Entomologia Carniolica
Encyclopedia
is a taxonomic
work by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli
, published in Vienna
in 1763. As well as describing hundreds of new species, contained observations on the species' biology, including the first published account of queen bee
s mating outside the hive
.
, who had used the structure of the insect wing
and the structure of the insect mouthparts
, respectively, as the main means of classifying arthropods, Scopoli favoured a more holistic approach.
In , Scopoli described 1153 species of "insects" (a term which at that time included many arthropod
s), divided into seven orders:
(also called the ), an area at that time under the control of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
. Nowadays, it is the western part of Slovenia
.
For each species, Scopoli gave references to previously published illustrations and binomial names. Few works using binomial nomenclature
had appeared by 1763; those cited by Scopoli include the 10th edition
of (1758) and (1761) by Carl Linnaeus, and (1761) by Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus
. More than half of the species listed by Scopoli in were described as new
. They include:
(species 396–410).
was published long before the international standardisation of units; to help readers understand his measurements, Scopoli therefore included a printed scale of three Parisian inches
, each divided into twelve lines. His inch was approximately 26.5 millimetres (1 in) long, making each line approximately 2.2 mm (0.0866141732283465 in).
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the science of identifying and naming species, and arranging them into a classification. The field of taxonomy, sometimes referred to as "biological taxonomy", revolves around the description and use of taxonomic units, known as taxa...
work by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli
Giovanni Antonio Scopoli
Giovanni Antonio Scopoli was an Italian physician and naturalist.-Biography:...
, published in Vienna
Vienna
Vienna is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre...
in 1763. As well as describing hundreds of new species, contained observations on the species' biology, including the first published account of queen bee
Queen bee
The term queen bee is typically used to refer to an adult, mated female that lives in a honey bee colony or hive; she is usually the mother of most, if not all, the bees in the hive. The queens are developed from larvae selected by worker bees and specially fed in order to become sexually mature...
s mating outside the hive
Beehive
A beehive is a structure in which bees live and raise their young.Beehive may also refer to:Buildings and locations:* Bee Hive, Alabama, a neighborhood in Alabama* Beehive , a wing of the New Zealand Parliament Buildings...
.
Classification
In contrast to his predecessors Carl Linnaeus and Johan Christian FabriciusJohan Christian Fabricius
Johan Christian Fabricius was a Danish zoologist, specialising in "Insecta", which at that time included all arthropods: insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others...
, who had used the structure of the insect wing
Insect wing
Insects are the only group of invertebrates known to have evolved flight. Insects possess some remarkable flight characteristics and abilities, still far superior to attempts by humans to replicate their capabilities. Even our understanding of the aerodynamics of flexible, flapping wings and how...
and the structure of the insect mouthparts
Insect mouthparts
Insects exhibit a range of mouthparts, adapted to particular modes of feeding. The earliest insects had chewing mouthparts...
, respectively, as the main means of classifying arthropods, Scopoli favoured a more holistic approach.
In , Scopoli described 1153 species of "insects" (a term which at that time included many arthropod
Arthropod
An arthropod is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton , a segmented body, and jointed appendages. Arthropods are members of the phylum Arthropoda , and include the insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others...
s), divided into seven orders:
- Coleoptera (beetleBeetleColeoptera is an order of insects commonly called beetles. The word "coleoptera" is from the Greek , koleos, "sheath"; and , pteron, "wing", thus "sheathed wing". Coleoptera contains more species than any other order, constituting almost 25% of all known life-forms...
s and orthopteroidOrthopteroidThe term orthopteroid is used to denote insects which historically would have been included in the order Orthoptera. When Carl Linnaeus started applying binomial names to animals in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae in 1758, there were few animals included in the scheme, and consequently few...
insects) – species 1–329 - Proboscidea (= HemipteraHemipteraHemiptera is an order of insects most often known as the true bugs , comprising around 50,000–80,000 species of cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, shield bugs, and others...
) – species 330–418 - LepidopteraLepidopteraLepidoptera is a large order of insects that includes moths and butterflies . It is one of the most widespread and widely recognizable insect orders in the world, encompassing moths and the three superfamilies of butterflies, skipper butterflies, and moth-butterflies...
– species 419–676 - NeuropteraNeuropteraThe insect order Neuroptera, or net-winged insects, includes the lacewings, mantidflies, antlions, and their relatives. The order contains some 6,010 species...
– species 677–712 - Aculeata (= HymenopteraHymenopteraHymenoptera is one of the largest orders of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees and ants. There are over 130,000 recognized species, with many more remaining to be described. The name refers to the heavy wings of the insects, and is derived from the Ancient Greek ὑμήν : membrane and...
) – species 713–838 - Halterata (= DipteraFlyTrue flies are insects of the order Diptera . They possess a pair of wings on the mesothorax and a pair of halteres, derived from the hind wings, on the metathorax...
) – species 839–1024 - Pedestria (various wingless animals, including silverfishSilverfishLepisma saccharina, frequently called silverfish, fishmoths, carpet sharks or paramites, are small, wingless insects in the order Thysanura...
, fleaFleaFlea is the common name for insects of the order Siphonaptera which are wingless insects with mouthparts adapted for piercing skin and sucking blood...
s, miteMiteMites, along with ticks, are small arthropods belonging to the subclass Acari and the class Arachnida. The scientific discipline devoted to the study of ticks and mites is called acarology.-Diversity and systematics:...
s, arachnidArachnidArachnids are a class of joint-legged invertebrate animals in the subphylum Chelicerata. All arachnids have eight legs, although in some species the front pair may convert to a sensory function. The term is derived from the Greek words , meaning "spider".Almost all extant arachnids are terrestrial...
s, crustaceanCrustaceanCrustaceans form a very large group of arthropods, usually treated as a subphylum, which includes such familiar animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill and barnacles. The 50,000 described species range in size from Stygotantulus stocki at , to the Japanese spider crab with a leg span...
s and myriapodsMyriapodaMyriapoda is a subphylum of arthropods containing millipedes, centipedes, and others. The group contains 13,000 species, all of which are terrestrial...
) – species 1025–1153
Taxa
The animals described in were found in the Duchy of CarniolaDuchy of Carniola
The Duchy of Carniola was an administrative unit of the Holy Roman Empire and the Habsburg Monarchy from 1364 to 1918. Its capital was Ljubljana...
(also called the ), an area at that time under the control of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Habsburg Monarchy
The Habsburg Monarchy covered the territories ruled by the junior Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg , and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine , between 1526 and 1867/1918. The Imperial capital was Vienna, except from 1583 to 1611, when it was moved to Prague...
. Nowadays, it is the western part of Slovenia
Slovenia
Slovenia , officially the Republic of Slovenia , is a country in Central and Southeastern Europe touching the Alps and bordering the Mediterranean. Slovenia borders Italy to the west, Croatia to the south and east, Hungary to the northeast, and Austria to the north, and also has a small portion of...
.
For each species, Scopoli gave references to previously published illustrations and binomial names. Few works using binomial nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages...
had appeared by 1763; those cited by Scopoli include the 10th edition
10th edition of Systema Naturae
The 10th edition of Systema Naturae was a book written by Carl Linnaeus and published in two volumes in 1758 and 1759, which marks the starting point of zoological nomenclature...
of (1758) and (1761) by Carl Linnaeus, and (1761) by Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus
Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus
Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus was an Austrian entomologist born in Vienna.Von Neuhaus was the author of Insecta Musei Graecensis , the first purely entomological work to follow the binomial nomenclature of Carolus Linnaeus.-External links:**...
. More than half of the species listed by Scopoli in were described as new
Alpha taxonomy
Alpha taxonomy is the discipline concerned with finding, describing and naming species of living or fossil organisms. This field is supported by institutions holding collections of these organisms, with relevant data, carefully curated: such institutes include natural history museums, herbaria and...
. They include:
- 15. Scarabæus eremita, now Osmoderma eremitaOsmoderma eremitaOsmoderma eremita, the hermit beetle or Russian leather beetle, is a species of European beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. The larvae develop in hollow trees. Oak is the most important tree species, but the larvae may develop in any tree species with suitable hollows. Due to habitat loss and...
- 65. Curculio piger, now Cleonus pigerSluggish weevilThe sluggish weevil is a weevil species recorded in Britain and native to Eurasia. It was introduced into North America to help control creeping thistle.It has various taxonomic synonyms: Cleonus pigra, Cleonus piger, Cleonis pigra...
- 97. Curculio glaucus, now Phyllobius glaucusPhyllobius glaucusPhyllobius glaucus is a species of weevil found across Europe, especially in carrs. It is a pest of a variety of fruit trees, but has little economic effect. It was first described by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1763.-Description:...
- 112. Attelabus lilii, now Lilioceris liliiScarlet lily beetleThe scarlet lily beetle , or red / leaf lily beetle, is a leaf beetle that eats the leaves, stem, buds and flower of lilies, fritillaries and other members of the family Liliaceae. They mainly lay their eggs on Lilium and Fritillaria species...
- 124. Cantharis fulva, now Rhagonycha fulvaCommon red soldier beetleThe common red soldier beetle, Rhagonycha fulva, is a species of soldier beetle .The common red soldier beetle will grow up to a centimetre. Nearly all their body is coloured red yellowish. Only the last bit of the elytra is black. The body is flat and elongated...
- 146. Cantharis nobilis, now Oedemera nobilisOedemera nobilisOedemera nobilis is a beetle in the family Oedemeridae, a common species in Western Europe, including the south of England.-Morphology:...
- 199. Buprestis salicina, now Smaragdina salicinaSmaragdina salicinaSmaragdina salicina is a species of short-horned leaf beetles belonging to the family Chrysomelidae, subfamily Clytrinae.This leaf beetle lives in Europe, in the East Palearctic ecozone and in the Near East.The adults are long...
- 264. Carabus catenulatusCarabus catenulatusCarabus catenulatus is a species of beetle endemic to Europe, where it is observed in Bosnia and Herzegovina, mainland Italy, Slovenia, and Switzerland.-External links:*...
- 408. Aphis fabaeAphis fabaeAphis fabae is a true bug in the order Hemiptera. Common names include blackfly, black bean aphid, bean aphid and beet leaf aphid. It is a widely distributed pest of agricultural crops.-Distribution:...
- 428. Papilio fagi, now Hipparchia fagiHipparchia fagiThe Woodland Grayling is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. The species can be found in Europe, mainly south of the Alps.The wingspan is 66-76 mm. The butterflies fly from June to September....
- 510. Phalaena fulminea, now Catocala fulmineaCatocala fulmineaCatocala fulminea is a moth of the family Noctuoidea. It is found in Central Europe, Southern Europe, East Asia, and Siberia.The wingspan is 44–52 mm.The larvae feed on Prunus, Crataegus, pears, and oaks.-External links:*, funet.fi...
- 525. Phalaena rubiginosa, now Conistra rubiginosaConistra rubiginosaThe Black-spot Chestnut is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Europe.The length of the forewings is 15–16 mm. The moth flies in one generation from October to late April...
- 526. Phalaena clavipalpis, now Paradrina clavipalpisParadrina clavipalpisThe Pale mottled willow is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Europe. It is an introduced species in North America, where it was first reported from Queens in New York City in 1993. In 2009 it was found in Rochester, New York, so it appears to be established and...
- 527. Phalaena deceptoria, now Deltote deceptoriaDeltote deceptoriaThe Pretty Marbled is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Southern Europe and Central Europe.The wingspan is 23-25 mm. The length of the forewings is 12-13 mm. The moth flies from April to July depending on the location.The larvae feed on various grasses.-External links:****...
- 532. Phalaena nebulata, now Euchoeca nebulataEuchoeca nebulataThe Dingy Shell is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in the Palearctic ecozone.The wingspan is 23–25 mm. The moth flies from April to September depending on the location.The larvae feed on Birch and Alder....
- 535. Phalaena fimbrialis, now Thalera fimbrialisThalera fimbrialisThe Sussex Emerald, Thalera fimbrialis, is a species of moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in Europe and Asia up to the area surrounding the Amur River....
- 537. Phalaena punctinalis, now Hypomecis punctinalisHypomecis punctinalisThe Pale Oak Beauty is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species can be found in Europe.The wingspan is 46–55 mm. The length of the forewings is 22–26 mm...
- 540. Phalaena lineata, now Siona lineataSiona lineataThe Black-veined Moth is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found throughout Europe.The wingspan is 35-40 mm. The moth flies in one generation from the beginning of May to the end of June ....
- 542. Phalaena exanthemata, now Cabera exanthemataCommon WaveThe Common Wave is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found throughout the Palearctic region and the Near East.The wings of this species are white, heavily spotted with tiny yellowish dots, which give it a buffish appearance. The wings are marked with narrow brown fascia, three on the...
- 545. Phalaena ornata, now Scopula ornataScopula ornataThe Lace Border is a moth of the Geometridae family. It is found in Europe, North Africa and the Near East.The wingspan is 21–24 mm...
- 546. Phalaena sylvata, now Abraxas sylvataAbraxas sylvataThe Clouded Magpie is a moth of the family Geometridae that was named by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1763.-Description:...
- 549. Phalaena glaucata, now Cilix glaucataCilix glaucataThe Chinese Character is a moth of the family Drepanidae. It is found in Europe and North Africa.The wingspan is 18–22 mm. The moth flies from April to August depending on the location....
- 551. Phalaena chlorosata, now Petrophora chlorosataPetrophora chlorosataThe Brown Silver-line is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found throughout Europe.The length of the forewings is 31–37 mm. The length of the forewings is 15–18 mm. The moth flies from the end of April to the end of June .The caterpillars feed on bracken.-Notes:#The flight season...
- 561. Phalaena moeniata, now Scotopteryx moeniataScotopteryx moeniataThe Fortified Carpet is a moth of the Geometridae family. It is found in most of Europe except the north. It is also found in the Near East....
- 565. Phalaena aurata, now Pyrausta aurataMint mothThe mint moth is a small moth from the family Crambidae, active by day.The purplish-brown wings have a span from 10 to 15 millimetres, and a single golden yellow spot on each overwing and underwing...
- 567. Phalaena ochrata, now Idaea ochrataIdaea ochrataThe Bright Wave is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in Europe.The species has a wingspan of 21–24 mm. The adults fly at night from late June to early August in one generation ....
- 571. Phalaena alpinata, now Glacies alpinataGlacies alpinataGlacies alpinata is a moth of the Geometridae family. It is found in Alps, the Czech Republic, Poland, Romania and Slovakia. It is found on altitudes of up to 3,000 meters....
- 572. Phalaena murinata, now Minoa murinataMinoa murinataThe Drab Looper is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species can be found in Southern and Central Europe, Anatolia, the Caucasus and the mountains of Central Asia....
- 575. Phalaena laevigata, now Idaea laevigataIdaea laevigataThe Strange Wave is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in Central Europe and Southern Europe. It occurs in Brittain as an imported species....
- 576. Phalaena inquinata, now Idaea inquinataIdaea inquinataThe Rusty Wave is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in Europe.The species has a wingspan of 16–19 mm. The length of the forewings is 8–10 mm. The adults fly at night from June to July in Britain...
- 577. Phalaena tenebrata, now Panemeria tenebrataPanemeria tenebrataThe Small Yellow Underwing is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Europe.The wingspan is 19-22 mm. The moth flies from April to July depending on the location. It prefers sunny weather....
- 579. Phalaena despicata, now Pyrausta despicataPyrausta despicataPyrausta despicata is a species of moth of the family Crambidae. It is found in Europe.The wingspan is 14-21 mm. The moth flies from May to September depending on the location.The larvae feed on Plantago lanceolata and Plantago major.-External links:...
- 580. Phalaena nigrata, now Pyrausta nigrataPyrausta nigrataPyrausta nigrata is a species of moth of the family Crambidae. It is found in Europe.The wingspan is 14-17 mm. The moth flies from June to October depending on the location.The larvae feed on various herbs, such as Thyme and Marjoram.-External links:...
- 583. Phalaena podana, now Archips podanaArchips podanaThe Large Fruit-tree Tortrix is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Europe, Anatolia and is an introduced species in North America.The wingspan is 18–26 mm. The moth flies in one generation from June to September....
- 591. Phalaena rufana, now Celypha rufana
- 595. Phalaena montana, now Macrophya montanaMacrophya montanaMacrophya montana is a sawfly . The larvae develop on brambles. The female is recognisable by the yellow markings on the abdomen and hind legs which are absent on the male....
- 599. Phalaena formosana, now Enarmonia formosanaEnarmonia formosanaThe Cherrybark Tortrix or Cherry-bark Moth is a small but colorful moth species of the family Tortricidae. It is native to all of northern and western Europe, ranging south to the Maghreb. North of the Alps its range extends eastwards to Siberia and Kazakhstan...
- 600. Phalaena rivulana, now Celypha rivulanaCelypha rivulanaCelypha rivulana is a small moth species of the family Tortricidae. It is found in most of Europe.The wingspan is 16-18 mm. The adult moths fly in June, July and August....
- 607. Phalaena anthracinalis, now Euplocamus anthracinalisEuplocamus anthracinalisEuplocamus anthracinalis is a species of tineoid moth. It belongs to the fungus moth family , and among these to the subfamily Euplocaminae....
- 609. Phalaena citrinalis, now Hypercallia citrinalisHypercallia citrinalisHypercallia citrinalis is a moth of the Oecophoridae family. It is found in Europe.The wingspan is about 19 mm. The moth flies from June to July depending on the location. The larvae feed on Polygala vulgaris and Polygala calcarea....
- 610. Phalaena trabealis, now Emmelia trabealisEmmelia trabealisThe Emmelia trabealis, sometimes known as the Spotted Sulphur, is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae.It is found in Europe; its range is bordered by the Ural Mountains. It was formerly resident in Great Britain, but has not been seen at any known breeding colonies since 25 June 1960 and is...
- 612. Phalaena lunalis, now Zanclognatha lunalisZanclognatha lunalisThe Jubilee Fan-foot is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species can be found in the Palearctic ecozone.The wingspan is 32–36 mm. The moths flies from June to August depending on the location....
- 614. Phalaena extimalis, now Evergestis extimalisEvergestis extimalisEvergestis extimalis is a species of moth of the family Crambidae. It is found in Eurasia.The wingspan is 27-31 mm. The moth flies from June to September depending on the location.The larvae feed on Brassicaceae species.-External links:* * *...
- 615. Phalaena sericealis, now Rivula sericealisRivula sericealisThe Straw Dot is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Europe. The species closely resembles Evergestis forficalis.The wingspan is 18-22 mm. The length of the forewings is 13-15 mm...
- 616. Phalaena ruralis, now Pleuroptya ruralisPleuroptya ruralisThe Mother of Pearl is a species of moth of the family Crambidae. It is found in Europe. The species is notable for its rolling locomotion....
- 618. Phalaena nemoralis, now Agrotera nemoralisAgrotera nemoralisAgrotera nemoralis is a species of moth of the family Crambidae. It is found from Europe to Japan.The wingspan is 20-24 mm. The moth flies from May to July depending on the location....
- 620. Phalaena perlella, now Crambus perlellaCrambus perlellaCrambus perlella is a species of moth of the family Crambidae. It is found in Europe.The wingspan is 19-28 mm. The moth flies from July to August depending on the location....
- 627. Phalaena craterella, now Chrysocrambus craterellusChrysocrambus craterellusChrysocrambus craterellus is a species of moth of the family Crambidae. It is found in southern Europe and the Middle East.The wingspan is about 20 mm...
- 628. Phalaena chrysonuchella, now Thisanotia chrysonuchellaThisanotia chrysonuchellaThisanotia chrysonuchella is a moth of the family Crambidae. It is found in Europe.The wingspan is 24-34 mm. The moth flies in one generation from May to June...
- 636. Phalaena palliatella, now Eilema palliatellaEilema palliatellaEilema palliatella is a moth of the family Arctiidae. It is found in Southern and Central Europe.The wingspan is 32–36 mm. The moth flies in August depending on the location.The larvae feed on Trinia glauca and Aster linosyris....
- 638. Phalaena forficella, now Harpella forficellaHarpella forficellaHarpella forficella is a species of the concealer moth family , wherein it belongs to subfamily Oecophorinae. It is found in Europe.The wingspan is 19-29 mm. The adults fly from June to September, depending on the location....
- 643. Phalaena mucronella, now Ypsolopha mucronellaYpsolopha mucronellaYpsolopha mucronella is a moth of the family Ypsolophidae. It is found from Europe, through Siberia to Japan and in Asia Minor.The wingspan is 26–33 mm. Adults are on wing from August to April....
- 649. Phalaena rufimitrella, now Cauchas rufimitrellaCauchas rufimitrellaCauchas rufimitrella is a diurnal lepidopteran from the family Adelidae, the fairy long horn moths. The wingspan of the moth ranges from 10 to 12 millimeters. The wings are metallic red-purple. This is a common moth in the Netherlands. Caterpillars live on the seeds of Cardamine pratensis and then...
- 654. Phalaena scalella, now Pseudotelphusa scalellaPseudotelphusa scalellaPseudotelphusa scalella is a moth of the Gelechiidae family. It is found in Europe.The wingspan is 11-15 mm. The moths are on wing from May to June depending on the location.The larvae feed on moss, lichen and Quercus robur.-External links:* *...
- 660. Phalaena aruncella, now Micropterix aruncellaMicropterix aruncellaMicropterix aruncella is a species of moth belonging to the family Micropterigidae. This is one of the best known members of the family, being found in a wide range of habitats from sea level to over 2000 m. The only habitat not favoured by this species is dense woodland...
- 661. Phalaena alchimiella, now Caloptilia alchimiellaCaloptilia alchimiellaCaloptilia alchimiella is a moth of the Gracillariidae family. It is found in Europe and the Near East.The wingspan is 10-13 mm. The moth flies from May to July depending on the location....
- 662. Phalaena aureatella, now Micropterix aureatellaMicropterix aureatellaMicropterix aureatella is a moth of the family Micropterigidae. It is found in the Palearctic ecozone except North Africa.The wingspan is 9-11 mm...
- 673. Phalaena bipunctidactyla, now Stenoptilia bipunctidactylaStenoptilia bipunctidactylaStenoptilia bipunctidactyla is a moth of the Pterophoroidea family. It is found in Europe, Asia Minor, Syria, North Africa and Iran.The wingspan is 17-25 mm. The moths fly from March to October depending on the location....
- 734. Tenthredo ribesii, now Nematus ribesiiNematus ribesiiNematus ribesii, the gooseberry sawfly or gooseberry caterpillar, is a common pest of gooseberries. They will eat all the leaves from your gooseberry bush.-External links:*...
- 819. Apis pascuorum, now Bombus pascuorumBombus pascuorumBombus pascuorum, the Common Carder-bee, is a species of bumblebee belonging to the family Apidae subfamily Apinae tribus Bombini.They are present in most of Europe in a wide variety of habitats such as meadows, pastures, waste ground, ditches and embankments, road, field margins, as well as...
- 833. Formica vaga, now Camponotus vagusCamponotus vagusCamponotus vagus is a species of large, black, West Palaearctic carpenter ant with a wide range that includes much of Europe, a large area of Asia, and part of Africa.-Description:...
- 870. Musca maculata, now Graphomya maculataGraphomya maculataGraphomya maculata is a species of fly. It is widespread and common in most parts of Europe. The thorax bears the same black and white pattern in both sexes. Females also have a black and white abdomen, while the male has orange colouration on the abdomen as seen in the picture....
- 876. Musca tuguriorum, now Phaonia tuguriorumPhaonia tuguriorumPhaonia tuguriorum is a species of fly which is distribution across parts the Palaearctic....
- 880. Musca angelicae, now Phaonia angelicaePhaonia angelicaePhaonia angelicae is a species of fly which is widely distribution across the Palaearctic....
- 954. Conops pertinax, now Eristalis pertinaxEristalis pertinaxEristalis pertinax is a European hoverfly, also known as the drone fly. Like Eristalis tenax, the larva of E. pertinax is a rat-tailed maggot and lives in drainage ditches, pools around manure piles, sewage, and similar places containing water badly polluted with organic matter....
- 962. Conops cuprea, now Ferdinandea cupreaFerdinandea cupreaFerdinandea cuprea is a European species of hoverfly notable for its brassy abdomen. The larvae have been found in sap from trunk damage on oak and ash....
- 967. Conops aeneus, now Eristalinus aeneusEristalinus aeneusEristalinus aeneus is a European species of hoverfly....
- 1134. Oniscus muscorum, now Philoscia muscorumPhiloscia muscorumPhiloscia muscorum, the common striped woodlouse or fast woodlouse, is a common European woodlouse. It is found from the British Isles and southern Scandinavia east to Ukraine and south to Greece. It has also spread to Washington and many states in New England, as well as Nova Scotia.-Description:P...
Publication
was published by Johann Thomas von Trattner in Vienna in 1763. Forty-three plates of illustrations were prepared for publication, but were never offered for sale, and few copies of include the plates. They illustrate the species numbered 1–815, with the exception of the genus AphisAphis
Aphis may refer to:* Aphis, a genus of aphid species* Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service , organizational unit of the USDA* HMS Aphis , Royal Navy insect class gunboat...
(species 396–410).
was published long before the international standardisation of units; to help readers understand his measurements, Scopoli therefore included a printed scale of three Parisian inches
French units of measurement
France has a unique history of units of measurement due to radical attempts to adopt a metric system following the French Revolution.In the Ancien régime, before 1795, France used a system of measures that had many of the characteristics of the modern Imperial System of units...
, each divided into twelve lines. His inch was approximately 26.5 millimetres (1 in) long, making each line approximately 2.2 mm (0.0866141732283465 in).
External links
- Entomologia Carniolica, Internet ArchiveInternet ArchiveThe Internet Archive is a non-profit digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". It offers permanent storage and access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, music, moving images, and nearly 3 million public domain books. The Internet Archive...
- Entomologia Carniolica, Google Books