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Thermogenesis
 
 
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Thermogenesis is the process of heat
Heat

In physics and thermodynamics, heat is any transfer of energy from one body or thermodynamic system to another due to a difference in temperature....
 production in organisms. It occurs mostly in warm-blooded
Warm-blooded

In biology, a warm-blooded animal species is one whose members maintain thermal homeostasis; that is, they keep their body temperature at a roughly constant level, regardless of the ambient temperature....
 animals, but a few species of thermogenic plants
Thermogenic plants

Thermogenic plants have the ability to raise their temperature above that of the surrounding air. Heat is generated in the mitochondria, as a secondary process of cellular respiration called thermogenesis....
 exist.

nding on whether they are initiated through locomotion and intentional movement of the muscle
MUSCLE

MUSCLE is public domain, multiple sequence alignment software for protein and nucleotide sequences.MUSCLE is integrated into UGENE bioinformatics tool as a plugin....
s, thermogenic methods can be classified as one of the following:

method to raise temperature is through shivering
Shivering

Shivering is a bodily function in response to early hypothermia in warm-blooded animals. When the core body temperature drops, the shivering reflex is triggered....
. The heat results from friction
Friction

File:Friction alt.svgFriction is the force resisting the relative lateral motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, or material elements in contact....
 between muscle elements (the same as during exertion), but no mechanical work
Mechanical work

In physics, mechanical work is the amount of energy transferred by a force acting through a distance. Like energy, it is a scalar quantity, with SI of joules....
 is produced because opposing (antagonistic
Antagonist (muscle)

An antagonist is a classification used to describe a muscle that acts in opposition to the specific movement generated by the Agonist and is responsible for returning a limb to its initial position....
) muscle pairs are activated at the same time.

shivering thermogenesis usually occurs in brown adipose tissue
Brown adipose tissue

Brown adipose tissue or brown fat is one of the two types of adipose tissue that is present in many newborn or hibernation mammals. Its primary function is to generate body heat....
 (brown fat) that is present in human infants and hibernating mammal
Mammal

Mammals are a class of vertebrate animals whose name is derived from their distinctive feature, mammary glands, with which they feed their young....
s.






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Encyclopedia


Thermogenesis is the process of heat
Heat

In physics and thermodynamics, heat is any transfer of energy from one body or thermodynamic system to another due to a difference in temperature....
 production in organisms. It occurs mostly in warm-blooded
Warm-blooded

In biology, a warm-blooded animal species is one whose members maintain thermal homeostasis; that is, they keep their body temperature at a roughly constant level, regardless of the ambient temperature....
 animals, but a few species of thermogenic plants
Thermogenic plants

Thermogenic plants have the ability to raise their temperature above that of the surrounding air. Heat is generated in the mitochondria, as a secondary process of cellular respiration called thermogenesis....
 exist.

Types

Depending on whether they are initiated through locomotion and intentional movement of the muscle
MUSCLE

MUSCLE is public domain, multiple sequence alignment software for protein and nucleotide sequences.MUSCLE is integrated into UGENE bioinformatics tool as a plugin....
s, thermogenic methods can be classified as one of the following:
  • Exercise-associated thermogenesis (EAT)
  • Non-exercise-associated thermogenesis (NEAT)


Shivering

One method to raise temperature is through shivering
Shivering

Shivering is a bodily function in response to early hypothermia in warm-blooded animals. When the core body temperature drops, the shivering reflex is triggered....
. The heat results from friction
Friction

File:Friction alt.svgFriction is the force resisting the relative lateral motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, or material elements in contact....
 between muscle elements (the same as during exertion), but no mechanical work
Mechanical work

In physics, mechanical work is the amount of energy transferred by a force acting through a distance. Like energy, it is a scalar quantity, with SI of joules....
 is produced because opposing (antagonistic
Antagonist (muscle)

An antagonist is a classification used to describe a muscle that acts in opposition to the specific movement generated by the Agonist and is responsible for returning a limb to its initial position....
) muscle pairs are activated at the same time.

Non-shivering thermogenesis

Non-shivering thermogenesis usually occurs in brown adipose tissue
Brown adipose tissue

Brown adipose tissue or brown fat is one of the two types of adipose tissue that is present in many newborn or hibernation mammals. Its primary function is to generate body heat....
 (brown fat) that is present in human infants and hibernating mammal
Mammal

Mammals are a class of vertebrate animals whose name is derived from their distinctive feature, mammary glands, with which they feed their young....
s. It is a process whereby substances such as free fatty acids (derived from triacylglycerols) remove purine (ADP, GDP and others) inhibition of thermogenin
Thermogenin

Thermogenin is an uncoupling protein found in the Mitochondrion of brown adipose tissue . It is used to generate heat by non-shivering thermogenesis....
 (uncoupling protein
Uncoupling protein

An uncoupling protein is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein that can dissipate the proton gradient before it can be used to provide the energy for oxidative phosphorylation....
-1), which causes an influx of H+ into the matrix of the mitochondria and bypasses the ATP synthase
ATP synthase

An ATP synthase is a general term for an enzyme that can synthesize adenosine triphosphate from adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate by using some form of energy....
 channel. This uncouples oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation is a metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the redox of nutrients to produce adenosine triphosphate . Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, almost all carry out oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP, the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism....
, and the energy from the proton motive force is dissipated as heat
Heat

In physics and thermodynamics, heat is any transfer of energy from one body or thermodynamic system to another due to a difference in temperature....
 rather than producing ATP from ADP.

The low demands of thermogenesis mean that free fatty acids draw, for the most part, on lipolysis
Lipolysis

Lipolysis is the breakdown of fat stored in fat cells. During this process, free fatty acids are released into the bloodstream and circulate throughout the body....
 as the method of energy production.

Artificial thermogenesis

Thermogenesis can also be achieved by artificial means. It is becoming common for people to use thermogenic substances to help control fluctuation in weight. The process works by increasing the body's metabolism, thereby increasing its core temperature. Thermogenics are commonly made up of ephedra
Ephedra

Ephedra, from the plant Ephedra sinica, has been used as an herbal remedy in traditional Chinese medicine for 5,000 years for the treatment of asthma and hay fever, as well as for the common cold....
, bitter orange
Bitter orange

The name "bitter orange" refers to a citrus tree and its fruit. Many varieties of bitter oranges are used for their essential oil, which is used in perfume and as a flavoring....
, capsicum
Capsicum

Capsicum is a genus of plants from the nightshade family native to the Americas, where it was cultivated for thousands of years by the people of the tropical Americas, and is now cultivated worldwide....
, ginger
Ginger

Ginger is a spice which is used for cooking and is also consumed whole as a delicacy or medicine. It is the rhizome of the Zingiber, Zingiber officinale....
, and caffeine
Caffeine

Caffeine is a bitter, white crystalline xanthine alkaloid that acts as a psychoactive stimulant drug and a mild diuretic. Caffeine was discovered by a German chemist, Friedrich Ferdinand Runge, in 1819....
.

Although bodybuilding
Bodybuilding

Bodybuilding is the process of maximizing muscle hypertrophy; an individual who engages in this activity is referred to as a bodybuilder. In competitive bodybuilding, bodybuilders display their physiques to a panel of judges, who assign points based on their aesthetic appearance....
 formulations comprise the most common use of thermogenics, the drugs are entering the mainstream dieting
Dieting

File:Feet on scale.jpgDieting is the practice of Eating food in a regulated fashion to achieve or maintain a controlled weight. In most cases the goal is weight loss in those who are overweight or obese, but some athletes aspire to gain weight and diets can also be used to maintain a stable body weight....
 industry.

See also

  • Treadmill workstation
    Treadmill workstation

    The "treadmill workstation" is a concept devised by James A. Levine, M.D., an endocrinologist and researcher at the Mayo Clinic, as part of his work with non-exercise activity thermogenesis ....


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