0-4-2
Encyclopedia
Under the Whyte notation
for the classification of steam locomotive
s, 0-4-2 represents the wheel arrangement
with no leading wheel
s, four powered and coupled driving wheel
s on two axles, and two trailing wheel
s on one axle. The configuration was often used for tank engines, which is noted by adding a T to the end, 0-4-2T, although the type was used in the 1880s and 1890s for some famous tender engines.
Other equivalent classifications are:
for the Stanhope and Tyne Railway
in 1834.Science Museum, The British Railway Locomotive 1803-1853, H.M.S.O., 1958. p.13.] The first locomotive built in Germany in 1838, the Saxonia
, was also an 0-4-2. In the same year Todd, Kitson & Laird built two examples for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway
, one of which, LMR 57 Lion
, has been preserved.
and Glasgow and South Western
railways and in southern England on the London Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR) and the London and South Western Railway
. The LB&SCR uniquely built express passenger 0-4-2 tender classes until 1891.
of the LB&SCR built four very successful 0-4-2 classes (three tender and one tank) between 1873 and 1891. The first of these was his powerful D-tank
for suburban passenger work. One hundred and twenty five of these had been built by 1887, some of which survived in service until 1951. However, the most famous class were his Gladstone class
express passenger locomotives, the first of which has been preserved.
0-4-2T classes for branch line
passenger work from 1868 to a design known as the 517 class by George Armstrong (engineer)
. This design was developed until the GWR 1400 Class
built between 1932 and 1936, designed for autotrains
. These were the last UK examples of this wheel arrangement: four of them have been preserved.
operated by the New Zealand Railways Department
. The first was the C class of 1873
, originally built as 0-4-0
T. The class was found to be unstable at speeds higher than 15 mph, so by 1880, all members of the class had been converted to 0-4-2T to rectify this problem. The second and more notable 0-4-2T class, and the only one actually built as 0-4-2T, was the unique H class
designed to operate the Rimutaka Incline on the Wairarapa Line
. The Incline's steep gradient necessitated the use of the Fell mountain railway system
, and the six members of the H class spent their entire lives operating trains on the Incline. Except for a few brief experiments with other classes, the H class had exclusive use of the Incline from their introduction in 1875 until the Incline's closure in 1955. The class leader, H 199, is preserved on static display at the Fell Engine Museum
in Featherston
and is the only extant Fell locomotive in the world.
0-4-2T was also employed for steam locomotives operated by small private industrial railways and bush and mineral tramways
. One such locomotive, built by Peckett and Sons
in 1938, is currently operational on the Goldfields Railway
that runs between Waihi
and Waikino
along a stretch of the former route of the East Coast Main Trunk Railway in the Bay of Plenty
.
and the Baldwin Locomotive Works
produced many small tank locomotives of this type for industrial and plantation work. The 0-4-2T Olomana
built by Baldwin in 1883 is a famous example of such types.
0-4-2WT well-tank locomotive that was built in 1858 by R and W Hawthorn
in Leith, Scotland, for Messrs. E. & J. Pickering, the contractors to the Cape Town Railway and Dock Company for the construction of the Cape Town-Wellington Railway. The locomotive later became the Cape Town-Wellington Railway’s engine number 9 and was eventually nicknamed "Blackie"
. It was declared a National Monument in 1936 and was plinthed in the main concourse of Cape Town station.
(NZASM) by the Maschinenfabrik Esslingen
in 1890 and 1908. The earlier class was for suburban services and was designed for push-pull
operation. The latter class was equipped with pinion
s for use on a rack railway
on the section between Waterval-Onder and Waterval-Boven in the eastern Transvaal.
of Scranton in Pennsylvania, were delivered to various gold mines on the Witwatersrand by Arthur Koppel, acting as importing agents. In 1915, when an urgent need arose for additional locomotives in Deutsch-Südwest-Afrika (now Namibia
) during World War I
, two of these locomotives were purchased second-hand by the South African Railways (SAR) for use on the narrow gauge lines in that territory. The two locomotives remained in South West Africa after the war. When a system of grouping narrow gauge locomotives into classes was introduced on the SAR somewhere between 1928 and 1930, these two locomotives were classified as Class NG2
.
In 1905 the Nederlands Indische Spoorweg opened a line between Yogyakarta and Ambarawa
via Magelang
., a hilly region requiring a rack railway
because of the 6.5% gradients. The B25 wood burning locomotive 0-4-2T class were made for this line by Maschinenfabrik Esslingen
, Germany
, in 1902. They were four cylinder compound locomotive
s. two of which worked the pinion
wheels.
There are two examples of B25 locomotive still in operation, namely B25-02 and B25-03. Both were based in Ambarawa
, where they have served for more than a hundred years. Locomotive B25-01 may also still be found at the entrance to the Ambarawa Railway Museum
. / Ambarawa
station.
On the island of Sumatra
, there are some larger cousins of this class used for pulling coal trains, namely the D18 and E10 classes.
Whyte notation
The Whyte notation for classifying steam locomotives by wheel arrangement was devised by Frederick Methvan Whyte and came into use in the early twentieth century encouraged by an editorial in American Engineer and Railroad Journal...
for the classification of steam locomotive
Steam locomotive
A steam locomotive is a railway locomotive that produces its power through a steam engine. These locomotives are fueled by burning some combustible material, usually coal, wood or oil, to produce steam in a boiler, which drives the steam engine...
s, 0-4-2 represents the wheel arrangement
Wheel arrangement
In rail transport, a wheel arrangement is a system of classifying the way in which wheels are distributed beneath a locomotive.. Several notations exist to describe the wheel assemblies of a locomotive by type, position, and connections, with the adopted notations varying by country...
with no leading wheel
Leading wheel
The leading wheel or leading axle of a steam locomotive is an unpowered wheel or axle located in front of the driving wheels. The axle or axles of the leading wheels are normally located in a truck...
s, four powered and coupled driving wheel
Driving wheel
On a steam locomotive, a driving wheel is a powered wheel which is driven by the locomotive's pistons...
s on two axles, and two trailing wheel
Trailing wheel
On a steam locomotive, a trailing wheel or trailing axle is generally an unpowered wheel or axle located behind the driving wheels. The axle of the trailing wheels was usually located on a trailing truck...
s on one axle. The configuration was often used for tank engines, which is noted by adding a T to the end, 0-4-2T, although the type was used in the 1880s and 1890s for some famous tender engines.
Other equivalent classifications are:
- UIC classificationUIC classificationThe UIC classification of locomotive axle arrangements describes the wheel arrangement of locomotives, multiple units and trams. It is set out in the International Union of Railways "Leaflet 650 - Standard designation of axle arrangement on locomotives and multiple-unit sets". It is used in much...
: B1 (also known as German classification and Italian classification) - French classification: 021
- Turkish classificationTurkish classificationIn the Turkish classification system for railway locomotives, the number of powered axles are followed by the total number of axles. It is identical to the Swiss system except that the latter places a slash between the two numbers.Thus0-6-0 becomes 33...
: 23 - Swiss classification: 2/3
History
The earliest recorded 0-4-2 locomotives were three goods engines built by Robert Stephenson and CompanyRobert Stephenson and Company
Robert Stephenson and Company was a locomotive manufacturing company founded in 1823. It was the first company set up specifically to build railway engines.- Foundation and early success :...
for the Stanhope and Tyne Railway
Stanhope and Tyne Railway
The Stanhope and Tyne Railway was opened in 1834 from Stanhope, in County Durham, UK, to Tyne Dock in South Shields, via Consett. It originally provided a link between the limestone quarries at Stanhope and coal mines at Stanhope for the production of lime, with an outlet to the Tyne down river of...
in 1834.Science Museum, The British Railway Locomotive 1803-1853, H.M.S.O., 1958. p.13.] The first locomotive built in Germany in 1838, the Saxonia
Saxonia (locomotive)
The locomotive Saxonia was operated by the Leipzig-Dresden Railway Company and was the first practical working steam locomotive built in Germany. Its name means Saxony in Latin.- History :...
, was also an 0-4-2. In the same year Todd, Kitson & Laird built two examples for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway
Liverpool and Manchester Railway
The Liverpool and Manchester Railway was the world's first inter-city passenger railway in which all the trains were timetabled and were hauled for most of the distance solely by steam locomotives. The line opened on 15 September 1830 and ran between the cities of Liverpool and Manchester in North...
, one of which, LMR 57 Lion
LMR 57 Lion
The Liverpool and Manchester Railway 57 Lion is an early 0-4-2 steam locomotive. One of a pair designed for hauling freight , built by Todd, Kitson & Laird of Leeds in 1838.-History:...
, has been preserved.
UK Developments
Over the next quarter of a century the type was adopted by many early British railways for freight haulage, as it afforded greater adhesion than the contemporary 2-2-2 passenger configuration, although in time they were also used for mixed traffic duties. However, from the mid-1860s onwards the type tended only to be used on tank engines, except in Scotland on the CaledonianCaledonian Railway
The Caledonian Railway was a major Scottish railway company. It was formed in the early 19th century and it was absorbed almost a century later into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway, in the 1923 railway grouping, by means of the Railways Act 1921...
and Glasgow and South Western
Glasgow and South Western Railway
The Glasgow and South Western Railway , one of the pre-grouping railway companies, served a triangular area of south-west Scotland, between Glasgow, Stranraer and Carlisle...
railways and in southern England on the London Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR) and the London and South Western Railway
London and South Western Railway
The London and South Western Railway was a railway company in England from 1838 to 1922. Its network extended from London to Plymouth via Salisbury and Exeter, with branches to Ilfracombe and Padstow and via Southampton to Bournemouth and Weymouth. It also had many routes connecting towns in...
. The LB&SCR uniquely built express passenger 0-4-2 tender classes until 1891.
Stroudley Classes
William StroudleyWilliam Stroudley
William Stroudley was one of Britain's most famous steam locomotive engineers of the nineteenth century, working principally for the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway...
of the LB&SCR built four very successful 0-4-2 classes (three tender and one tank) between 1873 and 1891. The first of these was his powerful D-tank
LB&SCR D1 class
The LB&SCR D1 class were powerful 0-4-2 suburban passenger tank locomotives, designed by William Stroudley of the London Brighton and South Coast Railway in 1873. They were originally known as "D-tanks" but later reclassified as class D1...
for suburban passenger work. One hundred and twenty five of these had been built by 1887, some of which survived in service until 1951. However, the most famous class were his Gladstone class
LB&SCR B1 Class
The London, Brighton and South Coast Railway B1 Class is a class of 0-4-2 express passenger steam locomotives, known from the name of the first, No. 214, as the "Gladstones".-History:...
express passenger locomotives, the first of which has been preserved.
Great Western Railway Classes
The Great Western Railway built a number of standard gaugeStandard gauge
The standard gauge is a widely-used track gauge . Approximately 60% of the world's existing railway lines are built to this gauge...
0-4-2T classes for branch line
Branch line
A branch line is a secondary railway line which branches off a more important through route, usually a main line. A very short branch line may be called a spur line...
passenger work from 1868 to a design known as the 517 class by George Armstrong (engineer)
George Armstrong (engineer)
George Armstrong was in charge of standard gauge steam locomotives for the Great Western Railway at Stafford Road Works, Wolverhampton from 1864 to 1897...
. This design was developed until the GWR 1400 Class
GWR 1400 Class
The GWR 1400 Class is a class of steam locomotive designed by the Great Western Railway for branch line passenger work. It was originally classified as the 4800 Class when introduced in 1932, and renumbered in 1946....
built between 1932 and 1936, designed for autotrains
Push-pull train
Push–pull is a mode of operation for locomotive-hauled trains allowing them to be driven from either end.A push–pull train has a locomotive at one end of the train, connected via some form of remote control, such as multiple-unit train control, to a vehicle equipped with a control cab at the other...
. These were the last UK examples of this wheel arrangement: four of them have been preserved.
New Zealand
The 0-4-2T arrangement was used by two classes of locomotivesLocomotives of New Zealand
Locomotives of New Zealand currently in operation owned by KiwiRail consist of 172 diesel-electric locomotives, 22 electric locomotives, 3 railcars, and 103 shunting locomotives...
operated by the New Zealand Railways Department
New Zealand Railways Department
The New Zealand Railways Department, NZR or NZGR and often known as the "Railways", was a government department charged with owning and maintaining New Zealand's railway infrastructure and operating the railway system. The Department was created in 1880 and was reformed in 1981 into the New...
. The first was the C class of 1873
NZR C class (1873)
The C class consists of a number of tank locomotives built to operate on New Zealand's national rail network during its infancy. It is sometimes referred to as the little C class or the original C class to distinguish it from the C class of 1930....
, originally built as 0-4-0
0-4-0
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-4-0 represents one of the simplest possible types, that with two axles and four coupled wheels, all of which are driven...
T. The class was found to be unstable at speeds higher than 15 mph, so by 1880, all members of the class had been converted to 0-4-2T to rectify this problem. The second and more notable 0-4-2T class, and the only one actually built as 0-4-2T, was the unique H class
NZR H class
The NZR H class locomotive was a unique class of locomotive used by the New Zealand Railways Department on the famous Rimutaka Incline, the three-mile section of 1 in 15 gradient between Cross Creek and Summit, over the Rimutaka Ranges...
designed to operate the Rimutaka Incline on the Wairarapa Line
Wairarapa Line
The Wairarapa Line is a secondary railway line in the south-east of the North Island of New Zealand, connecting the capital city of Wellington with the Wairarapa region. The line ends at Woodville, where it joins the Palmerston North - Gisborne Line...
. The Incline's steep gradient necessitated the use of the Fell mountain railway system
Fell mountain railway system
The Fell system uses a raised centre rail between the two running rails on steeply-graded railway lines to provide extra traction and braking, or braking alone. Trains are propelled by wheels or braked by shoes pressed horizontally onto the centre rail, as well as by means of the normal running...
, and the six members of the H class spent their entire lives operating trains on the Incline. Except for a few brief experiments with other classes, the H class had exclusive use of the Incline from their introduction in 1875 until the Incline's closure in 1955. The class leader, H 199, is preserved on static display at the Fell Engine Museum
Fell Engine Museum
The Fell Engine Museum in Featherston, New Zealand, is a museum based around the only remaining Fell railway locomotive in the world.This locomotive, number H 199, climbed up the Rimutaka Incline using John Barraclough Fell's unique method of four grip wheels on a raised center rail.H 199 is one...
in Featherston
Featherston, New Zealand
Featherston is a town in the north of the Wellington Region region of New Zealand. It lies in the Wairarapa, just north of the Rimutaka Tunnel, in the South Wairarapa District. The population was 2,340 in the 2006 Census....
and is the only extant Fell locomotive in the world.
0-4-2T was also employed for steam locomotives operated by small private industrial railways and bush and mineral tramways
Tramway (mineral)
Tramways are lightly laid railways, sometimes worked without locomotives. The term is in common use in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and elsewhere. In New Zealand, they are commonly known as bush tramways...
. One such locomotive, built by Peckett and Sons
Peckett and Sons
Peckett and Sons was a locomotive manufacturer at the Atlas Works in St. George, Bristol, England.-Fox, Walker and Company:The company began trading in 1864 at the Atlas Engine Works, St. George, Bristol, as Fox, Walker and Company, building four and six-coupled saddle tank engines for industrial use...
in 1938, is currently operational on the Goldfields Railway
Goldfields Railway
The Goldfields Railway is a heritage railway that operates between Waihi and Waikino in the Bay of Plenty region of New Zealand's North Island. It operates over a section of track that was part of the East Coast Main Trunk Railway until the Kaimai Tunnel deviation made it redundant in 1978...
that runs between Waihi
Waihi
Waihi is a town in Hauraki District in the North Island of New Zealand, especially notable for its history as a gold mine town. It had a population of 4,503 at the 2006 census....
and Waikino
Waikino
Waikino is a small town situated in the North Island of New Zealand nestled in the Southern end of a gorge alongside the Ohinemuri River, between Waihi and the Karangahake Gorge. The Waikino district lies at the base of the ecologically sensitive Coromandel Peninsula with its vast tracts of lush...
along a stretch of the former route of the East Coast Main Trunk Railway in the Bay of Plenty
Bay of Plenty
The Bay of Plenty , often abbreviated to BOP, is a region in the North Island of New Zealand situated around the body of water of the same name...
.
North America
Although the type was not used by any major railroads in North America, H. K. Porter, IncH. K. Porter, Inc
H. K. Porter, Inc. manufactured light-duty railroad locomotives in the USA, starting in 1866. The company became the largest producer of industrial locomotives, and built almost eight thousand of them...
and the Baldwin Locomotive Works
Baldwin Locomotive Works
The Baldwin Locomotive Works was an American builder of railroad locomotives. It was located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, originally, and later in nearby Eddystone, Pennsylvania. Although the company was very successful as a producer of steam locomotives, its transition to the production of...
produced many small tank locomotives of this type for industrial and plantation work. The 0-4-2T Olomana
Olomana (locomotive)
The Olomana is an 0-4-2 steam locomotive in the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania, on loan from the Smithsonian Institution. It was the third self-propelled vehicle to operate in Hawaii.- History :...
built by Baldwin in 1883 is a famous example of such types.
South Africa
Standard gauge
The first railway locomotive in South Africa was a Standard gaugeStandard gauge
The standard gauge is a widely-used track gauge . Approximately 60% of the world's existing railway lines are built to this gauge...
0-4-2WT well-tank locomotive that was built in 1858 by R and W Hawthorn
R and W Hawthorn
R and W Hawthorn Ltd was a locomotive manufacturer in Newcastle upon Tyne, England from 1817 until 1880.-Locomotive building:Robert Hawthorne first began business at Forth Bank Works in 1817, building marine and stationary steam engines. In 1820, his brother joined him and the firm became R and W...
in Leith, Scotland, for Messrs. E. & J. Pickering, the contractors to the Cape Town Railway and Dock Company for the construction of the Cape Town-Wellington Railway. The locomotive later became the Cape Town-Wellington Railway’s engine number 9 and was eventually nicknamed "Blackie"
South African "Blackie" 0-4-2WT
In September 1859 Messrs. E. & J. Pickering, contractors to the Cape Town Railway and Dock Company for the construction of the Cape Town-Wellington Railway, imported a small 0-4-2WT well-tank steam locomotive from England for use during the construction of the railway. This locomotive, later to...
. It was declared a National Monument in 1936 and was plinthed in the main concourse of Cape Town station.
Cape gauge
Two tank engine classes of this wheel arrangement were supplied to the Nederlandsche-Zuid-Afrikaansche SpoorwegmaatschappijNetherlands-South African Railway Company
The Netherlands-South African Railway Company or NZASM was established in August 1884 in the Transvaal, and funded by Dutch, German and Transvaal capitalists....
(NZASM) by the Maschinenfabrik Esslingen
Maschinenfabrik Esslingen
Maschinenfabrik Esslingen , was a German engineering firm that manufactured locomotives, tramways, railway wagons, roll-blocks, technical equipment for the railways, , bridges, steel structures, pumps and boilers.-Founding:...
in 1890 and 1908. The earlier class was for suburban services and was designed for push-pull
Push-pull train
Push–pull is a mode of operation for locomotive-hauled trains allowing them to be driven from either end.A push–pull train has a locomotive at one end of the train, connected via some form of remote control, such as multiple-unit train control, to a vehicle equipped with a control cab at the other...
operation. The latter class was equipped with pinion
Pinion
A pinion is a round gear used in several applications:*usually the smallest gear in a gear drive train, although in the case of John Blenkinsop's Salamanca, the pinion was rather large...
s for use on a rack railway
Rack railway
A rack-and-pinion railway is a railway with a toothed rack rail, usually between the running rails. The trains are fitted with one or more cog wheels or pinions that mesh with this rack rail...
on the section between Waterval-Onder and Waterval-Boven in the eastern Transvaal.
Narrow gauge
Between 1897 and 1901 several 0-4-2ST saddle tank steam locomotives, built for 600 millimetres (23.62 in) narrow gauge by Dickson Manufacturing CompanyDickson Manufacturing Company
Dickson Manufacturing Company was a manufacturer of boilers and steam engines used in various industries but most known in railway steam locomotives...
of Scranton in Pennsylvania, were delivered to various gold mines on the Witwatersrand by Arthur Koppel, acting as importing agents. In 1915, when an urgent need arose for additional locomotives in Deutsch-Südwest-Afrika (now Namibia
Namibia
Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia , is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March...
) during World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
, two of these locomotives were purchased second-hand by the South African Railways (SAR) for use on the narrow gauge lines in that territory. The two locomotives remained in South West Africa after the war. When a system of grouping narrow gauge locomotives into classes was introduced on the SAR somewhere between 1928 and 1930, these two locomotives were classified as Class NG2
South African Class NG2 0-4-2T
Between 1897 and 1901 Arthur Koppel, acting as agents, imported a number of Dickson built 0-4-2ST narrow gauge saddle tank steam locomotives to mines on the Witwatersrand. In 1915, when an urgent need arose for additional locomotives in German South West Africa during World War I, two of the...
.
Indonesia
Ambarawa
Ambarawa is a market town located between Semarang and Salatiga in Central Java, Indonesia.Ambarawa was an important connecting rail link providing a cog railway connecting through Central Java as far as Yogyakarta via Magelang. The Semarang-Ambarawa-Magelang line was fully operational until 1977...
via Magelang
Magelang
Magelang is one of the largest cities of the 1,130 km² Magelang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. It is also the largest town in the Kedu Plain between Mount Merbabu and Mount Sumbing in Central Java, Indonesia...
., a hilly region requiring a rack railway
Rack railway
A rack-and-pinion railway is a railway with a toothed rack rail, usually between the running rails. The trains are fitted with one or more cog wheels or pinions that mesh with this rack rail...
because of the 6.5% gradients. The B25 wood burning locomotive 0-4-2T class were made for this line by Maschinenfabrik Esslingen
Maschinenfabrik Esslingen
Maschinenfabrik Esslingen , was a German engineering firm that manufactured locomotives, tramways, railway wagons, roll-blocks, technical equipment for the railways, , bridges, steel structures, pumps and boilers.-Founding:...
, Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
, in 1902. They were four cylinder compound locomotive
Compound locomotive
A compound engine unit is a type of steam engine where steam is expanded in two or more stages.A typical arrangement for a compound engine is that the steam is first expanded in a high-pressure cylinder, then having given up heat and losing pressure, it exhausts directly into one or more larger...
s. two of which worked the pinion
Pinion
A pinion is a round gear used in several applications:*usually the smallest gear in a gear drive train, although in the case of John Blenkinsop's Salamanca, the pinion was rather large...
wheels.
There are two examples of B25 locomotive still in operation, namely B25-02 and B25-03. Both were based in Ambarawa
Ambarawa
Ambarawa is a market town located between Semarang and Salatiga in Central Java, Indonesia.Ambarawa was an important connecting rail link providing a cog railway connecting through Central Java as far as Yogyakarta via Magelang. The Semarang-Ambarawa-Magelang line was fully operational until 1977...
, where they have served for more than a hundred years. Locomotive B25-01 may also still be found at the entrance to the Ambarawa Railway Museum
Ambarawa Railway Museum
The Ambarawa Railway Museum, is a museum located in Ambarawa in Central Java, Indonesia. The museum focuses on the collection of steam locomotives, the remains of the closing of the 3 ft 6in railway line.-Museum building and location:...
. / Ambarawa
Ambarawa
Ambarawa is a market town located between Semarang and Salatiga in Central Java, Indonesia.Ambarawa was an important connecting rail link providing a cog railway connecting through Central Java as far as Yogyakarta via Magelang. The Semarang-Ambarawa-Magelang line was fully operational until 1977...
station.
On the island of Sumatra
Sumatra
Sumatra is an island in western Indonesia, westernmost of the Sunda Islands. It is the largest island entirely in Indonesia , and the sixth largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 with a population of 50,365,538...
, there are some larger cousins of this class used for pulling coal trains, namely the D18 and E10 classes.