Vesivirus
Encyclopedia
The genus
vesivirus is in the Caliciviridae
family of viruses. It includes feline calicivirus,San Miguel sealion virus, and vesicular exanthema of swine virus
.
Morphology
Virions consist of a capsid
. Virus capsid is not enveloped, and are round with icosahedral symmetry
. The isometric capsid has a diameter of 35-39 nm. Capsids appear round to hexagonal in outline. The capsid surface structure reveals a regular pattern with distinctive features. The capsomer arrangement is clearly visible. Capsid with 32 cup-shaped depressions.
Physical chemistry
The molecular mass
(Mr) of virions is 15 x 106. Virions have a buoyant density in Caesium chloride
(CsCl) of 1.33-1.41 g/cm3. The density gradient of virions in Potassium Tartrate-Glycerol is 1.29 g/cm3. The sedimentation coefficient
is 170-187 svedberg
(s20,w), of the other(s) peak at 160-170 svedberg
(s20,w). Under in vitro
conditions virions are inactivated in acid environment of pH
3-5. Virions are not stable at raised temperature in presence of high concentration of Mg
++. Virions are sensitive to treatment with trypsin
(in some strains, not sensitive to treatment with mild detergents, or ether
, or chloroform
. The infectivity
is enhanced after treatment with trypsin (in some strains).
Nucleic acid
The genome
is not segmented and contains a single molecule of linear positive-sense, single-stranded RNA
. Minor species of non-genomic nucleic acid are some times also found in virions. The complete genome is 7700 nucleotides long. The genome has a guanine
+ cytosine
content of 45-49 %. The 5' end of the genome has a usually genome-linked protein (VPg
), or methylated nucleotide cap (in the case of Hepatitis E virus
). The 3' terminus has a poly (A)
tract. Each virion contains a full length copy, or defective interfering copies
.
genome encodes viral structural protein
. Virions consist of 1 viral structural protein (major species), or 2 Viral structural proteins (detected in Norwalk virus, amyelosis chronic stunt virus and porcine enteric calicivirus located in the capsid.
Viral structural protein: Capsid protein has a molar mass
of 58000-60000 Da; is the coat protein
. Capsid protein has a molecular mass of minor 'soluble' 28-30 kDa.
Genomic organization
By itself, genomic nucleic acid is infectious
.
Transcription: Subgenomic mRNA
is present in infected cells.
Antigenicity
Serological relationships between different members are found (among Feline calicivirus
). Cross-reactivity
is found. Cross-reactivity between species of the same serotype
, but not with species of another serotype and some species of the same serotype, but not with all. Although the degree of antigenic specificity varies with the degree of relatedness, the antigenicity is distinct from canine
caliciviruses
, Norwalk virus serogroups
of the same genus.
's Allston, Massachusetts plant was shut down to correct a viral contamination (Vesivirus
2117). A similar event had occurred in 2008 at the Geel, Belgium facilities. By April 2010 it had restarted operation at diminished capacity. Vesivirus is not known to cause human disease, but can inhibit growth of Chinese Hamster Ovary cells
(CHO) used extensively in biotech production or mammalian proteins.
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
vesivirus is in the Caliciviridae
Caliciviridae
The Caliciviridae family are a family of viruses, members of Class IV of the Baltimore scheme. They are positive-sense, single stranded RNA which is non-segmented. The caliciviruses have been found in a number of organisms such as humans, cattle, pigs, cats, chickens, reptiles, dolphins and...
family of viruses. It includes feline calicivirus,San Miguel sealion virus, and vesicular exanthema of swine virus
Vesicular exanthema of swine virus
Vesicular exanthema of swine virus is a virus different from those causing Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Swine Vesicular Disease but it produces a disease in pigs that is clinically indistinguishable from FMD and SVD...
.
MorphologyMorphology (biology)In biology, morphology is a branch of bioscience dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features....
Virions consist of a capsidCapsid
A capsid is the protein shell of a virus. It consists of several oligomeric structural subunits made of protein called protomers. The observable 3-dimensional morphological subunits, which may or may not correspond to individual proteins, are called capsomeres. The capsid encloses the genetic...
. Virus capsid is not enveloped, and are round with icosahedral symmetry
Icosahedral symmetry
A regular icosahedron has 60 rotational symmetries, and a symmetry order of 120 including transformations that combine a reflection and a rotation...
. The isometric capsid has a diameter of 35-39 nm. Capsids appear round to hexagonal in outline. The capsid surface structure reveals a regular pattern with distinctive features. The capsomer arrangement is clearly visible. Capsid with 32 cup-shaped depressions.
Physical chemistryPhysical chemistryPhysical chemistry is the study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of physical laws and concepts...
and Physical propertyPhysical propertyA physical property is any property that is measurable whose value describes a physical system's state. The changes in the physical properties of a system can be used to describe its transformations ....
The molecular massMolecular mass
The molecular mass of a substance is the mass of one molecule of that substance, in unified atomic mass unit u...
(Mr) of virions is 15 x 106. Virions have a buoyant density in Caesium chloride
Caesium chloride
Caesium chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula CsCl. This colorless solid is an important source of caesium ions in a variety of applications. Its crystal structure forms a major structural type where each caesium ion is coordinated by 8 chlorine ions...
(CsCl) of 1.33-1.41 g/cm3. The density gradient of virions in Potassium Tartrate-Glycerol is 1.29 g/cm3. The sedimentation coefficient
Sedimentation coefficient
The sedimentation coefficient s of a particle is used to characterize its behaviour in sedimentation processes, notably centrifugation. It is defined as the ratio of a particle's sedimentation velocity to the acceleration that is applied to it .The sedimentation speed v_t is also known as the...
is 170-187 svedberg
Svedberg
A svedberg is a non-SI physical unit used for sedimentation coefficients. It characterizes the behaviour of a particle type in sedimentation processes, notably centrifugation. The svedberg is technically a measure of time, and is defined as exactly 10-13 seconds A svedberg (symbol S, sometimes...
(s20,w), of the other(s) peak at 160-170 svedberg
Svedberg
A svedberg is a non-SI physical unit used for sedimentation coefficients. It characterizes the behaviour of a particle type in sedimentation processes, notably centrifugation. The svedberg is technically a measure of time, and is defined as exactly 10-13 seconds A svedberg (symbol S, sometimes...
(s20,w). Under in vitro
In vitro
In vitro refers to studies in experimental biology that are conducted using components of an organism that have been isolated from their usual biological context in order to permit a more detailed or more convenient analysis than can be done with whole organisms. Colloquially, these experiments...
conditions virions are inactivated in acid environment of pH
PH
In chemistry, pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Pure water is said to be neutral, with a pH close to 7.0 at . Solutions with a pH less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline...
3-5. Virions are not stable at raised temperature in presence of high concentration of Mg
Mg
MG, M.G., M-G and variants may refer to:Business* MG Cars , a British automobile manufacturer, now part of SAIC* Champion Air , an American charter airline with IATA code MGEducation...
++. Virions are sensitive to treatment with trypsin
Trypsin
Trypsin is a serine protease found in the digestive system of many vertebrates, where it hydrolyses proteins. Trypsin is produced in the pancreas as the inactive proenzyme trypsinogen. Trypsin cleaves peptide chains mainly at the carboxyl side of the amino acids lysine or arginine, except when...
(in some strains, not sensitive to treatment with mild detergents, or ether
Ether
Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group — an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups — of general formula R–O–R'. A typical example is the solvent and anesthetic diethyl ether, commonly referred to simply as "ether"...
, or chloroform
Chloroform
Chloroform is an organic compound with formula CHCl3. It is one of the four chloromethanes. The colorless, sweet-smelling, dense liquid is a trihalomethane, and is considered somewhat hazardous...
. The infectivity
Infectivity
In epidemiology, infectivity refers to the ability of a pathogen to establish an infection. More specifically, infectivity is a pathogen's capacity for horizontal transmission that is, how frequently it spreads among hosts that are not in a parent-child relationship...
is enhanced after treatment with trypsin (in some strains).
Nucleic acidNucleic acidNucleic acids are biological molecules essential for life, and include DNA and RNA . Together with proteins, nucleic acids make up the most important macromolecules; each is found in abundance in all living things, where they function in encoding, transmitting and expressing genetic information...
The genomeGenome
In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It is encoded either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA. The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA....
is not segmented and contains a single molecule of linear positive-sense, single-stranded RNA
RNA
Ribonucleic acid , or RNA, is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life....
. Minor species of non-genomic nucleic acid are some times also found in virions. The complete genome is 7700 nucleotides long. The genome has a guanine
Guanine
Guanine is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine . In DNA, guanine is paired with cytosine. With the formula C5H5N5O, guanine is a derivative of purine, consisting of a fused pyrimidine-imidazole ring system with...
+ cytosine
Cytosine
Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine . It is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached . The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine...
content of 45-49 %. The 5' end of the genome has a usually genome-linked protein (VPg
VPg
VPg is a protein attached to the 5' end of RNA during RNA synthesis in a wide variety of viruses including Picornaviridae such as Foot-and-mouth disease and poliovirus . VPg stands for "viral protein genome-linked".-Attachment during RNA synthesis:...
), or methylated nucleotide cap (in the case of Hepatitis E virus
Hepatitis E virus
Hepatitis E virus is the infective organism that causes hepatitis E.The viral particles are 27 to 34 nanometers in diameter, are non-enveloped and contain a single-strand of positive-sense RNA that is approximately 7300 bases in length. The virus particle was first visualised in 1983 but was only...
). The 3' terminus has a poly (A)
Poly(A)-binding protein
Poly-binding protein is a RNA-binding protein which binds to the poly tail of mRNA. The poly tail is located on the 3' end of mRNA...
tract. Each virion contains a full length copy, or defective interfering copies
Defective interfering particle
Defective interfering particles are virus particles that are missing part or all of their genome. Because of these deletions in their genome, DIPs cannot sustain an infection by themselves. Instead, they depend on co-infection with a suitable helper virus. The helper virus provides the gene...
.
Proteins
The viralVirus
A virus is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms. Viruses infect all types of organisms, from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea...
genome encodes viral structural protein
Viral structural protein
A viral structural protein is a viral protein that is a structural component of the mature virus.Examples include the SARS coronavirus 3a and 7a accessory proteins....
. Virions consist of 1 viral structural protein (major species), or 2 Viral structural proteins (detected in Norwalk virus, amyelosis chronic stunt virus and porcine enteric calicivirus located in the capsid.
Viral structural protein: Capsid protein has a molar mass
Molar mass
Molar mass, symbol M, is a physical property of a given substance , namely its mass per amount of substance. The base SI unit for mass is the kilogram and that for amount of substance is the mole. Thus, the derived unit for molar mass is kg/mol...
of 58000-60000 Da; is the coat protein
COPI
COPI is a protein complex that coats vesicles transporting proteins from the cis end of the Golgi complex back to the rough endoplasmic reticulum , where they were originally synthesized and between golgi compartments. This type of transport is termed as retrograde transport...
. Capsid protein has a molecular mass of minor 'soluble' 28-30 kDa.
Genomic organizationGenomic organizationright|thumb|300px|Genome sizes and corresponding composition of six major model organisms as pie charts. The increase in [[genome]] size correlates with the vast expansion of noncoding and repeat [[DNA]] sequences in more complex...
and Viral replicationViral replicationViral replication is the term used by virologists to describe the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells. Viruses must first get into the cell before viral replication can occur. From the perspective of the virus, the purpose of viral replication is...
By itself, genomic nucleic acid is infectiousInfectious disease
Infectious diseases, also known as communicable diseases, contagious diseases or transmissible diseases comprise clinically evident illness resulting from the infection, presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism...
.
Transcription: Subgenomic mRNA
Subgenomic mRNA
Subgenomic mRNAs are essentially smaller sections of the original transcribed template strand. During transcription, the original template strand is usually read from the 3' to the 5' end from beginning to end...
is present in infected cells.
AntigenicityAntigenicityAntigenicity is the ability of a chemical structure to bind specifically with certain products of adaptive immunity: T cell receptors or Antibodies . Antigenicity was more commonly used in the past to refer to what is now known as immunogenicity, and the two are still often used interchangeably...
Serological relationships between different members are found (among Feline calicivirusFeline calicivirus
Feline calicivirus is a virus of the family Caliciviridae that causes disease in cats. It is one of the two important viral causes of respiratory infection in cats, the other being feline herpesvirus. FCV can be isolated from about 50 percent of cats with upper respiratory infection...
). Cross-reactivity
Cross-reactivity
Cross-reactivity is the reaction between an antibody and an antigen that differs from the immunogen. It is sometimes also referred to as crossimmunity or cross-protective immunity...
is found. Cross-reactivity between species of the same serotype
Serotype
Serotype or serovar refers to distinct variations within a subspecies of bacteria or viruses. These microorganisms, viruses, or cells are classified together based on their cell surface antigens...
, but not with species of another serotype and some species of the same serotype, but not with all. Although the degree of antigenic specificity varies with the degree of relatedness, the antigenicity is distinct from canine
Dog
The domestic dog is a domesticated form of the gray wolf, a member of the Canidae family of the order Carnivora. The term is used for both feral and pet varieties. The dog may have been the first animal to be domesticated, and has been the most widely kept working, hunting, and companion animal in...
caliciviruses
Caliciviridae
The Caliciviridae family are a family of viruses, members of Class IV of the Baltimore scheme. They are positive-sense, single stranded RNA which is non-segmented. The caliciviruses have been found in a number of organisms such as humans, cattle, pigs, cats, chickens, reptiles, dolphins and...
, Norwalk virus serogroups
Serotype
Serotype or serovar refers to distinct variations within a subspecies of bacteria or viruses. These microorganisms, viruses, or cells are classified together based on their cell surface antigens...
of the same genus.
Impact on Biotech and Health
In June 2009, GenzymeGenzyme
Genzyme Corporation is a fully owned subsidiary of Sanofi-Aventis. Before its acquisition, Genzyme was an American biotechnology company based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 2010, Genzyme was the world’s third-largest biotechnology company, employing more than 11,000 people around the world...
's Allston, Massachusetts plant was shut down to correct a viral contamination (Vesivirus
Vesivirus
The genus vesivirus is in the Caliciviridae family of viruses. It includes feline calicivirus,San Miguel sealion virus, and vesicular exanthema of swine virus.-Morphology:...
2117). A similar event had occurred in 2008 at the Geel, Belgium facilities. By April 2010 it had restarted operation at diminished capacity. Vesivirus is not known to cause human disease, but can inhibit growth of Chinese Hamster Ovary cells
Chinese Hamster Ovary cell
Chinese hamster ovary cells are a cell line derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster. They are often used in biological and medical research and commercially in the production of therapeutic proteins. They were introduced in the 1960s and grow as a cultured monolayer...
(CHO) used extensively in biotech production or mammalian proteins.
External links
- ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/