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Triangle of U
 
 
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The Triangle of U is a theory about the evolution and relationships between members of the plant
Plant

Plants are Life organisms belonging to the Kingdom Plantae. They include familiar organisms such as trees, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae....
 genus
Genus

A genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the classification of living and fossil organisms. The taxonomic ranks are domain , kingdom , phylum, class , order , family , genus, and species....
 Brassica
Brassica

Brassica is a genus of plants in the mustard family . The members of the genus may be collectively known either as cabbages, or as mustards....
. It says that the genomes of three ancestral species of Brassica combined to create three of the common contemporary vegetable
Vegetable

The term "vegetable" generally means the Eating parts of plants. The definition of the word is traditional rather than scientific, however, and therefore the usage of the word is somewhat arbitrary and subjective, as it is determined by individual cultural customs of food selection and food preparation....
s and oilseed crop species. The theory has since been confirmed by studies of DNA and proteins.

The theory was first published in 1935 by Woo Jang-choon
Woo Jang-choon

Woo Jang-choon was a Korean-Japanese agricultural scientist and botanist famous for breeding plants. He preferred U and published his paper with this family name....
, a Korean
Korean people

The Korean people are an ethnic group originating in East Asia. Most Koreans speak the Korean language....
 botanist who was working in Japan
Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
 (where his name was transliterated as "Nagaharu U" ).






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The Triangle of U is a theory about the evolution and relationships between members of the plant
Plant

Plants are Life organisms belonging to the Kingdom Plantae. They include familiar organisms such as trees, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae....
 genus
Genus

A genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the classification of living and fossil organisms. The taxonomic ranks are domain , kingdom , phylum, class , order , family , genus, and species....
 Brassica
Brassica

Brassica is a genus of plants in the mustard family . The members of the genus may be collectively known either as cabbages, or as mustards....
. It says that the genomes of three ancestral species of Brassica combined to create three of the common contemporary vegetable
Vegetable

The term "vegetable" generally means the Eating parts of plants. The definition of the word is traditional rather than scientific, however, and therefore the usage of the word is somewhat arbitrary and subjective, as it is determined by individual cultural customs of food selection and food preparation....
s and oilseed crop species. The theory has since been confirmed by studies of DNA and proteins.

The theory was first published in 1935 by Woo Jang-choon
Woo Jang-choon

Woo Jang-choon was a Korean-Japanese agricultural scientist and botanist famous for breeding plants. He preferred U and published his paper with this family name....
, a Korean
Korean people

The Korean people are an ethnic group originating in East Asia. Most Koreans speak the Korean language....
 botanist who was working in Japan
Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
 (where his name was transliterated as "Nagaharu U" ). Woo made synthetic hybrids between the diploid and tetraploid species and examined how the chromosomes paired in the resulting triploids. His work was influenced by work by Kihara on the origin of bread
Bread

Bread is a staple food prepared by baking a dough of flour and water. It may be leavened or unleavened. Edible salt, fat and a leavening agent such as yeast are common ingredients, though bread may contain a range of other ingredients: milk, Egg , sugar, spice, fruit , vegetables , Nut or seeds ....
 or hexaploid wheat
Wheat

Wheat , is a worldwide cultivated Poaceae from the Levant region of the Middle East. Globally, after maize, wheat is the second most-produced food among the cereal just above rice....
 and its relationship to its diploid ancestors.

The triangle shows how three of the Brassica
Brassica

Brassica is a genus of plants in the mustard family . The members of the genus may be collectively known either as cabbages, or as mustards....
 species were derived from three ancestral genomes, denoted by the letters AA, BB, or CC. Alone, each of these diploid genomes produces a common Brassica species. The letter n denotes the number of chromosomes in each genome, and is the number found in the pollen or ovule. For example Brassica rapa has an A - n=10 (alternatively AA - 2n=20) designation. That means each somatic cell of the plant contains two complete genome copies (diploid) and each genome has ten chromosome
Chromosome

A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein that is found in Cell . A chromosome is a single piece of DNA that contains many genes, regulatory sequence and other genetic sequence....
s. Thus each cell will contain 20 chromosomes; since this is the diploid number it is written as 2n = 2x = 20.

  • AA - 2n=2x=20 - Brassica rapa
    Brassica rapa

    Brassica rapa, commonly known as field mustard or turnip mustard is a plant widely cultivated as a leaf vegetable , a root vegetable, and an oilseed....
     (syn. Brassica campestris)     - Turnip
    Turnip

    The turnip is a root vegetable commonly grown in temperate climates worldwide for its white, bulbous taproot. Small, tender, varieties are grown for human consumption, while larger varieties are grown as fodder for livestock....
    , Chinese cabbage
    Chinese cabbage

    Chinese cabbage , also known as snow cabbage, is a China leaf vegetable commonly used in Chinese cuisine. The vegetable is related to the Western cabbage, and is of the same species as the Turnip ....
  • BB - 2n=2x=16 - Brassica nigra
    Brassica nigra

    Brassica nigra is an annual plant Weedy species plant cultivated for its seeds, which are commonly used as a spice. The plant is believed to be native to the southern Mediterranean region of Europe, and has been cultivated for thousands of years....
      - Black mustard
  • CC - 2n=2x=18 - Brassica oleracea
    Brassica oleracea

    Brassica oleracea or Wild Mustard, is a species of Brassica native to coastal southern and western Europe, where its tolerance of sodium chloride and calcium carbonate and its intolerance of competition from other plants typically restrict its natural occurrence to limestone sea cliffs....
      - Cabbage
    Cabbage

    The cabbage is a leafy garden plant of the Family Brassicaceae , used as a Leaf vegetable. It is a herbaceous, biennial plant, dicotyledonous flowering plant distinguished by a short stem upon which is crowded a mass of leaves, usually green but in some varieties red or purplish, forming a characteristic compact, globular cluster ....
    , kale
    Kale

    Kale or Borecole is a form of cabbage , green in color, in which the central leaves do not form a head. It is considered to be closer to wild cabbage than most domesticated forms....
    , broccoli
    Broccoli

    Broccoli is a plant of the cabbage family Brassicaceae .It is classified as the Italica cultivar group of the species Brassica oleracea. Broccoli possesses abundant arboreal, luscious, fleshy, flower heads, usually green in color, arranged in a tree-like fashion on branches sprouting from a thick, edible, sturdy, meaty stalk....
    , brussels sprout
    Brussels sprout

    The Brussels sprout of the Brassicaceae family, is a cultivar of Brassica oleracea cultivated for its small leafy green buds, which resemble miniature cabbages....
     cauliflower
    Cauliflower

    Cauliflower is one of several vegetables in the species Brassica oleracea, in the family Brassicaceae. It is an annual plant that reproduces by seed....


These three species exist as separate species. But because they are closely related, it was possible for them to interbreed. This interspecific breeding allowed for the creation of three new species of tetraploid Brassica. Because they are derived from the genomes of two different species, these hybrid plants are said to be allotetraploid (contain four genomes, derived from two different ancestral species). (Data from molecular studies indicate that the three diploid species are themselves paleopolyploids).

  • AABB - 2n=4x=36 -Brassica juncea
    Brassica juncea

    Brassica juncea, also known as mustard greens, Indian mustard and leaf mustard, is a species of mustard plant. Sub-varieties include Southern Giant Curled Mustard, which resembles a headless cabbage such as Kale, but with a distinct horseradish-mustard flavor....
      - Indian mustard
  • AACC - 2n=4x=38 -Brassica napus - Rapeseed
    Rapeseed

    Rapeseed , also known as rape, oilseed rape, rapa, rapaseed and canola, is a bright yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae ....
    , rutabaga
    Rutabaga

    The rutabaga, swede , or yellow turnip is a root vegetable that originated as a cross between the cabbage and the turnip. Its leaves can also be eaten as a leaf vegetable....
  • BBCC - 2n=4x=34 -Brassica carinata
    Brassica carinata

    Brassica carinata is a member of the Triangle of U species in the agriculturally significant Brassica genus. It has 34 chromosomes with genome composition BBCC, and is thought to result from an ancestral hybridisation event between Brassica nigra and Brassica oleracea ....
      - Ethiopian mustard


Bibliography

  • N. U
    Woo Jang-choon

    Woo Jang-choon was a Korean-Japanese agricultural scientist and botanist famous for breeding plants. He preferred U and published his paper with this family name....
    . Genome analysis in Brassica with special reference to the experimental formation of B. napus and peculiar mode of fertilization. Japanese Journal of Botany 7: 389-452 (1935).