Cosenza

"To call the town picturesque is to use an inadequate word.

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Cosenza is a city in Italy

Italy

Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
, located at the confluence of the rivers Busento and Crathis

Crathis

The Crathis or Crater , is one of the most considerable rivers of Bruttium , which in the northern part of its course formed the boundary between that region and Lucania....
. The municipal population is of around 70,000. The urban area

Urban area

An urban area is an area with an increased Population density of human-created structures in comparison to the areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be city, towns or conurbations, but the term is not commonly extended to rural settlements such as villages and hamlet ....
, however, counts over 250,000 inhabitants.

Because of its cultural past, Cosenza was known in antiquity as the Athens

Athens

Athens , the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery; as one of the List of cities by time of continuous habitation, its recorded history spans around 3,400 years....
 of Calabria

Calabria

Calabria , is a Regions of Italy in Southern Italy Italy, south of Naples, located at the "toe" of the Italian peninsula. It is bounded to the north by the region of Basilicata, to the south-west by the region of Sicily, to the west by the Tyrrhenian Sea, and to the east by the Ionian Sea....
. The Cosentian Academy

Cosentian Academy

The Cosentian Academy was founded in Cosenza, Italy, by Aulo Giano Parassio, in 1511. Initially named after its founder, Accademia Parassiana, it was dedicated to philosophical and literary studies....
, for example, was one of the very first academies to be founded in Europe

Europe

Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
 (1511). To this day, the city remains an important cultural centre with museums, theatres, numerous libraries, and the University of Calabria

University of Calabria

The University of Calabria , also known as the University of Cosenza , is a state-run university in Italy.Located in Arcavacata di Rende, a suburb of Cosenza, the university was founded in 1972....
.

"To call the town picturesque is to use an inadequate word. At every step, from the opening of the main street at the hill foot up to the stern medieval castle crowning its height, one marvels and admires". George Gissing

George Gissing

George Robert Gissing was an England novelist who wrote twenty-three novels between 1880 and 1903. From his early Naturalism works, he developed into one of the most accomplished Realism of the late-Victorian era....
, 1897

Geography

Cosenza stands 238 m above sea level in a valley between the Sila

La Sila

The Sila is the name of the mountain range plateau and historic region located in Calabria, southern Italy. It occupies part of the provinces of Province of Crotone, Province of Cosenza and Province of Catanzaro, and is divided into the Sila Greca, Sila Grande and Sila Piccola sub-ranges....
 plateau and the coastal range of mountains. The old town, overshadowed by its castle, descends to the river Crathis

Crathis

The Crathis or Crater , is one of the most considerable rivers of Bruttium , which in the northern part of its course formed the boundary between that region and Lucania....
; whereas the growing modern city lies to the north, beyond the Busento, on level ground.

History

Origins

The ancient Consentia, capital of the Italic tribe of the Bruttii

Bruttii

The Bruttii , were an ancient Ancient peoples of Italy people who inhabited the southern extremity of Italy, from the frontiers of Lucania to the Straits of Messina and the promontory of Leucopetra, roughly corresponding to modern Calabria....
, was a bulwark of the Italic people against the Hellenic influences of the Ionian colonies. Over the centuries it maintained a distinctive character which marked it out among the inner cities of the region. Under Emperor Augustus it became an important stopover on the Roman via Popilia

Via Popilia

The Via Popilia is either of two different ancient Roman roads begun in the consulship of Publius Popilius Laenas, who was better known for his attack on the Gracchi....
, which connected Calabria to Sicily

Sicily

Sicily is an Autonomous regions with special statute of Italy. Of all the regions of Italy, Sicily covers the largest land area at 25,708 km? and currently has just over five million inhabitants....
. During the Roman Empire, although merely a colonia

Colonia

Colonia may refer to:*Colonia **Colonia , an outpost of the Roman Empire**Colonia , a neighborhood of large urban areas in Mexico**Colonia , a low-income community along the U.S./Mexican border...
, the town benefited from municipal privileges.

Alaric's legendary tomb

In 410 AD Alaric I

Alaric I

Alaric I , was likely born about 370 on an Peuce Island at the mouth of the Danube. He was king of the Visigoths from 395–410 and the first Germanic peoples leader to take the city of Rome....
, king of the Visigoths, captured the great city of Rome and became the first foreign enemy to capture this city in over 800 years. When he left Rome, Alaric had amassed a great amount of treasure from his conquest of the city.

According to the Gothic historian Jordanes

Jordanes

Jordanes , was a 6th century Roman bureaucrat , who turned his hand to history later in life.Though he also wrote Romana , a book about the history of Rome, his most known work is his Getica, written in Constantinople about AD 551 ....
, Alaric left Rome and headed south with his troops. When they reached the area of Cosenza, he died. No one is certain how this happened. Some believe he contracted a disease that took his life. Others feel that his death came from an attack by enemy forces. In any case, his troops honoured their king by burying him in a tomb. This was no normal tomb. His burial place is said to have been at the confluence of the Busento and Crathis

Crathis

The Crathis or Crater , is one of the most considerable rivers of Bruttium , which in the northern part of its course formed the boundary between that region and Lucania....
 rivers. A horde of slaves were used to divert the water from the Busento, allowing them to dig a tomb large enough for Alaric, his horse and all of the treasure amassed from his conquests. Once the tomb was completed, the river was returned to its bed and the tomb covered with water. Then, to ensure that no one would reveal this location to anyone, Alaric's troops killed all of the slaves.

Norman, Hohenstaufen and Angevin period

The city's archdiocese, dating to the sixth century, is one of the most ancient and important of the region, counting more than 130 parishes. Bitterly disputed between the Saracens and the Lombards

Lombards

The Lombards were a Germanic peoples originally from Northern Europe who settled in the valley of the Danube and from there invaded Byzantine Italian peninsula in 568 under the leadership of Alboin....
, the town was destroyed, then rebuilt around 988; only to be ravaged again in the early 11th century. In the attempt to escape the devastation, the population left the town and sheltered on the surrounding hills where they built some small hamlets (still denominated casali).

By the first half of the eleventh century, Lombard Calabria became a feudal dukedom of the Normans

Norman conquest of southern Italy

The Normans conquest of southern Italy spanned most of the eleventh century, involving many battles and many independent players conquering territories of their own....
, with Cosenza as capital. The town soon rebelled against the rule of Roger Guiscard and was only recaptured after a long siege. Subsequently, under the Hohenstaufen

Hohenstaufen

The House of Hohenstaufen was a dynasty of List of German Kings and Emperors , many of whom were also crowned Holy Roman Emperor and Duke of Swabia....
 rule, the town became the seat of the Court of Calabria (Curia Generale). The Emperor Frederick II

Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick II , of the House of Hohenstaufen dynasty, was an Kingdom of Italy pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215....
 had a particular interest in the town: he promoted construction and economic activities, organising an important annual fair.

The Cathedral was rebuilt and then consecrated in 1222; in 1242, Frederick's son Henry

Henry (VII) of Germany

Henry VII was King of Sicily from 1212, King of Germany from 1220, and Duke of Swabia from 1216. He was the son and co-king of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and elder brother of Conrad IV of Germany....
 was buried there. Subsequently, Cosenza bitterly fought against the Angevin domination, supported by the clergy. While the uprising spread through the valley of the Crati, the town was involved in the see-sawing fight between Angevins and Aragonese. In 1432 King Louis III of Anjou settled in the castle of Cosenza with his wife Margaret of Savoy

Margaret of Savoy

Margaret of Savoy may refer to:* The Blessed Margaret of Savoy * Margaret of Savoy, Countess Palatine of the Rhine, wife of Louis III of Naples, Louis IV of the Rhine and Ulrich V, Count of W?rttemberg, mother of Philip, Elector Palatine...
. When she died untimely, in 1434, she was buried in the Cathedral.

Spanish domination

In 1500, in spite of resistance, Cosenza was occupied by the Spanish army led by Captain Consalvo de Cordoba. During the sixteenth century the town experienced a period of expansion as the seat of the Viceroy of Calabria. At the same time its cultural importance grew thanks to the foundation of the Accademia Cosentina

Cosentian Academy

The Cosentian Academy was founded in Cosenza, Italy, by Aulo Giano Parassio, in 1511. Initially named after its founder, Accademia Parassiana, it was dedicated to philosophical and literary studies....
; among its most renowned members were Bernardino Telesio

Bernardino Telesio

Bernardino Telesio was an Italian philosopher and natural scientist.Telesio was born of noble parentage in Cosenza, a city in Calabria, Southern Italy....
, Aulo Gianni Parrasio, the Martirano brothers, Antonio Serra

Antonio Serra

Antonio Serra was a late 16th century Italy philosopher and economist in the Mercantilist tradition.Little is known about his life. He was born in Cosenza in the late 16th century....
 and others. In 1707 the Austrians succeeded the Spanish in the Kingdom of Naples

Kingdom of Naples

The Kingdom of Naples is the modern day name for a polity which existed on the southern part of the Italian peninsula. Also known contemporaneously, and somewhat confusingly, as the Kingdom of Sicily, this kingdom was founded after the secession of the island of Sicily from the old Kingdom of Sicily as a result of the Sicilian Vespers...
, followed by the Bourbons. After the proclamation in 1799 of the short-lived Parthenopean Republic and a vain resistance, the town was finally occupied for the Bourbons by Fabrizio Cardinal Ruffo

Fabrizio Ruffo

Fabrizio Ruffo was an Italy Cardinal and politician, who led the popular anti-republican Sanfedismo movement ....
’s Lazzari; Cardinal Ruffo was native of the province of Cosenza.

Modern age

From 1806 to 1815 Cosenza fought in an unequal struggle against French domination. Cruel suppressions characterised that period and in 1813 the town, a cradle of the Carbonari

Carbonari

The Carbonari were groups of secret society founded in early 19th-century Italy. Their goals were patriotic and liberal and they played an important role in the Risorgimento and the early years of Italian nationalism....
 secret societies, saw many rebels executed. The local riots of 1821 and 1837 heralded the Risorgimento. They were followed by the uprising of 15 March 1844, which reached its climax with the “noble folly” of the Bandiera Brothers

Bandiera Brothers

The Bandiera Brothers were Italian patriots, Attilio and Emilio Bandiera, ....
, who were executed together with some of their followers in the Vallone di Rovito in Cosenza. In 1860, some months after the rapid and overwhelmingly heroic deeds of Garibaldi’s troops, a plebiscite proclaimed the annexation of Calabria to the new Kingdom of Italy.

Main sights

Church of San Domenico

Founded in 1448, the church combines Renaissance and Medieval elements. Its most interesting feature is the rose window defined by 16 little tuff

Tuff

Tuff is a type of Rock consisting of consolidated volcanic ash ejected from vents during a volcanic eruption. Tuff is also sometimes called tufa, particularly when used as construction material....
 columns. The wooden portal (1614) is inlaid with floral motifs, figures of saints and coats of arms.

Inside the church are works by the Cosentine painter A. Granata (late 18th century): Santa Rosa, Santa Caterina, San Ludovico, San Giacinto and San Domenico. The high altar is made of polychrome marble (1767). In the transept, there is a Deposition and a San Vincenzo Ferreri (late 18th century, anonymous). The sacristy is noted for its ribbed vault, a double lancet window with a narrow arch and a wooden choir installed in 1635.

The Cathedral

The origins of the Duomo

Duomo

Duomo is a generic Italian language term for a cathedral church. The formal word for a church that is presently a cathedral is cattedrale; a Duomo may be either a present or a former cathedral ....
 are unknown; it was probably built in the first half of the 11th century. After an earthquake destroyed the cathedral church on 9 June 1184, rebuilding was completed by 1222 when the Duomo was consecrated by Emperor Frederick II

Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick II , of the House of Hohenstaufen dynasty, was an Kingdom of Italy pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215....
. In the first half of the 18th century it was covered by a baroque superstructure which obliterated the original structure and its works of art. In the first half of the nineteenth century the façade was transformed in neo-gothic style, which completely changed its character. At the end of the 19th century, Archbishop Camillo Sorgente entrusted the work to Pisanti, who recovered the original old arches and the ancient structure of the church. In the 1940s the work was finally completed. In the transept is the tomb of Isabella of Aragon

Isabella of Aragon

Isabella of Aragon , infanta of Aragon, was, by marriage, Queen consort of France in the Middle Ages from 1270 to 1271....
, wife of king Philip III of France

Philip III of France

Philip III , called the Bold , was the List of French monarchs, succeeding his father, Louis IX of France, and reigning from 1270 to 1285....
. A long aisle links the Duomo to the archbishops' palace, the Palazzo Arcivescovile, which houses an Immacolata by Luca Giordano

Luca Giordano

Luca Giordano was an Italy late Baroque painter and printmaker in etching....
. One can also admire the rare and precious Stauroteca, a gift of the Emperor Frederick II to the Duomo upon consecration. The work was produced in the royal goldsmiths' workshops, better known as “Tiraz”, and was produced in a cultural environment which blended Muslim, Byzantine and Western cultural elements.

Monastero delle Vergini

In via Gaetano Argento stands the "Convent of the Virgins". The external part of the main entrance is made of decorated tuff, while the internal part is carved of wood. The convent contains a 16th-century painting of the Annunciation. In front of it, is the 13th-century Madonna del Pilerio attributed to Giovanni da Taranto, while on the walls are four other anonymous 16th century paintings: the Visitation, the Circumcision, the Adoration of the Shepherds and the Adoration of the Magi. In the apse is the altarpiece Transit of the Virgin (1570). The cymatium

Cymatium

Cymatium, a molding on the cornice of some classical architecture buildings. Sometimes decorated with an anthemion. It is characteristic of Ionic columns and can appear as part of the entablature, the epistylium, and the capital....
 houses a painting portraying the Coronation of the Virgin, while at the base of the two columns are paintings, attributed to Michele Curia, the "Master of Montecalvario", of two unidentified saints. The wooden choir dates to the 17th century.

Giostra Vecchia

In the fifteenth century, at Palazzo Falvo the Renaissance

Renaissance

The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe....
 was introduced at Cosenza, in the Giostra Vecchia. Here are located the church and monastery of Saint Francis of Assisi. The Latin cross plan has a nave and two aisles. In the nave stands the impressive high wooden altar built in 1700. Above it is a painting by Daniele Russo representing the Perdono d’Assisi (1618). The left aisle is home to a wooden 17th-century crucifix, the altar of the Madonna della Febbre and the statue of the Madonna with Child, in marble, dating to the 16th century. The sacristy has a painted wooden ceiling, a wooden armadio representing episodes from the Passion of Christ and pictures of saints and Franciscan monks. The stone arch is characterized by the painting of St. Francis of Paola, while on the walls are some frescoes dating to the beginning of the 15th century.

Hohenstaufen Castle

The Castello Svevo ("Swabian" or Hohenstaufen

Hohenstaufen

The House of Hohenstaufen was a dynasty of List of German Kings and Emperors , many of whom were also crowned Holy Roman Emperor and Duke of Swabia....
 Castle) was originally built by the Saracens on the ruins of the ancient Rocca Brutia, around the year 1000. The Hohenstaufen was restored by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick II , of the House of Hohenstaufen dynasty, was an Kingdom of Italy pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215....
, adding the octagonal tower to the original structure, in 1239. According to tradition, his son Henry

Henry (VII) of Germany

Henry VII was King of Sicily from 1212, King of Germany from 1220, and Duke of Swabia from 1216. He was the son and co-king of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and elder brother of Conrad IV of Germany....
 lived in this castle,as a prisoner at his father’s command.

All signs of the ancient Saracen structure have now disappeared. In the internal cloister, the modifications made by the Bourbons in order to convert it into a prison can also be seen. The entrance-hall is covered by ogival arches with engraved brackets. A wide corridor is dominated by some fleur-de-lis

Fleur-de-lis

The fleur-de-lis is a stylized design of either an Iris or a Lilium that is now used purely decoratively as well as symbolically, or it may be "at one and the same time political, dynasty, artistic, emblematic and symbolic", especially in heraldry....
 from the Angevin

Angevin

Angevin is the name applied to the residents of Anjou, a former province of the Ancien R?gime in France, as well as to the residents of Angers....
 coat of arms

Coat of arms

A coat of arms, more properly called an armorial achievement, armorial bearings or often just arms for short, in European tradition, is a design belonging to a particular person and used by them in a wide variety of ways....
. They are engraved on the ribbed Hohenstaufen arches.

Spirito Santo

The church of Sant'Agostino, also known as the Spirito Santo, was built in 1507 by the Augustinians. The original portal has several inscriptions in Gothic characters. The interior has a series of paintings from the eighteenth century. Further on a narrow street leads to the so-called “Area of the Bandiera Brothers

Bandiera Brothers

The Bandiera Brothers were Italian patriots, Attilio and Emilio Bandiera, ....
”, the Vallone di Rovito. Here, the insurrectional patriots of 1844 were executed by a firing squad.

Arenella

The area called Arenella lies on the right bank of the River Crati. On the left side of Corso del Plebiscito, it includes the Mercato dell’Arenella, an iron structure which used to host the old town market, now used for concerts and a flea market. On the right hand side, is the church of San Gaetano. On the right, just past the church, is Palazzo Arnone, which once housed the courthouse and the prison, being now seat of the Galleria Nazionale ("National Gallery").

San Francesco di Paola

In the Arenella, are the Church and Monastery of Saint Francis of Paola (1510). The interior, with an single nave, houses the tomb of Ottavio Cesare Gaeta. On the right wall, are two 18th-century paintings: a Sacra Famiglia and Madonna con San Francesco e Sant’Agostino. On an altar is a wooden statue of Saint Francis of Paola; while on the left side of the nave, on another altar, is a wooden statue of San Michele Arcangelo. The Madonna with Child in Glory and Saints Paul and Luke (1551) was painted by Pietro Negroni

Pietro Negroni

Pietro Negroni was an Italy painter of the Renaissance period, active mainly in Naples. He was also known as Il Giovane Zingaro and appears to have been born near Cosenza....
. In the apse, a 16th century triptych made by Cristoforo Faffeo represents the Madonna and Child in glory with saints Catherine and Sebastian. At the back of the altar is a wooden choir built in 1679 by M. Domenico Costanzo da Rogliano. On the wall of the sacristy are remains of frescoes dating back to 1550-1600. On the vault are some pastels representing scenes from the life of the Saint from Paola.

San Salvatore

The small church of San Salvatore serves the parish which professes the Byzantine-Albanian faith. Inside the nave are a wooden ceiling, some frescoes of the Apostoli, of the Salvatore and of the Madonna, as well as a splendid iconostasis

Iconostasis

In Eastern Christianity an iconostasis , also called the templon, is a wall of icons and religious paintings, separating the nave from the sanctuary in a Church ....
.

Open Air Museum

In the modern part of Cosenza, in an area stretching from the pedestrianized Corso Mazzini to Piazza Bilotti, lies the open-air "Museo MAB" (Museo all'aperto Bilotti). The museum hosts a wide range of modern art sculptures that stand in the street for residents and tourists. The sculptures were donated to the city by the Italian-American entrepreneur and art collector, Carlo Bilotti. They include Saint George and the Dragon by Salvador Dalì

Salvador Dalí

Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dal? i Dom?nech, 1st Marquis of P?bol was a Spain Catalonia surrealist painter born in Figueres.Dal? was a skilled Technical drawing, best known for the striking and bizarre images in his surrealism work....
, Hector and Andromache by Giorgio de Chirico

Giorgio de Chirico

Giorgio de Chirico was an influential Surrealism and then Surrealist Greeks-Italian people Painting born in Volos, Greece, to a Genovese mother and a Sicilian father....
, "the Bronzes" by Sacha Sosno, The Bather by Emilio Greco, The Cardinal by Giacomo Manzù

Giacomo Manzù

Giacomo Manz?, pseudonym of Giacomo Manzoni , was the best known Italian people sculptor of the 20th century. He was recognized by Western museums and collectors as an important modern artist, while, as a Communist, he was celebrated by the Soviet art world as well....
 and various marble sculptures by Pietro Consagra

Pietro Consagra

Pietro Consagra was one of Italy's leading postwar sculptors. Consagra was born in Mazara del Vallo, a town in western Sicily, on October 4th....
.

Museums and cultural institutions

• Accademia Cosentina
  Cosentian Academy
  
  The Cosentian Academy was founded in Cosenza, Italy, by Aulo Giano Parassio, in 1511. Initially named after its founder, Accademia Parassiana, it was dedicated to philosophical and literary studies....
  
• Museo Civico Archeologico
• Museo delle Rimembranze
• Galleria Nazionale - Palazzo Arnone
• Museo all'aperto "Bilotti" - Open air museum
• Teatro "Alfonso Rendano
  Alfonso Rendano
  
  Alfonso Rendano was an Italy pianist and composer. He is mostly renowned for inventing the "third pedal", which augmented the interpretative resources of the piano....
  "
• Teatro dell'Acquario - Teatro Stabile d'Innovazione della Calabria
• Teatro Morelli
• Casa delle Culture
• Universitá della Calabria - UNICAL University of Calabria
  University of Calabria
  
  The University of Calabria , also known as the University of Cosenza , is a state-run university in Italy.Located in Arcavacata di Rende, a suburb of Cosenza, the university was founded in 1972....
  
• Biblioteca Civica - Civic Library
• Biblioteca Nazionale - National Library
• Biblioteca dei Ragazzi - Children's Library
• Biblioteca dell'Archivio di stato - State Archive Library
• Biblioteca provinciale di Cosenza - District Library
• Biblioteca del Conservatorio di Musica "Stanislao Giacomoantonio"
• Biblioteca del Centro jazz Calabria - Archivio discografico
• Biblioteca della Fondazione Antonio Guarasci
• Biblioteca ecclesiastica SS. Crocifisso - Church Library
• Biblioteca arcivescovile del Seminario cosentino - Theological Library
• Biblioteca del Liceo classico "Bernardino Telesio
  Bernardino Telesio
  
  Bernardino Telesio was an Italian philosopher and natural scientist.Telesio was born of noble parentage in Cosenza, a city in Calabria, Southern Italy....
  "
• Biblioteca della Soprintendenza per il Patrimonio Storico Artistico ed Etnoantropologico

Events and festivals

• Fiera di S.Giuseppe - March
• S.Giuseppe Rock Festival - March
• Festival delle Invasioni - July
• La sagra dell'uva e del vino (Wine Festival) in Donnici - October
• Festa del Cioccolato (Chocolate Festival) - October

Notable people

• Aulo Giano Parrasio (humanist, 1470-1521)
• Bernardino Telesio
  Bernardino Telesio
  
  Bernardino Telesio was an Italian philosopher and natural scientist.Telesio was born of noble parentage in Cosenza, a city in Calabria, Southern Italy....
   (philosopher, 1509-1588)
• Pietro Negroni
  Pietro Negroni
  
  Pietro Negroni was an Italy painter of the Renaissance period, active mainly in Naples. He was also known as Il Giovane Zingaro and appears to have been born near Cosenza....
   (painter, 1505-1565)
• Antonio Serra
  Antonio Serra
  
  Antonio Serra was a late 16th century Italy philosopher and economist in the Mercantilist tradition.Little is known about his life. He was born in Cosenza in the late 16th century....
   (economist, late 16th century)
• Sertorio Quattromani (philosopher, 1541-1607)
• Francesco Saverio Salfi (philosopher, 1759-1832)
• Nicola Misasi (writer, 1850-1923)
• Alfonso Rendano
  Alfonso Rendano
  
  Alfonso Rendano was an Italy pianist and composer. He is mostly renowned for inventing the "third pedal", which augmented the interpretative resources of the piano....
   (pianist and composer, 1853-1931)
• Alessandro Longo
  Alessandro Longo
  
  Alessandro Longo was an Italy composer and musicology.After studying at the Music conservatories of Naples under Beniamino Cesi , he began teaching piano at his alma mater in 1887, deputizing for Cesi as pianoforte professor, and succeeded him in 1897....
   (composer and musicologist, 1864-1945)
• Mark Iuliano
  Mark Iuliano
  
  Mark Iuliano is an Italy former football defender .He had most of his success while playing for Juventus F.C. from 1996-2005 for a team which was one of the best in Europe during the late 1990s....
   (Italian International Footballer, 1973-)

* Jim Colosimo (Chicago

Chicago

Chicago is the largest city in the U.S. state of Illinois and the Midwestern United States, as well as the List of United States cities by population city in the United States with more than 2.8 million residents....
 gangster, 1878-1920)

External links