Turing Award

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Turing Award

The A. M. Turing Award is given annually by the Association for Computing Machinery

Association for Computing Machinery

The Association for Computing Machinery, or ACM, was founded in 1947 as the world's first scientific and educational computing society. Its membership was approximately 83,000 as of 2007....
to "an individual selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing community. The contributions should be of lasting and major technical importance to the computer field". Often recognized as the "Nobel Prize

Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize , established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Nobel Prize in Literature, and Nobel Peace Prize in 1901....
of computing", the award is named after Alan Mathison Turing

Alan Turing

Alan Mathison Turing, Order of the British Empire, Fellow of the Royal Society was a British mathematician, logician and Cryptanalysis....
, a British

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
mathematician

Mathematics

Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space, change, and related topics of pattern and form. Mathematicians seek out patterns whether found in numbers, space, natural science, computers, imaginary abstractions, or elsewhere....
who is "frequently credited for being the father of theoretical

Theory

For a more detailed account of theories as expressed in formal language as they are studied in mathematical logic see Theory A theory, in the general sense of the word, is an analytic structure designed to explain a set of observations....
computer science

Computer science

Computer science is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation, and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems....
and artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence

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Encyclopedia

The A. M. Turing Award is given annually by the Association for Computing Machinery

Association for Computing Machinery

Nobel Prize

Alan Turing

Alan Mathison Turing, Order of the British Empire, Fellow of the Royal Society was a British mathematician, logician and Cryptanalysis....
, a British

United Kingdom

Mathematics

Theory

Computer science

Artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science which aims to create it. Major AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents,"...
". As of 2007, the award is accompanied by a prize of $250,000, co-sponsored by Intel and Google

Google

Google Inc. is an United States public company, earning revenue from AdWords related to its Google search, Gmail, Google Maps, Google Apps, Orkut, and YouTube services as well as selling advertising-free versions of the Google Search Appliance....
.

The first recipient, in 1966, was Alan Perlis

Alan Perlis

Alan Jay Perlis was an United States computer scientist known for his pioneering work in programming languages and the first recipient of the Turing Award....
, then of Carnegie Institute of Technology

Carnegie Institute of Technology

The Carnegie Institute of Technology , one of the predecessors to Carnegie Mellon University, was founded in 1900 by Andrew Carnegie as the Carnegie Technical Schools....
. Frances E. Allen

Frances E. Allen

Frances Elizabeth "Fran" Allen is an United States computer science and pioneer in the field of Compiler optimization. Her achievements include wikt:seminal work in compilers, Optimization , and Parallel computing....
of IBM

IBM

International Business Machines Corporation, abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue" , is a multinational corporation computer technology and consulting corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, New York, United States....
, in 2006, is the only female

Female

Female is the sex of an organism, or a part of an organism, which produces mobile ovum . The ova are defined as the larger gametes in a heterogamous reproduction system, while the smaller, usually motile gamete, the spermatozoon, is produced by the male....
recipient in the award's forty year history.

The award recipients and the fields in which they earned the recognition are listed below. Refer to the individual recipients for more detailed information on their achievements.

Turing Award recipients

Year	Recipients	Citation
1966	Alan J. Perlis Alan Perlis Alan Jay Perlis was an United States computer scientist known for his pioneering work in programming languages and the first recipient of the Turing Award....	For his influence in the area of advanced programming techniques and compiler Compiler A compiler is a computer program that transforms source code written in a programming language into another computer language . The most common reason for wanting to transform source code is to create an executable program.... construction
1967	Maurice V. Wilkes	Professor Wilkes is best known as the builder and designer of the EDSAC EDSAC Electronic Discrete Storage Automatic Calculator was an early United Kingdom computer. The machine, having been inspired by John von Neumann's seminal First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, was constructed by Maurice Wilkes and his team at the University of Cambridge University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in England.... , the first computer with an internally stored program Computer program Computer programs are Instruction for a computer. A computer requires programs to function. Moreover, a computer program does not run unless its instructions are executed by a Central processing unit; however, a program may communicate an Algorithm#Formalization of algorithms to people without running.... . Built in 1949, the EDSAC used a mercury delay line memory. He is also known as the author, with Wheeler and Gill, of a volume on "Preparation of Programs for Electronic Digital Computers" in 1951, in which program libraries were effectively introduced
1968	Richard Hamming Richard Hamming Richard Wesley Hamming was an United States mathematician whose work had many implications for computer science and telecommunications. His contributions include the Hamming code , the Hamming window#Hamming window , Hamming numbers, Sphere-packing and the Hamming distance....	For his work on numerical methods, automatic coding systems, and error-detecting and error-correcting codes
1969	Marvin Minsky Marvin Minsky Marvin Lee Minsky is an United States Cognitive Science in the field of artificial intelligence , co-founder of Massachusetts Institute of Technology's AI laboratory, and author of several texts on AI and philosophy....	artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science which aims to create it. Major AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents,"...
1970	James H. Wilkinson James H. Wilkinson James Hardy Wilkinson was a prominent figure in the field of numerical analysis, a field at the boundary of applied mathematics and computer science particularly useful to physics and engineering....	For his research in numerical analysis Numerical analysis Numerical analysis is the study of algorithms for the problems of continuous mathematics .One of the earliest mathematical writings is the Babylonian tablet YBC 7289, which gives a sexagesimal numerical approximation of , the length of the diagonal in a unit square.... to facilitate the use of the high-speed digital computer, having received special recognition for his work in computations in linear algebra Linear algebra Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with the study of Euclidean vectors, vector spaces , linear maps , and system of linear equations.... and "backward" error analysis
1971	John McCarthy John McCarthy (computer scientist) John McCarthy , is an United States computer scientist and cognitive scientist who received the Turing Award in 1971 for his major contributions to the field of Artificial Intelligence ....	Dr. McCarthy's lecture "The Present State of Research on Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science which aims to create it. Major AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents,"... " is a topic that covers the area in which he has achieved considerable recognition for his work
1972	Edsger W. Dijkstra	Edsger Dijkstra was a principal contributor in the late 1950's to the development of the ALGOL Algol Algol , known colloquially as the Demon Star, is a bright star in the constellation Perseus . It is one of the best known eclipsing binary, the first such star to be discovered, and also one of the first variable stars to be discovered.... , a high level programming language Programming language A programming language is a machine-readable artificial language designed to express computations that can be performed by a machine, particularly a computer.... which has become a model of clarity and mathematical rigor. He is one of the principal proponents of the science and art of programming language Programming language A programming language is a machine-readable artificial language designed to express computations that can be performed by a machine, particularly a computer.... s in general, and has greatly contributed to our understanding of their structure, representation, and implementation. His fifteen years of publications extend from theoretical articles on graph theory to basic manuals, expository texts, and philosophical contemplations in the field of programming languages
1973	Charles W. Bachman Charles Bachman Charles William Bachman is an American computer scientist, who spent his entire career as an industrial researcher rather than in academia. He is particularly known for his work in the area of databases....	For his outstanding contributions to database Database A database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system. The structure is achieved by organizing the data according to a database model.... technology
1974	Donald E. Knuth Donald Knuth Donald Ervin Knuth is a renowned computer science and Emeritus of the Art of Computer Programming at Stanford University.Author of the seminal multi-volume work The Art of Computer Programming , Knuth has been called the "father" of the run-time analysis, contributing to the development of, and systematizing formal mathematical techn...	For his major contributions to the analysis of algorithms and the design of programming languages, and in particular for his contributions to "The Art of Computer Programming The Art of Computer Programming *The Art of Computer Programming* is a comprehensive monograph written by Donald Knuth that covers many kinds of programming algorithms and their analysis.... " through his well-known books in a continuous series by this title
1975	Allen Newell Allen Newell Allen Newell was a researcher in computer science and cognitive psychology at the RAND corporation and at Carnegie Mellon University?s Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science, Tepper School of Business, and Department of Psychology.... and Herbert A. Simon Herbert Simon Herbert Alexander Simon was an United States psychologist whose research ranged across the fields of cognitive psychology, computer science, public administration, economics, management, philosophy of science and sociology and was a professor, most notably, at Carnegie Mellon University....	In joint scientific efforts extending over twenty years, initially in collaboration with J. C. Shaw at the RAND Corporation Rand Rand may refer to a number of places, people, organizations, and acronyms:... , and subsequentially with numerous faculty and student colleagues at Carnegie Mellon University Carnegie Mellon University Carnegie Mellon University is a top private university research university in Pittsburgh. Since its inception, Carnegie Mellon has grown into a world-renowned institution, with numerous programs that are frequently college and university rankings among the best in the world.... , they have made basic contributions to artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science which aims to create it. Major AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents,"... , the psychology of human cognition, and list processing
1976	Michael O. Rabin Michael O. Rabin Michael Oser Rabin is an Israelis computer scientist and a recipient of the Turing Award.... and Dana S. Scott Dana Scott Dana Stewart Scott is the emeritus Hillman University Professor of computer science, Philosophy, and mathematical logic at Carnegie Mellon University; he is now retired and lives in Berkeley, California....	For their joint paper "Finite Automata and Their Decision Problem," which introduced the idea of nondeterministic machines, which has proved to be an enormously valuable concept. Their (Scott & Rabin) classic paper has been a continuous source of inspiration for subsequent work in this field
1977	John Backus John Backus For the physicist, see John Backus John Warner Backus was an American computer scientist. He led the team that invented the first widely used High-level programming language programming language and was the inventor of the Backus-Naur form , the almost universally used notation to define formal language syntax....	For profound, influential, and lasting contributions to the design of practical high-level programming systems, notably through his work on FORTRAN Fortran Fortran is a general-purpose programming language, procedural programming language, imperative programming language programming language that is especially suited to numerical analysis and scientific computing.... , and for seminal publication of formal procedures for the specification of programming language Programming language A programming language is a machine-readable artificial language designed to express computations that can be performed by a machine, particularly a computer.... s
1978	Robert W. Floyd Robert Floyd Robert W Floyd was an eminent computer scientist.Born in New York, Floyd finished school at age 14. At the University of Chicago, he received a Bachelor's degree in liberal arts in 1953 and a second Bachelor's degree in physics in 1958....	For having a clear influence on methodologies for the creation of efficient and reliable software, and for helping to found the following important subfields of computer science Computer science Computer science is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation, and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems.... : the theory of parsing Parsing In computer science and linguistics, parsing, or, more formally, syntactic analysis, is the process of analyzing a sequence of lexical analysis#Token to determine their grammatical structure with respect to a given formal grammar.... , the semantics Semantics Semantics is the study of meaning in communication. The word is derived from the Greek language word s??a?t???? , "significant", from s??a??? , "to signify, to indicate" and that from s??a , "sign, mark, token".... of programming languages, automatic program verification, automatic program synthesis Automatic programming In computer science, the term automatic programming identifies a type of computer programming in which some mechanism generates a computer program rather than have human programmers write the code.... , and analysis of algorithms Analysis of algorithms To analyze an algorithm is to determine the amount of resources necessary to execute it. Most algorithms are designed to work with inputs of arbitrary length....
1979	Kenneth E. Iverson Kenneth E. Iverson Kenneth Eugene Iverson was a Canadian computer scientist noted for the development of the APL programming language in 1962. He was honored with the Turing Award in 1979 for his contributions to mathematical notation and programming language theory....	For his pioneering effort in programming languages and mathematical notation resulting in what the computing field now knows as APL, for his contributions to the implementation of interactive systems, to educational uses of APL, and to programming language theory and practice
1980	C. Antony R. Hoare C. A. R. Hoare Sir Charles Antony Richard Hoare , commonly known as Tony Hoare or C.A.R. Hoare, is a United Kingdom computer science, probably best known for the development in 1960 of Quicksort , one of the world's most widely used sorting algorithms....	For his fundamental contributions to the definition and design of programming languages
1981	Edgar F. Codd Edgar F. Codd Edgar Frank "Ted" Codd was a United Kingdom computer science who, while working for International Business Machines, invented the relational model for database management, the theoretical basis for relational databases....	For his fundamental and continuing contributions to the theory and practice of database management systems, esp. relational database Relational database A relational database is a database that groups data using common attributes found in the data set. The resulting "clumps" of organized data are much easier for people to understand.... s
1982	Stephen A. Cook	For his advancement of our understanding of the complexity of computation in a significant and profound way
1983	Ken Thompson and Dennis M. Ritchie	For their development of generic operating systems theory and specifically for the implementation of the UNIX Unix Unix is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of American Telephone & Telegraph employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson , Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna.... operating system
1984	Niklaus Wirth Niklaus Wirth Niklaus Emil Wirth is a Switzerland computer science, best known for designing several programming languages, including Pascal , and for pioneering several classic topics in software engineering....	For developing a sequence of innovative computer languages, EULER Euler programming language Euler is a programming language created by Niklaus Wirth and Helmut Weber, conceived as an extension and generalization of ALGOL 60. The designers' goal was to create a language:... , ALGOL-W, MODULA Modula The Modula programming language is a descendent of the Pascal . It was developed in Switzerland in the late 1970s by Niklaus Wirth, the same individual who designed Pascal.... and PASCAL Pascal Pascal or PASCAL may refer to:...
1985	Richard M. Karp	For his continuing contributions to the theory of algorithms including the development of efficient algorithms for network flow and other combinatorial optimization problems, the identification of polynomial-time computability with the intuitive notion of algorithmic efficiency, and, most notably, contributions to the theory of NP-completeness NP-complete In computational complexity theory, the complexity class NP-complete is a class of problems having two properties:* Any given solution to the problem can be verified quickly ; the set of problems with this property is called NP ....
1986	John Hopcroft John Hopcroft John Edward Hopcroft is a renowned theoretical computer scientist.He received his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from Seattle University in 1961 and his master's degree and Doctor of Philosophy from Stanford University in 1962 and 1964, respectively.... and Robert Tarjan Robert Tarjan Robert Endre Tarjan is a renowned United States computer scientist. He is the discoverer of several important graph theory algorithms, including Tarjan's off-line least common ancestors algorithm, and co-inventor of both splay trees and Fibonacci heaps....	For fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures
1987	John Cocke John Cocke John Cocke was an American computer scientist recognised for his large contribution to computer architecture and optimizing compiler design. He is considered by many to be "the father of RISC architecture."...	For significant contributions in the design and theory of compilers, the architecture of large systems and the development of reduced instruction set computers (RISC)
1988	Ivan Sutherland Ivan Sutherland Ivan Edward Sutherland is an United States computer scientist and Internet pioneer. He received the Turing Award in 1988 for the invention of Sketchpad, an early predecessor to the sort of graphical user interface that has become ubiquitous in personal computers....	For his pioneering and visionary contributions to computer graphics Computer graphics Computer graphics are graphics created by computers and, more generally, the representation and manipulation of pictorial data by a computer.... , starting with Sketchpad Sketchpad Sketchpad was a revolutionary computer program written by Ivan Sutherland in 1963 in the course of his PhD thesis, for which he received the Turing Award in 1988.... , and continuing after
1989	William (Velvel) Kahan William Kahan William Morton Kahan is a mathematician and computer scientist whose main area of contribution has been numerical analysis. Among his colleagues he is known as Velvel Kahan....	For his fundamental contributions to numerical analysis Numerical analysis Numerical analysis is the study of algorithms for the problems of continuous mathematics .One of the earliest mathematical writings is the Babylonian tablet YBC 7289, which gives a sexagesimal numerical approximation of , the length of the diagonal in a unit square.... . One of the foremost experts on floating-point Floating point In computing, floating point describes a system for numerical representation in which a String of digits represents a rational number.The term floating point refers to the fact that the radix point can "float": that is, it can be placed anywhere relative to the Significant figures of the number.... computations. Kahan has dedicated himself to "making the world safe for numerical computations."
1990	Fernando J. Corbató Fernando J. Corbató Fernando Jos? "Corby" Corbat? is a prominent United States computer scientist, notable as a pioneer in the development of time-sharing operating systems....	For his pioneering work organizing the concepts and leading the development of the general-purpose, large-scale, time-sharing Time-sharing Time-sharing refers to sharing a computing resource among many users by Computer multitasking. Its introduction in the 1960s, and emergence as the prominent model of computing in the 1970s, represents a major historical shift in the history of computing.... and resource-sharing computer systems, CTSS and Multics Multics Multics was an extremely influential early time-sharing operating system. The project was started in 1964. The last known running Multics installation was shut down on October 30, 2000.... .
1991	Robin Milner Robin Milner Arthur John Robin Gorell Milner Fellow of the Royal Society FRSE is a prominent British computer scientist....	For three distinct and complete achievements: 1) LCF LCF theorem prover LCF is an interactive automated theorem prover developed at the universities of University of Edinburgh and Stanford University by Robin Milner and others.... , the mechanization of Scott's Logic of Computable Functions, probably the first theoretically based yet practical tool for machine assisted proof construction Automated theorem proving Automated theorem proving or automated deduction, currently the most well-developed subfield of automated reasoning , is the mathematical proof of mathematical theorems by a computer program.... ; 2) ML ML programming language ML is a general-purpose functional programming language developed by Robin Milner and others in the late 1970s at the University of Edinburgh, whose syntax is inspired by ISWIM.... , the first language to include polymorphic type inference Type inference Type inference, or implicit typing, refers to the ability to deduce automatically the type of a value in a programming language. It is a feature present in some strongly-typed programming language static typing#Static and dynamic typing languages.... together with a type-safe Type safety In computer science, type safety is a property of some programming languages that is defined differently by different communities, but most definitions involve the use of a type system to prevent certain erroneous or undesirable program behavior .... exception-handling Exception handling Exception handling is a programming language construct or computer hardware mechanism designed to handle the occurrence of exceptions - special conditions that change the normal flow of execution.... mechanism; 3) CCS Calculus of Communicating Systems The Calculus of Communicating Systems is a process calculus introduced by Robin Milner around 1980 and the title of a book describing the calculus.... , a general theory of concurrency Concurrency (computer science) In computer science, concurrency is a property of systems in which several computations are executing simultaneously, and potentially interacting with each other.... . In addition, he formulated and strongly advanced full abstraction, the study of the relationship between operational Operational semantics In computer science, operational semantics is a way to give meaning to computer programs in a mathematically rigorous way. Other approaches to providing a formal semantics of programming languages include axiomatic semantics and denotational semantics.... and denotational Denotational semantics In computer science, denotational semantics is an approach to formalizing the meanings of programming languages by constructing mathematical objects which describe the meanings of expressions from the languages.... semantics Semantics Semantics is the study of meaning in communication. The word is derived from the Greek language word s??a?t???? , "significant", from s??a??? , "to signify, to indicate" and that from s??a , "sign, mark, token".... .
1992	Butler W. Lampson	For contributions to the development of distributed, personal computing environments and the technology for their implementation: workstation Workstation A workstation is a high-end microcomputer designed for technical or scientific applications. Intended primarily to be used by one person at a time, they are commonly connected to a local area network and run multi-user operating systems.... s, networks Computer network A computer network is a group of interconnected computers. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics. This article provides a general overview of some types and categories and also presents the basic components of a network.... , operating system Operating system An operating system is an interface between hardware and applications; it is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the limited resources of the computer.... s, programming systems, displays Computer display A visual display unit, often called simply a monitor or display, is a piece of electrical equipment which displays images generated from the video output of devices such as computers, without producing a permanent record.... , security Computer security Computer security is a branch of technology known as information security as applied to computers. The objective of computer security can include protection of information from theft or corruption, or the preservation of availability, as defined in the security policy.... and document publishing Word processor A word processor is a computer Application software used for the production of any sort of printable material.Word processor may also refer to an obsolete type of stand-alone office machine, popular in the 1970s and 80s, combining the keyboard text-entry and printing functions of an electric typewriter with a dedicated computer for th... .
1993	Juris Hartmanis Juris Hartmanis Juris Hartmanis is a prominent computer scientist and computational theorist who, with Richard Stearns , received the 1993 Association for Computing Machinery Turing Award "in recognition of their seminal paper which established the foundations for the field of computational complexity theory".... and Richard E. Stearns	In recognition of their seminal paper which established the foundations for the field of computational complexity theory Computational complexity theory Computational complexity theory, as a branch of the theory of computation in computer science, investigates the problems related to the Computational resource required for the execution of algorithms , and the inherent difficulty in providing efficient algorithms for specific computational problems.... .
1994	Edward Feigenbaum Edward Feigenbaum Edward Albert Feigenbaum is a computer scientist working in the field of artificial intelligence. He is often called the "father of expert systems."... and Raj Reddy Raj Reddy Dabbala Rajagopal "Raj" Reddy is one of the early pioneers in Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence and served on the faculty of Stanford University and Carnegie Mellon University for over 40 years....	For pioneering the design and construction of large scale artificial intelligence systems, demonstrating the practical importance and potential commercial impact of artificial intelligence technology.
1995	Manuel Blum Manuel Blum Manuel Blum is a computer scientist who received the Turing Award in 1995 "In recognition of his contributions to the foundations of computational complexity theory and its application to cryptography and program checking"....	In recognition of his contributions to the foundations of computational complexity theory Computational complexity theory Computational complexity theory, as a branch of the theory of computation in computer science, investigates the problems related to the Computational resource required for the execution of algorithms , and the inherent difficulty in providing efficient algorithms for specific computational problems.... and its application to cryptography Cryptography Cryptography is the practice and study of hiding information. In modern times cryptography is considered a branch of both mathematics and computer science and is affiliated closely with information theory, computer security and engineering.... and program checking.
1996	Amir Pnueli Amir Pnueli Amir Pnueli is an Israeli computer scientist who received the Turing Award in 1996 for seminal work introducing temporal logic into computing science and for outstanding contributions to program and systems verification....	For seminal work introducing temporal logic Temporal logic In logic, the term temporal logic is used to describe any system of rules and symbolism for representing, and reasoning about, propositions qualified in terms of time.... into computing science and for outstanding contributions to program and systems verification Formal verification In the context of hardware and software systems, formal verification is the act of Mathematical proof or disproving the correctness of intended algorithms underlying a system with respect to a certain formal specification or property, using formal methods of mathematics.... .
1997	Douglas Engelbart Douglas Engelbart Dr. Douglas C. Engelbart is an United States inventor and early computer pioneer of German, Swedish ethnic group and Norwegian people descent....	For an inspiring vision of the future of interactive computing and the invention of key technologies to help realize this vision.
1998	Jim Gray	For seminal contributions to database Database A database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system. The structure is achieved by organizing the data according to a database model.... and transaction processing Transaction processing In computer science, transaction processing is information processing that is divided into individual, indivisible operations, called transactions. Each transaction must succeed or fail as a complete unit; it cannot remain in an intermediate state.... research and technical leadership in system implementation.
1999	Frederick P. Brooks, Jr.	For landmark contributions to computer architecture Computer architecture Computer architecture in computer engineering is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. It is a blueprint and functional description of requirements and design implementations for the various parts of a computer, focusing largely on the way by which the central processing unit performs internally an... , operating systems, and software engineering Software engineering Software engineering is the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software, and the study of these approaches.... .
2000	Andrew Chi-Chih Yao	In recognition of his fundamental contributions to the theory of computation Theory of computation The theory of computation is the branch of computer science that deals with whether and how efficiently problems can be solved on a model of computation, using an algorithm.... , including the complexity-based theory of pseudorandom number generation Pseudorandom number generator A pseudorandom number generator is an algorithm for generating a sequence of numbers that approximates the properties of random numbers. The sequence is not truly random in that it is completely determined by a relatively small set of initial values, called the PRNG's state. Although sequences that are closer to truly random can be gen... , cryptography Cryptography Cryptography is the practice and study of hiding information. In modern times cryptography is considered a branch of both mathematics and computer science and is affiliated closely with information theory, computer security and engineering.... , and communication complexity Communication complexity The notion of communication complexity was introduced by Andrew Yao in 1979, who investigated the following problem involving two separated parties .... .
2001	Ole-Johan Dahl Ole-Johan Dahl Ole-Johan Dahl was a Norway computer scientist and is considered to be one of the fathers of Simula and object-oriented programming along with Kristen Nygaard.... and Kristen Nygaard Kristen Nygaard Kristen Nygaard was a Norway mathematician, computer programming language pioneer and politician. He was born in Oslo and died of a myocardial infarction in 2002....	For ideas fundamental to the emergence of object-oriented programming Object-oriented programming Object-oriented programming is a programming paradigm that uses "Object_" and their interactions to design applications and computer programs.... , through their design of the programming languages Simula I and Simula 67.
2002	Ronald L. Rivest Ron Rivest Ronald Linn Rivest is a cryptography. He is the Andrew and Erna Viterbi Professor of Computer Science at Massachusetts Institute of Technology's MIT School of Engineering#Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and a member of MIT's MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory .... , Adi Shamir Adi Shamir Adi Shamir is an Israeli cryptography. He was one of the inventors of the RSA algorithm , one of the inventors of the Feige-Fiat-Shamir Identification Scheme , one of the inventors of differential cryptanalysis and has made numerous contributions to the fields of cryptography and computer science.... and Leonard M. Adleman Leonard Adleman Leonard Max Adleman is a theoretical computer science and professor of computer science and molecular biology at the University of Southern California....	For their ingenious contribution for making public-key cryptography Public-key cryptography Public-key cryptography is a method for secret communication between two parties without requiring an initial key exchange of secret key. It can also be used to create digital signature.... useful in practice.
2003	Alan Kay Alan Kay Alan Curtis Kay is an United States computer scientist, known for his early pioneering work on object-oriented programming and Window graphical user interface design....	For pioneering many of the ideas at the root of contemporary object-oriented programming language Object-oriented programming language An object-oriented programming language is one that allows or encourages, to some degree, object-oriented programming techniques such as Information hiding, Inheritance , module , and Polymorphism .... s, leading the team that developed Smalltalk Smalltalk Smalltalk is an Object-oriented programming, Type system, reflection computer programming programming language. Smalltalk was created as the language to underpin the "new world" of computing exemplified by "human?computer symbiosis." It was designed and created in part for educational use, more so for constructionist learning, at PARC by Al... , and for fundamental contributions to personal computing.
2004	Vinton G. Cerf and Robert E. Kahn	For pioneering work on internetworking Internetworking Internetworking involves connecting two or more computer networks via gateway using a common routing technology. The result is called an internetwork .... , including the design and implementation of the Internet Internet The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers, enabling users to share information along multiple channels. Typically, a computer that connects to the Internet can access information from a vast array of available server and other computers by moving information from them to the computer's local memory.... 's basic communications protocols, TCP/IP, and for inspired leadership in networking.
2005	Peter Naur Peter Naur Peter Naur is a Denmark pioneer in computer science and Turing award winner. His last name is the N in the Backus-Naur form notation , used in the description of the syntax for most programming languages....	For fundamental contributions to programming language Programming language A programming language is a machine-readable artificial language designed to express computations that can be performed by a machine, particularly a computer.... design and the definition of ALGOL 60 Algol Algol , known colloquially as the Demon Star, is a bright star in the constellation Perseus . It is one of the best known eclipsing binary, the first such star to be discovered, and also one of the first variable stars to be discovered.... , to compiler Compiler A compiler is a computer program that transforms source code written in a programming language into another computer language . The most common reason for wanting to transform source code is to create an executable program.... design, and to the art and practice of computer programming.
2006	Frances E. Allen	For pioneering contributions to the theory and practice of optimizing compiler techniques that laid the foundation for modern optimizing compilers and automatic parallel execution.
2007	Edmund M. Clarke Edmund M. Clarke Edmund Melson Clarke, Jr. is a computer scientist and academic noted for developingmodel checking, a method for formally verifying hardware and software designs.... , E. Allen Emerson E. Allen Emerson Ernest Allen Emerson is a computer scientist and endowed professor at the University of Texas, Austin.He won the 2007 Turing Award along with Edmund M.... and Joseph Sifakis Joseph Sifakis Joseph Sifakis is a Greek people computer scientist, laureate of the 2007 Turing Award, along with Edmund M. Clarke and E. Allen Emerson, for his work on model checking....	For [their roles] in developing Model-Checking Model checking In the field of Logic_in_computer_science, model checking refers to the following problem:Given a simplified model of a system, test automatically whether this model meets a given specification.... into a highly effective verification technology, widely adopted in the hardware and software industries.

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