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Adi Shamir (; born July 6, 1952) is an Israel
Israel

Israel officially the State of Israel , is a country in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan in the east, and Egypt on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area....
i cryptographer
Cryptography

Cryptography is the practice and study of hiding information. In modern times cryptography is considered a branch of both mathematics and computer science and is affiliated closely with information theory, computer security and engineering....
. He was one of the inventors of the RSA
RSA

In cryptography, RSA is an algorithm for public-key cryptography. It is the first algorithm known to be suitable for digital signature as well as encryption, and one of the first great advances in public key cryptography....
 algorithm (along with Ron Rivest
Ron Rivest

Ronald Linn Rivest is a cryptography. He is the Andrew and Erna Viterbi Professor of Computer Science at Massachusetts Institute of Technology's MIT School of Engineering#Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and a member of MIT's MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory ....
 and Len Adleman), one of the inventors of the Feige-Fiat-Shamir Identification Scheme
Feige-Fiat-Shamir Identification Scheme

In cryptography, the Feige-Fiat-Shamir Identification Scheme is a type of parallel zero-knowledge proof developed by Uriel Feige, Amos Fiat, and Adi Shamir in 1988....
 (along with Uriel Feige and Amos Fiat), one of the inventors of differential cryptanalysis
Differential cryptanalysis

Differential cryptanalysis is a general form of cryptanalysis applicable primarily to block ciphers, but also to stream ciphers and cryptographic hash functions....
 and has made numerous contributions to the fields of cryptography
Cryptography

Cryptography is the practice and study of hiding information. In modern times cryptography is considered a branch of both mathematics and computer science and is affiliated closely with information theory, computer security and engineering....
 and computer science
Computer science

Computer science is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation, and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems....
.

in Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv

Tel Aviv-Yafo , usually Tel Aviv, is the List of largest cities and second largest cities by country List of cities in Israel in Israel, with an estimated population of 390,100....
, Shamir received a BS
Bachelor of Science

A Bachelor of Science is an bachelor's degree academic degree awarded for completed courses that generally last three to five years ....
 degree in Mathematics
Mathematics

Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space, change, and related topics of pattern and form. Mathematicians seek out patterns whether found in numbers, space, natural science, computers, imaginary abstractions, or elsewhere....
 from Tel Aviv University
Tel Aviv University

Tel Aviv University is a large, public university, located in Tel Aviv, Israel. As of 2006, the Tel Aviv University has a student population of 29,000....
 in 1973 and obtained his MSc
Master of Science

A Master of Science is a postgraduate academic master's degree awarded by universities in a large number of countries. The degree is typically studied for in the sciences and occasionally in the social sciences....
 and PhD
Doctor of Philosophy

Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated Ph.D. or PhD for the Latin , meaning "teacher of philosophy", is an postgraduate academic degree awarded by University....
 degrees in Computer Science
Computer science

Computer science is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation, and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems....
 from the Weizmann Institute in 1975 and 1977 respectively.






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Adi Shamir (; born July 6, 1952) is an Israel
Israel

Israel officially the State of Israel , is a country in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan in the east, and Egypt on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area....
i cryptographer
Cryptography

Cryptography is the practice and study of hiding information. In modern times cryptography is considered a branch of both mathematics and computer science and is affiliated closely with information theory, computer security and engineering....
. He was one of the inventors of the RSA
RSA

In cryptography, RSA is an algorithm for public-key cryptography. It is the first algorithm known to be suitable for digital signature as well as encryption, and one of the first great advances in public key cryptography....
 algorithm (along with Ron Rivest
Ron Rivest

Ronald Linn Rivest is a cryptography. He is the Andrew and Erna Viterbi Professor of Computer Science at Massachusetts Institute of Technology's MIT School of Engineering#Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and a member of MIT's MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory ....
 and Len Adleman), one of the inventors of the Feige-Fiat-Shamir Identification Scheme
Feige-Fiat-Shamir Identification Scheme

In cryptography, the Feige-Fiat-Shamir Identification Scheme is a type of parallel zero-knowledge proof developed by Uriel Feige, Amos Fiat, and Adi Shamir in 1988....
 (along with Uriel Feige and Amos Fiat), one of the inventors of differential cryptanalysis
Differential cryptanalysis

Differential cryptanalysis is a general form of cryptanalysis applicable primarily to block ciphers, but also to stream ciphers and cryptographic hash functions....
 and has made numerous contributions to the fields of cryptography
Cryptography

Cryptography is the practice and study of hiding information. In modern times cryptography is considered a branch of both mathematics and computer science and is affiliated closely with information theory, computer security and engineering....
 and computer science
Computer science

Computer science is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation, and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems....
.

Education

Born in Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv

Tel Aviv-Yafo , usually Tel Aviv, is the List of largest cities and second largest cities by country List of cities in Israel in Israel, with an estimated population of 390,100....
, Shamir received a BS
Bachelor of Science

A Bachelor of Science is an bachelor's degree academic degree awarded for completed courses that generally last three to five years ....
 degree in Mathematics
Mathematics

Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space, change, and related topics of pattern and form. Mathematicians seek out patterns whether found in numbers, space, natural science, computers, imaginary abstractions, or elsewhere....
 from Tel Aviv University
Tel Aviv University

Tel Aviv University is a large, public university, located in Tel Aviv, Israel. As of 2006, the Tel Aviv University has a student population of 29,000....
 in 1973 and obtained his MSc
Master of Science

A Master of Science is a postgraduate academic master's degree awarded by universities in a large number of countries. The degree is typically studied for in the sciences and occasionally in the social sciences....
 and PhD
Doctor of Philosophy

Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated Ph.D. or PhD for the Latin , meaning "teacher of philosophy", is an postgraduate academic degree awarded by University....
 degrees in Computer Science
Computer science

Computer science is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation, and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems....
 from the Weizmann Institute in 1975 and 1977 respectively. His thesis was titled, "Fixed Points of Recursive Programs and their Relation in Differential Agard Calculus". After a year postdoc at University of Warwick
University of Warwick

The University of Warwick is a British campus university located on the outskirts of Coventry, West Midlands , England and is University of Warwick#Academic standards as one of the country's leading universities....
, he did research at MIT
Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private university research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Massachusetts, United States....
 from 1977–1980 before returning to be a member of the faculty of Mathematics
Mathematics

Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space, change, and related topics of pattern and form. Mathematicians seek out patterns whether found in numbers, space, natural science, computers, imaginary abstractions, or elsewhere....
 and Computer Science
Computer science

Computer science is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation, and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems....
 at the Weizmann Institute. Starting from 2006, he is also an invited professor at École Normale Supérieure
École Normale Supérieure

The ?cole normale sup?rieure is a France Grandes ?coles . The ENS was initially conceived during the French Revolution, and intended to provide the First French Republic with a new body of teacher, trained in the critical spirit and secular values of the the Enlightenment....
 in Paris.

Research

In addition to RSA
RSA

In cryptography, RSA is an algorithm for public-key cryptography. It is the first algorithm known to be suitable for digital signature as well as encryption, and one of the first great advances in public key cryptography....
, Shamir's other numerous inventions and contributions to cryptography include the Shamir secret sharing
Shamir's Secret Sharing

Shamir's Secret Sharing is an algorithm in cryptography. It is a form of secret sharing, where a secret is divided into parts, giving each participant its own unique part, where some of the parts or all of them are needed in order to reconstruct the secret....
 scheme, the breaking of the Merkle-Hellman
Merkle-Hellman

Merkle-Hellman was one of the earliest public key cryptography and was invented by Ralph Merkle and Martin Hellman in 1978. Although its ideas are elegant, and far simpler than RSA, it has been broken....
 cryptosystem, visual cryptography
Visual cryptography

Visual cryptography is a cryptography technique which allows visual information to be encrypted in such a way that the decryption can be performed by the human visual system, without the aid of computers....
, and the TWIRL
TWIRL

In cryptography and number theory, TWIRL is a hypothetical hardware device designed to speed up the sieving step of the general number field sieve integer factorization algorithm....
 and TWINKLE
TWINKLE

TWINKLE is a hypothetical integer factorization device described in 1999 by Adi Shamir and purported to be capable of factoring 512-bit integers....
 factoring
Integer factorization

In number theory, integer factorization is the breaking down of a composite number into smaller non-trivial divisors, which when multiplied together equal the original integer....
 devices. Together with Eli Biham
Eli Biham

Eli Biham is an Israeli cryptographer and Cryptanalysis, currently a professor at the Technion Israeli Institute of Technology Computer Science department....
, he discovered differential cryptanalysis
Differential cryptanalysis

Differential cryptanalysis is a general form of cryptanalysis applicable primarily to block ciphers, but also to stream ciphers and cryptographic hash functions....
, a general method for attacking block cipher
Block cipher

In cryptography, a block cipher is a symmetric key algorithm cipher which operates on fixed-length groups of bits, termed blocks, with an unvarying transformation....
s. (It later emerged that differential cryptanalysis was already known — and kept a secret — by both IBM
IBM

International Business Machines Corporation, abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue" , is a multinational corporation computer technology and consulting corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, New York, United States....
 and the NSA.)

Shamir has also made contributions to computer science outside of cryptography, such as showing the equivalence of the complexity classes
Computational complexity theory

Computational complexity theory, as a branch of the theory of computation in computer science, investigates the problems related to the Computational resource required for the execution of algorithms , and the inherent difficulty in providing efficient algorithms for specific computational problems....
 PSPACE
PSPACE

PSPACE is all the problems which can be solved by programs which only need a polynomial amount of memory to run. In the term "PSPACE", the P stands for polynomial, and SPACE refers to the amount of space, i.e....
 and IP
IP (complexity)

In computational complexity theory, the class IP is the class of problems solvable by an interactive proof system. The concept of an interactive proof system was first introduced by Goldwasser, et al....
.

Awards

In recognition of his contributions to cryptography, Shamir was awarded, together with Rivest and Adleman
Leonard Adleman

Leonard Max Adleman is a theoretical computer science and professor of computer science and molecular biology at the University of Southern California....
, the 2002 ACM
Association for Computing Machinery

The Association for Computing Machinery, or ACM, was founded in 1947 as the world's first scientific and educational computing society. Its membership was approximately 83,000 as of 2007....
 Turing Award
Turing Award

The A. M. Turing Award is given annually by the Association for Computing Machinery to "an individual selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing community....
 . Shamir has also received Paris Kanellakis Theory and Practice Award, the Erdos Prize of the Israel Mathematical Society, the IEEE's W.R.G. Baker Prize
Baker Prize

The IEEE W. R. G. Baker Prize Award was created from a donation from Dr. Walter R. G. Baker , a member of Institute of Radio Engineers. The award continued to be awarded by the IEEE Prize Papers/Scholarship Awards Committee for the IEEE Awards Board after the organization merged into the IEEE....
, the UAP Scientific Prize, The Vatican's PIUS XI Gold Medal and the IEEE Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award. In 2008 he received the Israel Prize
Israel Prize

The Israel Prize is an award handed out by the State of Israel. It is presented annually, on Yom Ha'atzma'ut, in a state ceremony in Jerusalem, in the presence of the President of Israel, the Prime Minister of Israel, the Knesset chairperson, and the Supreme Court of Israel president....
 ("??? ?????") for computer sciences.

See also

  • Important publications in cryptography


External links