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A tuya is a type of distinctive, flat-topped, steep-sided volcano
Volcano

A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or Crust , which allows hot, molten rock, ash, and gases to escape from below the surface....
 formed when lava
Lava

Lava is molten Rock expelled by a volcano during an eruption. When first expelled from a volcanic vent, it is a liquid at temperatures from 700 ?C to 1,200 ?C ....
 erupts through a thick glacier
Glacier

A glacier is a large, slow-moving mass of ice, formed from compacted layers of snow, that slowly deforms and flows in response to gravity and high pressure....
 or ice sheet
Ice sheet

An ice sheet is a mass of glacier ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50,000 square kilometer . The only current ice sheets are in Antarctica and Greenland; during the last glacial period at Last Glacial Maximum the Laurentide ice sheet covered much of Canada and North America, the Wisconsin glaciation ice sheet covered n...
. They are somewhat rare worldwide, being confined to regions which were formerly covered by continental ice sheets and also had active volcanism during the same time period.

s are a type of subglacial volcano
Subglacial volcano

A subglacial volcano is a volcanic form produced by subglacial eruptions or eruptions beneath the surface of a glacier or ice sheet which is then melted into a lake by the rising lava....
 that consists of nearly horizontal beds of basaltic lava capping outward-dipping beds of fragmental volcanic rocks, and they often rise in splendid isolation above a surrounding plateau
Plateau

In geology and earth science, a plateau, also called a high plateau or tableland, is an area of highland , usually consisting of relatively flat terrain....
.






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A tuya is a type of distinctive, flat-topped, steep-sided volcano
Volcano

A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or Crust , which allows hot, molten rock, ash, and gases to escape from below the surface....
 formed when lava
Lava

Lava is molten Rock expelled by a volcano during an eruption. When first expelled from a volcanic vent, it is a liquid at temperatures from 700 ?C to 1,200 ?C ....
 erupts through a thick glacier
Glacier

A glacier is a large, slow-moving mass of ice, formed from compacted layers of snow, that slowly deforms and flows in response to gravity and high pressure....
 or ice sheet
Ice sheet

An ice sheet is a mass of glacier ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50,000 square kilometer . The only current ice sheets are in Antarctica and Greenland; during the last glacial period at Last Glacial Maximum the Laurentide ice sheet covered much of Canada and North America, the Wisconsin glaciation ice sheet covered n...
. They are somewhat rare worldwide, being confined to regions which were formerly covered by continental ice sheets and also had active volcanism during the same time period.

Formation

Tuyas are a type of subglacial volcano
Subglacial volcano

A subglacial volcano is a volcanic form produced by subglacial eruptions or eruptions beneath the surface of a glacier or ice sheet which is then melted into a lake by the rising lava....
 that consists of nearly horizontal beds of basaltic lava capping outward-dipping beds of fragmental volcanic rocks, and they often rise in splendid isolation above a surrounding plateau
Plateau

In geology and earth science, a plateau, also called a high plateau or tableland, is an area of highland , usually consisting of relatively flat terrain....
. Tuyas are found throughout Iceland
Iceland

Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland , is an island country located in the North Atlantic Ocean between mainland Europe and Greenland....
, British Columbia
British Columbia

British Columbia is the westernmost of Canada's Provinces and territories of Canada and is famed for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu ....
, the Santiam Pass
Santiam Pass

Santiam Pass is a mountain pass in the Cascade Range in central Oregon in the United States. It is located on the border between Linn County, Oregon and Jefferson County, Oregon counties, about northwest of Sisters, Oregon, between the prominent volcanic glacial horns of Three Fingered Jack to the north and Mt....
 region in Oregon
Oregon

Oregon is a U.S. state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The area was inhabited by many indigenous tribes before the arrival of traders, explorers and settlers....
, the Antarctic Peninsula
Antarctic Peninsula

The Antarctic Peninsula is the northernmost part of the mainland of Antarctica. It extends from a line between Cape Adams and a point on the mainland south of Eklund Islands....
 and beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet
West Antarctic Ice Sheet

The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is the segment of the Antarctic ice sheet that covers West Antarctica, the portion of Antarctica west of the Transantarctic Mountains....
 in Antarctica
Antarctica

Antarctica is Earth's southernmost continent, overlying the South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctica of the southern hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean....
. Tuyas in Iceland
Iceland

Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland , is an island country located in the North Atlantic Ocean between mainland Europe and Greenland....
 are sometimes called table mountain
Table Mountain (disambiguation)

Table mountain may refer to:*Table *Tuya*Mesa*ButteTable Mountain may refer to:* Table Mountain in Cape Town, South Africa, is perhaps the most famous example....
s because of their flat tops.

S. Holland, a geographer
Geographer

A geographer is a scientist whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth's physical natural environment and human habitat .Though geographers are historically known as people who make maps, map making is actually the field of study of cartography, a subset of geography....
 for the British Columbia government, described tuyas in the following way:
"They have a most interesting origin ... [they were] formed by volcanic eruptions which had been thawed through the Pleistocene
Pleistocene

The Pleistocene is the epoch from 1.8 million to 10,000 years Before Present covering the world's recent period of repeated glaciations. The name pleistocene is derived from the Greek and ....
 ice-sheet by underlying volcanic heat. The lava
Lava

Lava is molten Rock expelled by a volcano during an eruption. When first expelled from a volcanic vent, it is a liquid at temperatures from 700 ?C to 1,200 ?C ....
s capping the mountain
Mountain

A mountain is a landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area usually in the form of a peak. A mountain is generally steeper than a hill....
s were extruded after the volcanoes were built above lake-level, and the outward-dipping beds were formed by the chilling of the lava when it reached the water's edge."


Word origin

The origin of the term comes from Tuya Butte
Tuya Butte

Tuya Butte is a tuya in the Tuya Range of north-central British Columbia, Canada. It is a bit less isolated from other ranges than neighbouring Mount Josephine ....
, one of many tuyas in the area of the Tuya River and Tuya Range
Tuya Range

The Tuya Range is a range of tuyas, located in the Stikine Ranges of the Cassiar Mountains in the Canadian province of British Columbia, near its border with the Yukon....
 in far northern British Columbia
British Columbia

British Columbia is the westernmost of Canada's Provinces and territories of Canada and is famed for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu ....
, Canada
Canada

Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean....
. While still in graduate school in 1947, Canadian geologist
Geologist

For other uses, see Geologist .A geologist is a contributor to the science of geology, studying the physical structure and processes of the Earth and planets of the solar system ....
 Bill Mathews
Bill Mathews

William Henry Mathews was a Canada geology, volcanology, engineer, and professor. He is considered a pioneer in the study of subglacial eruptions and volcano-ice interactions in North America....
 published a paper titled, "Tuyas, Flat-Topped Volcanoes in Northern British Columbia", in which he coined the term "tuya" to refer to these distinctive volcanic formations. Tuya Butte
Tuya Butte

Tuya Butte is a tuya in the Tuya Range of north-central British Columbia, Canada. It is a bit less isolated from other ranges than neighbouring Mount Josephine ....
 is a near-ideal specimen of the type, the first such landform analyzed in the geological literature, and this name has since become standard worldwide among volcanologists in referring to and writing about these formations. The Tuya Mountains Provincial Park
Tuya Mountains Provincial Park

Tuya Mountains Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada.See also*Tuya...
 was recently established to protect this unusual landscape, which lies north of Tuya Lake
Tuya Lake

Tuya Lake, located in northwestern British Columbia, Canada, presumably derives its name from the presence of nearby steep-sided, flat-topped volcanoes, known as tuyas....
 and south of the Jennings River
Jennings River

The Jennings River is a river in far northern British Columbia, Canada, rising in the northern reaches of the Stikine Ranges of the Cassiar Mountains, at first running southwest, then turning northeast near the Tuya Range to enter Teslin Lake at its southern end, just to the east of the estuary of the Teslin River; also joining the lake in th...
 near the boundary with the Yukon Territory. Around the same time that Matthews published his paper, the Icelandic geologist Guðmundur Kjartansson had distinguished between "móberg" ridges and tuyas in Iceland and proposed the hypothesis that they were formed during subglacial and intraglacial eruptions.

A volcanic mesa near Santa Fe, New Mexico
Santa Fe, New Mexico

Santa Fe is the Capital of the U.S. state of New Mexico. It is the List of cities in New Mexico and is the county seat of . Santa Fe had a population of 62,203 at the United States Census, 2000; the estimate for July 1, 2006, is 72,056....
, known in English as Black Mesa and resembling a tuya, is known in Tewa
Tewa

The Tewa are lingustic group of Pueblo people Native Americans in the United States who speak the Tewa language and share the Pueblo culture. Their homelands are on or near the Rio Grande in New Mexico north of Santa Fe, New Mexico....
 as Tu-yo.

Examples

Antarctica
  • Brown Bluff
    Brown Bluff

    Brown Bluff is a tuya located at the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica. It formed in the past 1 million years, which erupted subglacially within an englacial lake....
  Canada:
  • Tuya Butte
    Tuya Butte

    Tuya Butte is a tuya in the Tuya Range of north-central British Columbia, Canada. It is a bit less isolated from other ranges than neighbouring Mount Josephine ....
  • Tuya Volcanic Field
    Tuya Volcanic Field

    The Tuya Volcanic Field is a volcanic field of tuyas located in north central British Columbia, Canada. Several small shield volcanoes, and postglacial lapilli cones and lava flows have been reported in this area....
  • The Table
    The Table

    The Table, sometimes called Table Mountain, is a high flow-dominated andesite tuya located south of Garibaldi Lake, northeast of Cheekye and north of Mount Garibaldi, British Columbia, Canada....
  United States:
  • Hayrick Butte
    Hayrick Butte

    Hayrick Butte is a tuya volcano in the Cascade Range of northern Oregon, located near Santiam Pass just west of the Cascade Crest. It is adjacent to the cinder cone, Hoodoo Butte, which overlaps its western edge....
  • Hogg Rock
    Hogg Rock

    Hogg Rock is a tuya volcano in the Cascade Range of northern Oregon, located west of Santiam Pass beside the Santiam Highway . The highway wraps in a nearly 180-degree curve below cliffs on the south and west sides....
  Iceland:
  • Herðubreið
    Herðubreið

    Her?ubrei? is a tuya in north-east Iceland at . It is situated in the Highlands of Iceland in the midst of the ?d??ahraun desert and close to Askja volcano....
  • Hlöðufell
    Hlöðufell

    Hl??ufell is a tuya, located about 10 km southwest of Langj?kull, Iceland. Hl??ufell is 1188 metres above sea level, and was formed when lava erupted through Langj?kull during the Pleistocene....


See also

  • Mesa
    Mesa

    A mesa is an elevated area of land with a flat top and sides that are usually steep cliffs. It takes its name from its characteristic table-top shape....
  • Butte
    Butte

    A butte is an isolated hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small relatively flat top, smaller than mesas, plateaus, and table s. In some regions the word is simply used for any hill....
  • Table Mountain (disambiguation)
    Table Mountain (disambiguation)

    Table mountain may refer to:*Table *Tuya*Mesa*ButteTable Mountain may refer to:* Table Mountain in Cape Town, South Africa, is perhaps the most famous example....


External links