KB) on 25 July 1603, and first wife Lady Cicely Sackville, and widow of Sir John Fermor. She was a granddaughter of Sir Henry Compton, 1st Baron Compton
and of Robert Sackville, 2nd Earl of Dorset
by her mother (herself a half-sister of Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset
and Edward Sackville, 4th Earl of Dorset
). Her stepmother was Mary Browne, daughter of Sir George Browne, also a widow, of Thomas Paston, of Thorpe, Surrey
.
Their children were:
The elder son, Thomas, became the fourth Lord Arundell of Wardour, and was in the retinue of Lord Castlemaine on his visit to Pope Innocent XI as James II's ambassador. Lord Arundell's only daughter, Cecily, entered the order of Poor Clares of Rouen in 1662, and died at Rouen 13 June 1717, at the age of eighty-two.
Privy Council of England
The Privy Council of England, also known as His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, was a body of advisers to the sovereign of the Kingdom of England...
(bef. 23 February 1607/8 – 28 December 1694) was a Peer
Peerage of England
The Peerage of England comprises all peerages created in the Kingdom of England before the Act of Union in 1707. In that year, the Peerages of England and Scotland were replaced by one Peerage of Great Britain....
of England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
during the 17th century, and the most famous of the Lords Arundell of Wardour
Baron Arundell of Wardour
Baron Arundell of Wardour, in the County of Wiltshire, was a title in the Peerage of England. It was created in 1605 for Thomas Arundell, known as "Thomas the Valiant". He was the grandson of Sir Thomas Arundell and Margaret Howard, sister of Queen Catherine Howard. Arundell had already been...
. He served as Lord Privy Seal
Lord Privy Seal
The Lord Privy Seal is the fifth of the Great Officers of State in the United Kingdom, ranking beneath the Lord President of the Council and above the Lord Great Chamberlain. The office is one of the traditional sinecure offices of state...
and Lord High Steward
Lord High Steward
The position of Lord High Steward of England is the first of the Great Officers of State. The office has generally remained vacant since 1421, except at coronations and during the trials of peers in the House of Lords, when the Lord High Steward presides. In general, but not invariably, the Lord...
, and was appointed to the Privy Council
Privy Council of England
The Privy Council of England, also known as His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, was a body of advisers to the sovereign of the Kingdom of England...
. During the Popish Plot
Popish Plot
The Popish Plot was a fictitious conspiracy concocted by Titus Oates that gripped England, Wales and Scotland in Anti-Catholic hysteria between 1678 and 1681. Oates alleged that there existed an extensive Catholic conspiracy to assassinate Charles II, accusations that led to the execution of at...
he suffered a long period of imprisonment.
Life
He was baptised on 23 February 1607/8 at St AndrewSt Andrew, Holborn
St Andrew, Holborn is a Church of England church on the northwestern edge of the City of London, on Holborn within the Ward of Farringdon Without.-Roman and medieval:Roman pottery was found on the site during 2001/02 excavations in the crypt...
, Holborn
Holborn
Holborn is an area of Central London. Holborn is also the name of the area's principal east-west street, running as High Holborn from St Giles's High Street to Gray's Inn Road and then on to Holborn Viaduct...
, London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
. On the death of his father on 19 May 1643 he succeeded to his estates and to his titles, which included that of Count of the Holy Roman Empire. Throughout his life a devoted Catholic, he fought on the side of Charles I
Charles I of England
Charles I was King of England, King of Scotland, and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. Charles engaged in a struggle for power with the Parliament of England, attempting to obtain royal revenue whilst Parliament sought to curb his Royal prerogative which Charles...
in the First English Civil War
First English Civil War
The First English Civil War began the series of three wars known as the English Civil War . "The English Civil War" was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations that took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651, and includes the Second English Civil War and...
. In May 1643 the parliamentarians wrested Wardour Castle
Wardour Castle
Wardour Castle is located at Wardour, near Tisbury in the English county of Wiltshire, about west of Salisbury. The original castle was partially destroyed during the Civil War...
, in Wiltshire, from his mother Lady Blanche Arundell
Lady Blanche Arundell
Lady Blanche Arundell was born to Edward Somerset, 4th Earl of Worcester and Lady Elizabeth Hastings....
who was defending it. In the following September Arundell laid siege to the castle and its new occupiers and fought in the re-taking from the rebels. By springing a mine and ruining the building, he finally dislodged the enemy under General Edmund Ludlow
Edmund Ludlow
Edmund Ludlow was an English parliamentarian, best known for his involvement in the execution of Charles I, and for his Memoirs, which were published posthumously in a rewritten form and which have become a major source for historians of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. After service in the English...
in March 1644, eventually destroying it to prevent it being used as a fortress.
On 13 May 1652 he acted as one of the seconds of his brother-in-law Colonel Henry Compton, in a duel with George Brydges, 6th Baron Chandos
George Brydges, 6th Baron Chandos
George Brydges, 6th Baron Chandos was a supporter of Charles I of England during his struggle with Parliament, and distinguished himself at the first Battle of Newbury in 1643....
. Compton was killed, and a warrant was issued by the council of state
English Council of State
The English Council of State, later also known as the Protector's Privy Council, was first appointed by the Rump Parliament on 14 February 1649 after the execution of King Charles I....
to arrest Arundell with others who had taken part. On 17 May 1653 he was found guilty of manslaughter
Manslaughter
Manslaughter is a legal term for the killing of a human being, in a manner considered by law as less culpable than murder. The distinction between murder and manslaughter is said to have first been made by the Ancient Athenian lawmaker Dracon in the 7th century BC.The law generally differentiates...
and sentenced to be burned in the hand. In that year Arundell appears to have petitioned Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell was an English military and political leader who overthrew the English monarchy and temporarily turned England into a republican Commonwealth, and served as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland....
for pardon, and in 1656 to have received permission to take refuge in France. At the restoration of Charles II, Arundell, on paying £35,000, was confirmed in all his family estates, many of which had been sold by the Commonwealth to Humphrey Weld
Weld family
The Weld family is an extended family of Boston Brahmins most remembered for the philanthropy of its members. The Welds have many connections to Harvard University, the Golden Age of Sail, the Far East , the history of Massachusetts, and American history in general.William Weld, former Governor of...
. On 7 March 1663 he was nominated and held the office of Master of the Horse
Master of the Horse
The Master of the Horse was a position of varying importance in several European nations.-Magister Equitum :...
to the Queen-Mother, Henrietta Maria.
In January 1669 he was summoned by Charles II, with other Roman catholic peers, to a secret council, and was commissioned to proceed to France to inform Louis XIV of the English king's desire to be reconciled to Roman Catholicism, and of his want of ready money. In June 1669 Arundell returned with Louis's assent to the secret Treaty of Dover with Charles, which was signed in the following year. In 1678 Titus Oates
Titus Oates
Titus Oates was an English perjurer who fabricated the "Popish Plot", a supposed Catholic conspiracy to kill King Charles II.-Early life:...
and his associates announced that Arundell was a chief mover in the Popish Plot
Popish Plot
The Popish Plot was a fictitious conspiracy concocted by Titus Oates that gripped England, Wales and Scotland in Anti-Catholic hysteria between 1678 and 1681. Oates alleged that there existed an extensive Catholic conspiracy to assassinate Charles II, accusations that led to the execution of at...
against Charles II, which they professed to have discovered; it was a complete fabrication. According to the evidence of these informers, attempts had been made by the catholics of England, in league with Louis XIV, to raise an army of 50,000, which was to be placed under the command of Lords Arundell, Powis, and Belasyse. Some of the witnesses asserted that the pope had issued a commission to Arundell to be lord chancellor as soon as the present ministers had been removed, and that Arundell had for many years been actively employed in arranging the details of the plot. For details of the proceedings by Parliament, see trial of the five Catholic lords. Between October 1678 and February 1684 he was imprisoned in the Tower of London
Tower of London
Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London, is a historic castle on the north bank of the River Thames in central London, England. It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, separated from the eastern edge of the City of London by the open space...
, along with other 'Popish' peers, on the accusation of Titus Oates. During his imprisonment in 1679 Arundell wrote five short religious poems, published in a single folio sheet in 1679, and reissued in A Collection of Eighty-six Loyal Poems in 1685.
After the death of Charles II, his successor, James II, admitted Arundell, although a Catholic, to the Privy Council
Privy council
A privy council is a body that advises the head of state of a nation, typically, but not always, in the context of a monarchic government. The word "privy" means "private" or "secret"; thus, a privy council was originally a committee of the monarch's closest advisors to give confidential advice on...
(PC), to which he was invedted on 17 July/August 1686, and appointed him Keeper of the Privy Seal or Lord Privy Seal
Lord Privy Seal
The Lord Privy Seal is the fifth of the Great Officers of State in the United Kingdom, ranking beneath the Lord President of the Council and above the Lord Great Chamberlain. The office is one of the traditional sinecure offices of state...
in place of Lord Clarendon on 11 March 1686/87, office he held. By royal dispensation he was relieved of the necessity of taking the customary oaths on accepting office. In the following June Arundell presented an address to the King on behalf of the Roman catholics, thanking him for the Declaration of Indulgence
Declaration of Indulgence
The Declaration of Indulgence was two proclamations made by James II of England and VII of Scotland in 1687. The Indulgence was first issued for Scotland on 12 February, and then for England on 4 April 1687...
; uncharacteristicly, he strongly opposed the admission of the Jesuit Edward Petre
Edward Petre
Sir Edward Petre, 3rd baronet SJ was an English Jesuit who became a close adviser to King James II and was appointed a privy councillor.-Early life:...
to the privy council. He received, on 24 June 1687, a bounty of £250 from the king for secret service. In 1688 he was one of the five Lords to whom King James II committed the administration of his affairs.
On the abdication of James, Arundell retired to his house at Breamore
Breamore
Breamore is a village and civil parish near Fordingbridge in Hampshire, England. The toponym is pronounced "Bremmer", not "Bree-moor" as might be supposed. The parish includes a notable Elizabethan country house, Breamore House, built with an E-shaped ground plan...
, Hampshire
Hampshire
Hampshire is a county on the southern coast of England in the United Kingdom. The county town of Hampshire is Winchester, a historic cathedral city that was once the capital of England. Hampshire is notable for housing the original birthplaces of the Royal Navy, British Army, and Royal Air Force...
, and took no further part in public life. He died there Breamore on 28 December 1694, at the age of eighty-eight. He was buried with his ancestors at Tisbury, Wiltshire
Tisbury, Wiltshire
The large village of Tisbury lies approximately west of Salisbury in the English county of Wiltshire.With a population at the 2001 census of 2,056 it is an important local centre for communities around the upper River Nadder and Vale of Wardour...
. He was a noted gambler and sportsman, and kept at Breamore a celebrated pack of hounds, which became the property of the Earl of Castlehaven
Earl of Castlehaven
Earl of Castlehaven was a peerage title in the Peerage of Ireland, created on September 6, 1616. It was held in conjunction with the Barony of Audley , the Barony of Audley of Orier , and the Barony of Audley of Hely .Upon...
, and subsequently of Hugo Meynell
Hugo Meynell
Hugo Meynell is generally seen as the father of modern fox hunting, became Master of Fox Hounds for the Quorn Hunt in Leicestershire in 1753 and continued in that role for another forty-seven years . Meynell pioneered an extended chase at high speeds through open grassland...
. From them the Quorn Hunt
Quorn Hunt
The Quorn Hunt, usually called The Quorn, established 1696, is one of the world's oldest fox hunting packs and claims to be the United Kingdom's most famous hunt...
's pack is descended.
Family
He was the only son of Thomas Arundell, 2nd Baron Arundell of WardourThomas Arundell, 2nd Baron Arundell of Wardour
Thomas Arundell, 2nd Baron Arundell of Wardour was an English nobleman son of Thomas Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour and Lady Mary Wriothesley....
, by his wife, Lady Blanche.
He married Cicely Compton
Cicely Compton, Lady Arundell of Wardour
Cicely, Lady Arundell of Wardour married Henry Arundell, 3rd Baron Arundell of Wardour....
(c. 1610 - 24 March 1675/76), daughter of the Hon. Sir Henry Compton, Knt.
Knight
A knight was a member of a class of lower nobility in the High Middle Ages.By the Late Middle Ages, the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry, a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior....
, of Brambletye, Sussex
Sussex
Sussex , from the Old English Sūþsēaxe , is an historic county in South East England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex. It is bounded on the north by Surrey, east by Kent, south by the English Channel, and west by Hampshire, and is divided for local government into West...
, invested as a Knight of the Order of the Bath
Order of the Bath
The Most Honourable Order of the Bath is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725. The name derives from the elaborate mediæval ceremony for creating a knight, which involved bathing as one of its elements. The knights so created were known as Knights of the Bath...
(KB) on 25 July 1603, and first wife Lady Cicely Sackville, and widow of Sir John Fermor. She was a granddaughter of Sir Henry Compton, 1st Baron Compton
Henry Compton, 1st Baron Compton
Henry Compton, 1st Baron Compton was an English peer.Compton was the son of Peter Compton and his wife Anne, daughter of George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury, and a relative of Sir William Compton. In 1572 he was summoned to the House of Lords as Baron Compton, of Compton in the County of Warwick...
and of Robert Sackville, 2nd Earl of Dorset
Robert Sackville, 2nd Earl of Dorset
Robert Sackville, 2nd Earl of Dorset was an English aristocrat and politician, with humanist and commercial interests.-Life:He was the eldest son of Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset, by Cecily, daughter of Sir John Baker...
by her mother (herself a half-sister of Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset
Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset
Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset was the son of Robert Sackville, 2nd Earl of Dorset....
and Edward Sackville, 4th Earl of Dorset
Edward Sackville, 4th Earl of Dorset
Edward Sackville, 4th Earl of Dorset KG was the son of Robert Sackville, 2nd Earl of Dorset and the brother and heir of Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset.-Life:...
). Her stepmother was Mary Browne, daughter of Sir George Browne, also a widow, of Thomas Paston, of Thorpe, Surrey
Thorpe, Surrey
Thorpe is a village in Surrey, England, located between Egham and Chertsey. It lies just inside the circle of the western part of the M25, near the M3. Neighbouring villages include Virginia Water, Wentworth, Laleham and Lyne...
.
Their children were:
- Thomas Arundell, 4th Baron Arundell of Wardour, b. 1633, d. 10 Feb 1711/12
- Hon. Henry Arundell. A settlement for the marriage between him and Mary Scrope was made on 10 February 1675. They had no issue.
- Hon. Cicely Arundell, d. 1717, a nun at RouenRouenRouen , in northern France on the River Seine, is the capital of the Haute-Normandie region and the historic capital city of Normandy. Once one of the largest and most prosperous cities of medieval Europe , it was the seat of the Exchequer of Normandy in the Middle Ages...
, CauxPays de CauxThe Pays de Caux is an area in Normandy occupying the greater part of the French département of Seine Maritime in Haute-Normandie. It is a chalk plateau to the north of the Seine Estuary and extending to the cliffs on the English Channel coast - its coastline is known as the Côte d'Albâtre...
, FranceFranceThe French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
.
The elder son, Thomas, became the fourth Lord Arundell of Wardour, and was in the retinue of Lord Castlemaine on his visit to Pope Innocent XI as James II's ambassador. Lord Arundell's only daughter, Cecily, entered the order of Poor Clares of Rouen in 1662, and died at Rouen 13 June 1717, at the age of eighty-two.
Ancestry
| Henry Arundell, 3rd Baron Arundell of Wardour | Father: Thomas Arundell, 2nd Baron Arundell of Wardour Thomas Arundell, 2nd Baron Arundell of Wardour Thomas Arundell, 2nd Baron Arundell of Wardour was an English nobleman son of Thomas Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour and Lady Mary Wriothesley.... |
Paternal Grandfather: Thomas Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour Thomas Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour Sir Thomas Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour was the eldest son of Sir Matthew Arundell of Wardour Castle in Wiltshire , and Margaret Willoughby, the daughter of Sir Henry Willoughby, of Wollaton, Nottinghamshire... |
Paternal Great-grandfather: Sir Matthew Arundell, of Wardour Castle |
| Paternal Great-grandmother: Margaret Willoughby |
|||
| Paternal Grandmother: Mary Wriothesley, Baroness Arundell of Wardour Mary Arundell, Baroness Arundell Mary Arundell was born in Wriothesley, Staffordshire, to Henry Wriothesley, 2nd Earl of Southampton and Mary Browne... |
Paternal Great-grandfather: Henry Wriothesley, 2nd Earl of Southampton Henry Wriothesley, 2nd Earl of Southampton Henry Wriothesley, 2nd Earl of Southampton was an English noble.Henry was the only surviving son of the 1st Earl and his wife Jane Cheney. His godparents were Henry VIII, Princess Mary, Charles Brandon, and Henry FitzAlan.After his father's death, he lived with his mother, Jane... |
||
| Paternal Great-grandmother: Mary Browne Mary Wriothesley, Countess of Southampton Mary Wriothesley , Countess of Southampton was born in Cowdray House, Midhurst, Sussex, England to Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu and Lady Jane Radcliffe. Mary was married three times first to Henry Wriothesley, 2nd Earl of Southampton son of Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton and... |
|||
| Mother: Blanche Somerset, Baroness Arundell of Wardour Lady Blanche Arundell Lady Blanche Arundell was born to Edward Somerset, 4th Earl of Worcester and Lady Elizabeth Hastings.... |
Maternal Grandfather: Edward Somerset, 4th Earl of Worcester Edward Somerset, 4th Earl of Worcester Edward Somerset, 4th Earl of Worcester, KG, Earl Marshal was an English aristocrat. He was an important advisor to King James I, serving as Lord Privy Seal.... |
Maternal Great-grandfather: William Somerset, 3rd Earl of Worcester William Somerset, 3rd Earl of Worcester William Somerset, 3rd Earl of Worcester, KG was born before 1526 to Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of Worcester and his second wife Elizabeth Browne.... |
|
| Maternal Great-grandmother: Christian North |
|||
| Maternal Grandmother: Elizabeth Hastings Elizabeth Somerset, Countess of Worcester (1556–1621) Elizabeth Hastings, later Countess of Worcester was a noblewoman born in Scotland to Francis Hastings, 2nd Earl of Huntingdon and Catherine Pole. In December 1571, she married Sir Edward Somerset, 4th Earl of Worcester, son of Sir William Somerset, 3rd Earl of Worcester and Christian North... |
Maternal Great-grandfather: Francis Hastings, 2nd Earl of Huntingdon Francis Hastings, 2nd Earl of Huntingdon Francis Hastings, 2nd Earl of Huntingdon, KG was the eldest son of George Hastings, 1st Earl of Huntingdon and Anne Stafford, Countess of Huntingdon, the ex-mistress of Henry VIII.... |
||
| Maternal Great-grandmother: Catherine Pole |