Complete Charlie Parker on Dial is a 1996 box set release of jazz

Jazz

Jazz is a musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States. It was born out of a mix of African and European music traditions. From its early development until the present, jazz has incorporated music from 19th and 20th...

 saxophonist

Saxophone

The saxophone is a conical-bore transposing musical instrument that is a member of the woodwind family. Saxophones are usually made of brass and played with a single-reed mouthpiece similar to that of the clarinet. The saxophone was invented by the Belgian instrument maker Adolphe Sax in 1846...

 and composer

Composer

A composer is a person who creates music, either by musical notation or oral tradition, for interpretation and performance, or through direct manipulation of sonic material through electronic media...

 Charlie Parker

Charlie Parker

Charles Parker, Jr. , famously called Bird or Yardbird, was an American jazz saxophonist and composer....

's 1946-1947 recordings for Dial Records

Dial Records

Dial Records has been the name of at least four different record labels in the 20th century:* Dial Records – a US based company.* Dial Records – a US based company.* Dial Records – a US based company....

. The box set, released by Jazz Classics, features 89 songs, including alternate takes and notes composed by jazz historian and Parker biographer Ira Gitler

Ira Gitler

Ira Gitler is an American jazz historian and journalist. Perhaps best known for The Biographical Encyclopedia of Jazz written with Leonard Feather—the most recent edition appeared in 1999—he has written hundreds of liner notes for jazz recordings since the early 1950s and is the author of dozens...

. John Genarri, author of the book Blowin' Hot and Cool: Jazz and Its Critics singles out the recording of "Lover Man" on this album, noting that "[t]his wrenching, anguished version...has been called Parker's most poetic statement on record" though, says Gennari, Parker himself viewed it as substandard and threatened physical violence against Ross Russell

Ross Russell

Ross Russell was an American jazz producer and author. He was the founder of Dial Records....

, a Dial records producer, for including it. Gennari also indicates that other tracks included on this CD—"Relaxin' at Camarillo", "Cheers", "Stupendous" and "Carvin' the Bird"—"have struck many listeners as his most joyous and optimistic."

Recording history

Recording during Parker's tenure with Dial Records

Dial Records

Dial Records has been the name of at least four different record labels in the 20th century:* Dial Records – a US based company.* Dial Records – a US based company.* Dial Records – a US based company....

 between Mar 28, 1946 and Dec 17, 1947, these 89 songs have been released multiple times. British Spotlite released them in a series of vinyl

LP album

The LP, or long-playing microgroove record, is a format for phonograph records, an analog sound storage medium. Introduced by Columbia Records in 1948, it was soon adopted as a new standard by the entire record industry...

 volumes entitled Charlie Parker on Dial

Charlie Parker on Dial

Charlie Parker on Dial: The Complete Sessions is a 1993 four-disc box set collecting jazz saxophonist and composer Charlie Parker's 1940s recordings for Dial Records...

in the 1970s and re-released them on CD in a box set in 1993. They were released in a box set in 2004 by Stash Records. This 1996 box set groups takes and sessions together to allow listeners to closely compare the progression of the material as Parker and his fellow musicians developed it, with jazz improvisation morphing covered material as well as Parker's own compositions into different songs.

Disc 1

1. "Diggin' Diz" (George Handy
   George Handy
   George Handy was a jazz music arranger, composer and pianist whose musical beginnings were fostered under the tutelage of pianist Aaron Copland...
   
   ) – 2:53
2. "Moose the Mooche
   Moose the Mooche
   "Moose the Mooche" is a bebop composition written by Charlie Parker in 1946. It was written shortly after his friend and longtime musical companion Dizzy Gillespie left him in Los Angeles to return to New York City. Charlie Parker had been a long time heroin addict and had been using since he was...
   
   " (Take 1) – 2:59
3. "Moose the Mooche" (Take) – 3:04
4. "Moose the Mooche" (Take 2) – 3:04
5. "Yardbird Suite
   Yardbird Suite
   Yardbird Suite is a bebop standard composed by Charlie Parker in 1946. It follows an AABA form. It was used as the title of Lawrence O. Koch's biography of Parker....
   
   " (Take 1) – 2:41
6. "Yardbird Suite" (Take 4, Master
   Master recording
   A multitrack recording master tape, disk or computer files on which productions are developed for later mixing, is known as the multi-track master, while the tape, disk or computer files holding a mix is called a mixed master.It is standard practice to make a copy of a master recording, known as...
   
   ) – 2:56
7. "Ornithology
   Ornithology (composition)
   "Ornithology" is a jazz standard by bebop alto saxophonist Charlie Parker and trumpeter Benny Harris.Its title is a reference to Parker's nickname, "Bird"...
   
   " (Take 1) (Benny Harris
   Benny Harris
   Benny Harris was an American bebop trumpeter and composer.A self-taught musician, in the mid-1930s Benny Harris was already playing with Thelonious Monk. In later years, he participated to some of the jam sessions that gave birth to the bebop jazz style...
   
   , Parker) – 3:03
8. "Ornithology" (aka "Bird Lore") (Take 3) (Harris, Parker) – 3:19
9. "Ornithology" (Take 4, Master) (Harris, Parker) – 3:01
10. "A Night in Tunisia
    A Night in Tunisia
    "A Night in Tunisia" is a musical composition written by Dizzy Gillespie in 1942 while he was playing with the Earl Hines Band. It has become a jazz standard....
    
    " (aka "the Famous Alto Break") (take 1) (Dizzy Gillespie
    Dizzy Gillespie
    John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie was an American jazz trumpet player, bandleader, singer, and composer dubbed "the sound of surprise".Together with Charlie Parker, he was a major figure in the development of bebop and modern jazz...
    
    , Frank Paparelli) – :51
11. "A Night in Tunisia" (Take 4) (Gillespie, Paparelli) – 3:08
12. "A Night in Tunisia" (Take 5, Master) (Gillespie, Paparelli) – 3:04
13. "Max (Is) Making Wax" (Take A, Master) (Oscar Pettiford
    Oscar Pettiford
    Oscar Pettiford was an American jazz double bassist, cellist and composer known particularly for his pioneering work in bebop.-Biography:...
    
    ) – 2:33
14. "Lover Man" (Take A, Master) (Jimmy David, Roger "Ram" Ramirez, Jimmy Sherman) – 3:22
15. "The Gypsy" (Take) (Billy Reid) – 3:05
16. "Rebop" (Take A, Master) (Gillespie) – 2:56
17. "Blues, No. 1" (Short) – :48
18. "Blues, No. 1" (Long) – 1:08
19. "Yardbird Suite" – 2:15
20. "Lullaby in Rhythm, Pt. 1" (Benny Goodman
    Benny Goodman
    Benjamin David “Benny” Goodman was an American jazz and swing musician, clarinetist and bandleader; widely known as the "King of Swing".In the mid-1930s, Benny Goodman led one of the most popular musical groups in America...
    
    , Walter Hirsch, Clarence Profit
    Clarence Profit
    Clarence Profit was a jazz pianist and composer associated with swing.He came from a musical family and began studying piano at age three and led a ten-piece band in New York City in his teens. A visit to his grandparents in Antigua led to his staying in the Caribbean for five years and he also led...
    
    , Edgar Sampson
    Edgar Sampson
    Edgar Melvin Sampson was a composer, arranger, saxophonist, and violinist...
    
    ) – 1:33
21. "Lullaby in Rhythm, Pt. 2" (Goodman, Hirsch, Profit, Sampson) – 1:36
22. "Home Cooking, No. 1: Opus" (Hal McKusick
    Hal McKusick
    Hal McKusick is an American-born jazz alto saxophonist, clarinetist and flautist, most notable for his work with Boyd Raeburn from 1944 to 1945 and Claude Thornhill from 1948 to 1949.-Biography:...
    
    ) – 2:24
23. "Home Cooking, No. 2: Cherokee" (Ray Noble
    Ray Noble (musician)
    Ray Noble was an English bandleader, composer, arranger and actor. Noble studied music at the Royal Academy of Music and became leader of the HMV Records studio band in 1929. The band, known as the New Mayfair Dance Orchestra, featured members of many of the top hotel orchestras of the day...
    
    ) – 2:09
24. "Home Cooking, No. 3: I Got Rhythm
    I Got Rhythm
    "I Got Rhythm" is a song composed by George Gershwin with lyrics by Ira Gershwin and published in 1930, which became a jazz standard. Its chord progression, known as the "rhythm changes", is the foundation for many other popular jazz tunes such as Charlie Parker's and Dizzy Gillespie's Bebop...
    
    " (George Gershwin
    George Gershwin
    George Gershwin was an American composer and pianist. Gershwin's compositions spanned both popular and classical genres, and his most popular melodies are widely known...
    
    , Ira Gershwin
    Ira Gershwin
    Ira Gershwin was an American lyricist who collaborated with his younger brother, composer George Gershwin, to create some of the most memorable songs of the 20th century....
    
    ) – 2:26

Disc 2

1. "This is Always" (Take C, Master) (Mack Gordon
   Mack Gordon
   Mack Gordon was an American composer and lyricist of songs for the stage and film. He was nominated for the best original song Oscar nine times, including six consecutive years between 1940 and 1945, and won the award once, for "You'll Never Know"...
   
   , Harry Warren
   Harry Warren
   Harry Warren was an American composer and lyricist. Warren was the first major American songwriter to write primarily for film. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song eleven times and won three Oscars for composing "Lullaby of Broadway", "You'll Never Know" and "On the Atchison,...
   
   ) – 3:15
2. "This is Always" (Take D, Alternate) (Gordon, Warren) – 3:11
3. "Dark Shadows" (Take A, Alternate) (Shifty Henry
   Shifty Henry
   John Willie "Shifty" Henry was an American musician, most noted as a double bass and bass guitar player, and blues songwriter. He also played flute, violin, viola, saxophone, and oboe and was in demand as a session musician and arranger in Los Angeles in the 1940s and 1950s...
   
   ) – 4:05
4. "Dark Shadows" (Take B, Alternate) (Henry) – 3:12
5. "Dark Shadows" (Take C, Master) (Henry) – 3:07
6. "Dark Shadows" (Take D, Alternate) (Henry) – 3:01
7. "Bird's Nest" (Take A, Master 1) – 2:53
8. "Bird's Nest" (Take B, Alternate) – 2:52
9. "Bird's Nest" (Take C, Master 2) – 2:44
10. "Cool Blues" (aka "Hot Blues") – 1:59
11. "Cool Blues" (aka "Blowtop Blues") – 2:25
12. "Cool Blues" (Take C, Master) – 3:09
13. "Cool Blues" (Take D, Alternate) – 2:53
14. "Relaxin' at Camarillo" (Take A) – 3:08
15. "Relaxin' at Camarillo" (Take C) – 3:07
16. "Relaxin' at Camarillo" (Take D) – 3:03
17. "Relaxin' at Camarillo" (Take E) – 2:59
18. "Cheers" (Take A) (Howard McGhee
    Howard McGhee
    Howard McGhee was one of the very first bebop jazz trumpeters, together with Dizzy Gillespie, Fats Navarro and Idrees Sulieman. He was known for lightning-fast fingers and very high notes...
    
    ) – 3:11
19. "Cheers" (Take B) (McGhee) – 3:06
20. "Cheers" (Take C) (McGhee) – 3:03
21. "Cheers" (Take D) (McGhee) – 3:06
22. "Carvin' the Bird" (Take A, Alternate) (McGhee) – 2:46
23. "Carvin' the Bird" (Take B, Master) (McGhee) – 2:46
24. "Stupendous" (Take A, Master) (Melvin Broiles, McGhee) – 2:55
25. "Stupendous" (aka "Surprising") (Take B, Alternate) (Broiles, McGhee) – 2:53

Disc 3

1. "Dexterity" (Take A, Alternate) – 2:59
2. "Dexterity" (Take B, Master) – 3:00
3. "Bongo Bop" (aka "Blues") – 2:46
4. "Bongo Bop" (aka "Blues" and "Parker's Blues") – 2:46
5. "Dewey Square" (aka "Prezology/Bird Feathers") – 3:31
6. "Dewey Square" (Take B, Alternate) – 3:04
7. "Dewey Square" (Take C, Master) – 3:09
8. "The Hymn" (Take A, Master) – 2:34
9. "The Hymn" (Take B, Alternate) – 2:30
10. "Bird of Paradise" (Take A) – 3:10
11. "Bird of Paradise" (Take B) – 3:12
12. "Bird of Paradise" (Take C) – 3:13
13. "Embraceable You
    Embraceable You
    "Embraceable You" is a popular song, with music by George Gershwin and lyrics by Ira Gershwin. The song was originally written in 1928 for an unpublished operetta named East is West. It was eventually published in 1930 and included in the Broadway musical Girl Crazy. where it was performed by...
    
    " (Take A) (Gershwin, Gershwin) – 3:49
14. "Embraceable You" (Take B) (Gershwin, Gershwin) – 3:25
15. "Bird Feathers" (aka "Schnourphology") (Take C, Master) – 2:53
16. "Klact-Oveeseds-Tene" (Take A, Master) – 3:08
17. "Klact-Oveeseds-Tene" (Take B, Alternate) – 3:07
18. "Scrapple from the Apple
    Scrapple from the Apple
    "Scrapple from the Apple" is a bebop composition by Charlie Parker written in 1947, commonly regonized today as a jazz standard, written in F major...
    
    " (Take B, Alternate) – 2:41
19. "Scrapple from the Apple" (aka "Little Be-Bop") (Take C, Master) – 2:57

Disc 4

1. "My Old Flame" (Take A, Master) (Sam Coslow
   Sam Coslow
   Sam Coslow was an American songwriter, singer, film producer, publisher, and market analyst. Coslow was born in New York City. He began writing songs as a teenager...
   
   , Arthur Johnston
   Arthur Johnston (composer)
   Arthur Johnston was a composer known for such works as “Mandy, Make Up Your Mind,” "Pennies From Heaven," and many others...
   
   ) – 3:15
2. "Out of Nowhere" (Take A) (Johnny Green
   Johnny Green
   Johnny Green was an American songwriter, composer, musical arranger, and conductor. He was given the nickname "Beulah" by colleague Conrad Salinger. His most famous song was one of his earliest, "Body and Soul"...
   
   , Edward Heyman
   Edward Heyman
   Edward Heyman was an American musician and lyricist, best known for his compositions "Body and Soul", "When I Fall in Love", and "For Sentimental Reasons". He also contributed many songs for films.-Biography:...
   
   ) – 4:06
3. "Out of Nowhere" (Take B) (Green, Heyman) – 3:52
4. "Out of Nowhere" (Take C) (Green, Heyman) – 3:08
5. "Don't Blame Me" (Take A, Master) (Dorothy Fields
   Dorothy Fields
   Dorothy Fields was an American librettist and lyricist.She wrote over 400 songs for Broadway musicals and films...
   
   , Jimmy McHugh
   Jimmy McHugh
   James Francis McHugh was a U.S. composer. One of the most prolific songwriters from the 1920s to the 1950s, he composed over 270 songs...
   
   ) – 2:49
6. "Drifting on a Reed" (Take B, Alternate) – 2:58
7. "Drifting on a Reed" (Take D, Alternate) – 2:55
8. "Drifting on a Reed" (aka "Air Conditioning") (Take E, Master) – 2:54
9. "Quasimado (Quasimodo)" (Take A, Alternate) – 2:56
10. "Quasimado (Quasimodo)" (aka "Trade Winds") (Take B, Master) – 2:55
11. "Charlie's Wig" (aka "Bongo Bop") – 2:48
12. "Charlie's Wig" (aka "Drifting on a Road") – 2:48
13. "Charlie's Wig" (Take E, Master) – 2:44
14. "Bongo Beep" (aka "Dexterity") (Take B) – 2:59
15. "Bongo Beep" (aka "Bird Feathers" and "Charlie's Wig") (Take C) – 2:59
16. "Crazeology (Little Benny)" (Take A, Excerpt) (Little Benny Harris) – 1:03
17. "Crazeology (Little Benny)" (Take B, Excerpt) (Harris) – :35
18. "Crazeology (Little Benny)" (Take C) (Harris) – 2:59
19. "Crazeology (Little Benny)" (Take D, Master 2. Also issues as Move and Bird Feathers) (Harris) – 3:00
20. "How Deep is the Ocean?
    How Deep Is the Ocean?
    "How Deep Is the Ocean?" is a popular song written by Irving Berlin in 1932, and can be heard in the background of the 1933 film The Life of Jimmy Dolan...
    
    " (Take A, Master) (Irving Berlin
    Irving Berlin
    Irving Berlin was an American composer and lyricist of Jewish heritage, widely considered one of the greatest songwriters in American history.His first hit song, "Alexander's Ragtime Band", became world famous...
    
    ) – 3:25
21. "How Deep is the Ocean?" (Take B, Alternate) (Berlin) – 3:25

Performance

• Melvin Broiles – trumpet
  Trumpet
  The trumpet is the musical instrument with the highest register in the brass family. Trumpets are among the oldest musical instruments, dating back to at least 1500 BCE. They are played by blowing air through closed lips, producing a "buzzing" sound which starts a standing wave vibration in the air...
  
  
• Jimmy Bunn – piano
  Piano
  The piano is a musical instrument played by means of a keyboard. It is one of the most popular instruments in the world. Widely used in classical and jazz music for solo performances, ensemble use, chamber music and accompaniment, the piano is also very popular as an aid to composing and rehearsal...
  
  
• Red Callender
  Red Callender
  Red Callender, , was a jazz bass and tuba player, famous for turning down a chance to work with Duke Ellington's Orchestra and the Louis Armstrong All-Stars....
  
   – bass
  Double bass
  The double bass, also called the string bass, upright bass, standup bass or contrabass, is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed string instrument in the modern symphony orchestra, with strings usually tuned to E1, A1, D2 and G2...
  
  
• Earl Coleman – vocals
• Miles Davis
  Miles Davis
  Miles Dewey Davis III was an American jazz musician, trumpeter, bandleader, and composer. Widely considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century, Miles Davis was, with his musical groups, at the forefront of several major developments in jazz music, including bebop, cool jazz,...
  
   – trumpet
• Arnold Fishkind – bass
• Russ Freeman
  Russ Freeman (pianist)
  Russell Donald Freeman was a bebop and cool jazz pianist and composer.Initially, Freeman was classically trained...
  
   – piano
• Erroll Garner
  Erroll Garner
  Erroll Louis Garner was an American jazz pianist and composer known for his swing playing and ballads. His best-known composition, the ballad "Misty", has become a jazz standard...
  
   – piano
• Arv Garrison
  Arv Garrison
  Arvin Charles "Arv" Garrison was an American jazz guitarist.Garrison taught himself ukelele at age nine and played guitar for dances and local functions from age twelve. He led his own band at a hotel in Albany, New York, in 1941...
  
   – guitar
  Guitar
  The guitar is a plucked string instrument, usually played with fingers or a pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck to which the strings, generally six in number, are attached. Guitars are traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut or, more recently, with...
  
  
• Wardell Gray
  Wardell Gray
  Wardell Gray was an American jazz tenor saxophonist who straddled the swing and bebop periods.Today often overlooked, Gray's playing displays a unique style, an unmatched tone and a strong presence.-Early years:...
  
   – sax (tenor)
  Tenor saxophone
  The tenor saxophone is a medium-sized member of the saxophone family, a group of instruments invented by Adolphe Sax in the 1840s. The tenor, with the alto, are the two most common types of saxophones. The tenor is pitched in the key of B, and written as a transposing instrument in the treble...
  
  
• J.J. Johnson
  J.J. Johnson
  J. J. Johnson was a United States jazz trombonist, composer and arranger. He was sometimes credited as Jay Jay Johnson....
  
   – trombone
  Trombone
  The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family. Like all brass instruments, sound is produced when the player’s vibrating lips cause the air column inside the instrument to vibrate...
  
  
• Duke Jordan
  Duke Jordan
  Irving Sidney "Duke" Jordan was an American jazz pianist.-Biography:An imaginative and gifted pianist, Jordan was a regular member of Charlie Parker's so-called "classic quintet" , featuring Miles Davis...
  
   – piano
• Barney Kessel
  Barney Kessel
  Barney Kessel was an American jazz guitarist born in Muskogee, Oklahoma, USA. Generally considered to be one of the greatest jazz guitarists of the 20th century, he was noted in particular for his vast knowledge of chords and inversions and chord-based melodies...
  
   – guitar
• Bob "Dingbod" Kesterson – bass
• Don Lamond
  Don Lamond
  Don Lamond was an American jazz drummer.Lamond attended the Peabody Conservatory in Philadelphia in the early 1940s, and played with Sonny Dunham and Boyd Raeburn at the outset of his career...
  
   – drums
  Drum kit
  A drum kit is a collection of drums, cymbals and often other percussion instruments, such as cowbells, wood blocks, triangles, chimes, or tambourines, arranged for convenient playing by a single person ....
  
  
• Dodo Marmarosa
  Dodo Marmarosa
  Michael "Dodo" Marmarosa was an American bebop pianist.-Biography:Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and a child prodigy, Marmarosa was a trained classical pianist, but familiarised himself with jazz in parallel and practised with school mate Erroll Garner, another pianist from Pittsburgh...
  
   – piano
• Howard McGhee
  Howard McGhee
  Howard McGhee was one of the very first bebop jazz trumpeters, together with Dizzy Gillespie, Fats Navarro and Idrees Sulieman. He was known for lightning-fast fingers and very high notes...
  
   – trumpet
• Vic McMillan – bass
• Charlie Parker
  Charlie Parker
  Charles Parker, Jr. , famously called Bird or Yardbird, was an American jazz saxophonist and composer....
  
   – sax (alto)
  Alto saxophone
  The alto saxophone is a member of the saxophone family of woodwind instruments invented by Belgian instrument designer Adolphe Sax in 1841. It is smaller than the tenor but larger than the soprano, and is the type most used in classical compositions...
  
  
• Roy Porter
  Roy Porter (drummer)
  Roy Lee Porter was an American jazz drummer.Porter moved from Walsenburg to Colorado Springs when he was eight years old and began playing drums in rhythm and blues bands while a teenager. He attended Wiley College in Texas briefly, where trumpeter Kenny Dorham was a fellow student...
  
   – drums
• Tommy Potter
  Tommy Potter
  Charles Thomas Potter, born in Philadelphia on September 21, 1918, died March 1, 1988, was a jazz double bass player.Potter is known for having been a member of Charlie Parker's "classic quintet", with Miles Davis, between 1947 and 1950; he had first played with Parker in 1944, in Billy Eckstine's...
  
   – bass
• Jimmy Pratt – drums
• Max Roach
  Max Roach
  Maxwell Lemuel "Max" Roach was an American jazz percussionist, drummer, and composer.A pioneer of bebop, Roach went on to work in many other styles of music, and is generally considered alongside the most important drummers in history...
  
   – drums
• Shorty Rogers
  Shorty Rogers
  Milton “Shorty” Rogers , born Milton Rajonsky in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, was one of the principal creators of West Coast jazz. He played both the trumpet and flugelhorn, and was in demand for his skills as an arranger. Rogers worked first as a professional musician with Will Bradley and...
  
   – trumpet
• Lucky Thompson
  Lucky Thompson
  Eli "Lucky" Thompson was a United States jazz tenor and soprano saxophonist...
  
   – sax (tenor)
• Harold "Doc" West – drums

Production

• Bernard Brightman – executive producer
  Executive producer
  An executive producer is a producer who is not involved in any technical aspects of the film making or music process, but who is still responsible for the overall production...
  
  
• Barbara Colorio – typography
  Typography
  Typography is the art and technique of arranging type in order to make language visible. The arrangement of type involves the selection of typefaces, point size, line length, leading , adjusting the spaces between groups of letters and adjusting the space between pairs of letters...
  
  
• Will Friedwald
  Will Friedwald
  Will Friedwald is an American author and music critic. He has written for such newspapers as The New York Times, The Village Voice, Newsday, The New York Observer, and The New York Sun, and for such magazines as Entertainment Weekly, Oxford American, New York, Mojo, BBC Music Magazine, Stereo...
  
   – reissue
  Reissue
  A reissue is the repeated issue of a published work. In common usage, it refers to an album which has been released at least once before and is released again, sometimes with alterations or additions....
  
   producer
  Record producer
  A record producer is an individual working within the music industry, whose job is to oversee and manage the recording of an artist's music...
  
  
• Ira Gitler
  Ira Gitler
  Ira Gitler is an American jazz historian and journalist. Perhaps best known for The Biographical Encyclopedia of Jazz written with Leonard Feather—the most recent edition appeared in 1999—he has written hundreds of liner notes for jazz recordings since the early 1950s and is the author of dozens...
  
   – historical research
• Ben Jordan – engineer
• Alan Nahigian – illustrations
• David J. Weiner – associate producer
• Tony Williams – reissue producer, digital engineer

External links

• Sound samples, hosted with permission at MTV
  MTV
  MTV, formerly an initialism of Music Television, is an American network based in New York City that launched on August 1, 1981. The original purpose of the channel was to play music videos guided by on-air hosts known as VJs....