Sofka Skipwith
Encyclopedia
Sofka Skipwith was a Russian émigrée to England who became a well known Communist after working for Laurence Olivier
and being interned by the Nazis in France
in World War II
. During the war she worked to save Jews; she was honoured for her efforts by both Israel
and the British government.
, Prince of Kiev, but also from a Greek slave-girl whom a Polish count won from an Austrian prince in a card game. On her mother's side she was descended from Catherine the Great's illegitimate son, Count Bobrinsky, and also from a foundling who was probably the child of the Tsar's brother. As a young girl in St. Petersburg, she occasionally played with the Tsarevich. Her mother studied medicine and became a respected surgeon, learned to fly in 1913 and was one of the first female bomber pilots, was the only female participant in a motor rally from St. Petersburg to Kiev in 1912, and also published satirical poetry under a pseudonym. In 1916 she returned from medical service in the Russian military with malaria and two St. George cross
es, and after the October Revolution
she re-entered Bolshevik Russia and secured the release of her second husband from prison, and subsequently supported him in Paris by driving a taxi. She gave her daughter a diminutive of her name. Skipwith's parents divorced when she was four, and she grew up mainly with her paternal grandmother and an English governess.
When the Revolution occurred, Skipwith's grandmother took her with her to the Crimea
, where she was in attendance as lady-in-waiting to the Dowager Empress Marie, and in the spring of 1919 they were evacuated in a large party of aristocrats with the Empress to England. Skipwith was raised in Bath, London, Rome, Budapest (where her stepfather was representing the still recognised Russian Imperial government and where her mother decided she should be "out"), Nice, Paris and finally Dieppe. During her time in London she "thoroughly enjoyed" going to school at Queen's College, London
, where she earned a School Certificate, and met the Duke and Duchess of Hamilton. She became close friends with Margaret Douglas-Hamilton, who was almost exactly the same age, visited them numerous times, and after Margaret was expelled from school was invited back from Rome to stay for six months and study with a governess with her; the two finally drove the governess to "throwing everything moveable" at them. In Nice she studied at the Lycée, managed to pass the Certificat d'Etudes Secondaires, but did not even try to pass the Baccalauréat
. In Rome she had her first love affair and also read avidly, influenced by a Russian librarian at the English Library.
and so acquired a British passport.
In 1931 she married Leo Zinovieff, also a Russian aristocrat whose family had fled the Revolution. He was an engineer, having learned English in a cram school
at 15 and then taken first place at the City and Guilds Engineering College
. For eighteen months she worked only intermittently, translated her mother's book, and went to and gave parties. Then as the Great Depression
deepened, her husband was let go, and she was unable to work as a secretary because of continuing morning sickness with her first pregnancy. They managed on rent from most of their house, typing, proofreading and envelope-stuffing work, and loans and gifts of "grouse and partridge" from friends. After the birth of her son Peter, Skipwith signed up with the Universal Aunts temps agency and also taught Russian at Davies', an agency which provided coaching for the Foreign Service examinations. Through Universal Aunts, she began working for Laurence Olivier
and his wife Jill Esmond
and soon was working there five days a week.
. Olivier gave them as a wedding present a replica of his own then unusually large bed, with appropriate-sized linen and blankets. They decided to leave London for the children's sakes and leased Dean Cottage in Cookham Dean
, near Maidenhead. After her third son was born in January 1939, they decided to relocate to Paris and concentrate on translating; they arranged a rental and were to have moved in September - they spent the summer travelling with a troupe of Cossacks, camping with their dog at each stop - but the outbreak of World War II
made moving to Paris impossible and since they had given up the lease at Cookham Dean, they pitched their tent on the public house lawn before moving back to Chelsea.
Skipwith's husband joined the military, first a patrol boat and then the RAF. She was worried about her mother, who had been depending on the money she sent her, and during the Phoney War secured a visa through connections, went to Paris for a month and paid her mother's and stepfather's rent for six months. However, on her second trip in mid-May 1940, she was trapped in Paris when the Germans occupied it, and three days before she was to have been smuggled out of the country, was rounded up with other British nationals and sent to an internment camp
at Besançon
. In May 1941 they were transferred to a multinational show camp located in the Grand Hotel and other spa hotels at Vittel
. (She and her friends were indignant at the overly rosy picture of the camp in the film Two Thousand Women
, which they saw in 1947.) In 1942 she was informed that her husband's plane had been shot down and later that he was dead.
During her time in internment, Skipwith repeatedly tried to help people escape, and smuggled messages and cigarettes and other items from Red Cross packages to the Resistance
, especially after about 250 Polish Jews who had paid for useless certifications of South American citizenship arrived at a separate part of the camp. She wrote out the list of their names in tiny script on cigarette papers and sent multiple copies via the French Communist Party to Geneva and to Spain, which was supposedly representing the South American countries. In 1985 Skipwith learned from Abraham Oppenheim, a researcher at the London School of Economics
, that thanks to her list of names, over 50 of the Vittel Jews had been taken from a transport to Auschwitz
and were among 222 Jews exchanged for Germans and sent to Palestine. One eleven-year-old girl was sent out to be hidden by a local family. Skipwith and a friend smuggled a baby out under the fence in a basket. One woman feigned paralysis with the assistance of the Jewish camp doctor and so saved herself and her children. But the majority who had not killed themselves when the transport trains arrived at Vittel were shot after staging a rebellion on arrival at the death camp; for many years, all Skipwith knew was that they had been taken to the gas chambers despite her efforts to contact their relatives.
Skipwith was repatriated to England in August 1944, after having refused earlier opportunities in order to continue trying to help the Poles. During the long, circuitous train journey to neutral Lisbon
, she and her friend were given special treatment by the Gestapo
, who had misinterpreted instructions from the camp Kommandant to pay special attention to them; they were recruited to go to Berlin to make propaganda broadcasts and played along to get the address of the contact.
Olivier immediately had her hired as secretary of the Old Vic Theatre Company. When war ended in Europe, she went with the company on a 7-week ENSA
tour, playing to audiences of servicemen, during which she saw the ruins of Hamburg and the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
, and the company played at the Comédie-Française
.
In 1948, at forty, armed with a letter of recommendation from Olivier that began: "I have known Sofka Skipwith, man and boy, for fifteen years. She has been private secretary, company secretary, play-reader and present help in time of trouble", she returned to Paris. At this point her 1968 memoir breaks off except for a vignette when she revisited her old home in Leningrad in 1957. Her grand-daughter's biography explains that she lived with the cousin who had arranged for her to leave occupied Paris, and when she was contemplating starting a boarding house on the Riviera, was hired to run Progressive Tours, a Communist travel agency which in Skipwith's words aimed "to create opportunities for the working people of Britain to meet the ordinary people of other countries - surely the best way to overcome prejudice and intolerance, to counter the threat of another war". Its tours to Eastern Europe were for several years the only break in the Iron Curtain, and it was the only branch of the Communist Party which made money. In February 1957, she was the first Western travel agent to enter Communist Albania. However, her cousin had debilitating headaches from a war injury; when he was given a lobotomy, he soon became mentally incompetent and Skipwith returned to find he had sold their cottage in Gif
, outside Paris, at a rock-bottom price and bought two unheated stables. According to her grand-daughter, this was when she came closest to committing suicide; instead she left him and as she later put it, lived in trains during the late fifties; when not touring, she stayed with friends.
On one of her tours to the U.S.S.R., she met a trades unionist, marathon runner and track and field coach from Shepherds Bush; after she moved back to London late in 1957, they moved together into a house her youngest son bought for them when he came of age and received an inheritance. In 1962 they used his savings to buy "a primitive stone cottage in the middle of Bodmin Moor" They renovated it, Skipwith wrote her memoirs and worked on a second volume, and she stopped working for Progressive Tours in 1964. They both preferred seclusion in their retirement - visitors were ordered to spend the day outside and given a departure time. Skipwith died of heart failure in February 1994; her partner died ten years later.
. In Rome her "instinctive socialism" was fired by reading political literature. Shortly after she started working for the Duchess of Hamilton, she assisted in her son Douglas
' campaign as Unionist candidate for the impoverished constituency of Govan
, in Glasgow
, but was shocked by the conditions in which the people lived and more impressed by the incumbent Labour
MP. The experience of poverty after her first husband lost his job convinced her of "the injustice of the social set-up, the obviously false division of mankind into class society", whereas he "merely [felt it was] bad luck that we happened to be on the wrong side". In 1933, after the birth of her first son, the couple both felt the nursing home should be investigated for mistreatment of babies and failure to pay staff, so she worked there as a bookkeeper until she had enough information to report the proprietor, who was sent to prison; the one nurse with nowhere to go, Skipwith employed as a nanny. She and her second husband tried to read Marx and Lenin but found them too difficult; she finally joined the Communist Party
while interned, as the culmination of political discussions with her roommates. After repatriation she joined the British Communist Party and was active for years, including her work for the travel agency, and in the late 1960s she edited the first issue of Albanian Life magazine and published a book called A Short Guide to the People's Republic of Albania. With the Secretary of the Chelsea Labour Party, she started a branch of the British-Soviet Society. She was one of four people who started a left-wing news digest called Front Page Review, which folded after two issues for lack of funds. In 1949 she was an interpreter at the World Peace Congress, then produced the journal In Defence of Peace, sometimes working alone. But she became distanced from the party as she aged, although she remained supportive of the Soviets and fantasised about returning to the U.S.S.R. to live. In her last years she was preoccupied with the Holocaust
, pressing books on the subject on friends.
She was an unembarrassed advocate of birth control, recommending "the cap
" to embarrassed visitors and assisting French women in coming to England to be fitted for them by a friend who was a doctor. In her biography, her grand-daughter describes her as "highly sexed" and investigates the many lovers whom she did not mention in her memoir. She told her youngest son she had had over 100 lovers and wrote to her partner in 1958: "As you know, over these years I've gone to bed merrily with anyone who seemed pleasant and entertaining. It was an agreeable pastime, good exercise and meant a very little for a week or two, a day or two, an evening".
indicating that she was being considered for an award as Righteous among the Nations
for her efforts to save the Jews at the Vittel internment camp. She was given the award posthumously in 1998. In March 2010 she was also one of 27 people to receive the special United Kingdom
honour of British Hero of the Holocaust
, all but two posthumously.
Laurence Olivier
Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier, OM was an English actor, director, and producer. He was one of the most famous and revered actors of the 20th century. He married three times, to fellow actors Jill Esmond, Vivien Leigh, and Joan Plowright...
and being interned by the Nazis in France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
in World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
. During the war she worked to save Jews; she was honoured for her efforts by both Israel
Israel
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
and the British government.
Childhood
Skipwith was the only child of Prince Peter Dolgorouky and Countess Sophy Bobrinsky. On her father's side she was descended from RurikRurik
Rurik, or Riurik , was a semilegendary 9th-century Varangian who founded the Rurik dynasty which ruled Kievan Rus and later some of its successor states, most notably the Tsardom of Russia, until 1598....
, Prince of Kiev, but also from a Greek slave-girl whom a Polish count won from an Austrian prince in a card game. On her mother's side she was descended from Catherine the Great's illegitimate son, Count Bobrinsky, and also from a foundling who was probably the child of the Tsar's brother. As a young girl in St. Petersburg, she occasionally played with the Tsarevich. Her mother studied medicine and became a respected surgeon, learned to fly in 1913 and was one of the first female bomber pilots, was the only female participant in a motor rally from St. Petersburg to Kiev in 1912, and also published satirical poetry under a pseudonym. In 1916 she returned from medical service in the Russian military with malaria and two St. George cross
Cross of St. George
thumb|Original Cross of St. George.Ist and 2nd class were in gold.The Cross of St. George ', or simply the George's Cross, was, until 1913, officially known as the Sign of Distinction of the Military Order of St. George....
es, and after the October Revolution
October Revolution
The October Revolution , also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution , Red October, the October Uprising or the Bolshevik Revolution, was a political revolution and a part of the Russian Revolution of 1917...
she re-entered Bolshevik Russia and secured the release of her second husband from prison, and subsequently supported him in Paris by driving a taxi. She gave her daughter a diminutive of her name. Skipwith's parents divorced when she was four, and she grew up mainly with her paternal grandmother and an English governess.
When the Revolution occurred, Skipwith's grandmother took her with her to the Crimea
Crimea
Crimea , or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea , is a sub-national unit, an autonomous republic, of Ukraine. It is located on the northern coast of the Black Sea, occupying a peninsula of the same name...
, where she was in attendance as lady-in-waiting to the Dowager Empress Marie, and in the spring of 1919 they were evacuated in a large party of aristocrats with the Empress to England. Skipwith was raised in Bath, London, Rome, Budapest (where her stepfather was representing the still recognised Russian Imperial government and where her mother decided she should be "out"), Nice, Paris and finally Dieppe. During her time in London she "thoroughly enjoyed" going to school at Queen's College, London
Queen's College, London
Queen's College is an independent school for girls aged 11–18. It is located in central London at numbers 43-49, Harley Street. Founded in 1848 by F. D. Maurice, Professor of English Literature and History at King's College London along with a committee of patrons, the College was the first...
, where she earned a School Certificate, and met the Duke and Duchess of Hamilton. She became close friends with Margaret Douglas-Hamilton, who was almost exactly the same age, visited them numerous times, and after Margaret was expelled from school was invited back from Rome to stay for six months and study with a governess with her; the two finally drove the governess to "throwing everything moveable" at them. In Nice she studied at the Lycée, managed to pass the Certificat d'Etudes Secondaires, but did not even try to pass the Baccalauréat
Baccalauréat
The baccalauréat , often known in France colloquially as le bac, is an academic qualification which French and international students take at the end of the lycée . It was introduced by Napoleon I in 1808. It is the main diploma required to pursue university studies...
. In Rome she had her first love affair and also read avidly, influenced by a Russian librarian at the English Library.
Secretarial work
On her mother's suggestion, Skipwith qualified as a French and English shorthand-typist at the Ecole Pigier in Dieppe and at 21, after a series of unsatisfactory temporary jobs, became the Duchess of Hamilton's secretary. This included speaking with her at events on behalf of the Society for Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection and also organising the wedding of Margaret and James Drummond-Hay, at which she was one of twelve bridesmaids in rainbow colours. In her memoirs, she tells of the butler bursting in on her while she was dressing for the pre-wedding dinner, taking no notice of her being "attired in nothing but bra and panties": "'Your Highness', he gasped . . . 'I can't do it. Lord Malcolm has telephoned that there will be eight more to dinner'", whereupon she and "a couple of footmen" saved the day with an arrangement of trestle tables in a passage. She also pretended to have lost her refugee Nansen passportNansen passport
Nansen passports were internationally recognized identity cards first issued by the League of Nations to stateless refugees.-Origins:Designed in 1921 by Fridtjof Nansen, in 1942 they were honored by governments in 52 countries and were the first refugee travel documents...
and so acquired a British passport.
In 1931 she married Leo Zinovieff, also a Russian aristocrat whose family had fled the Revolution. He was an engineer, having learned English in a cram school
Cram school
Cram schools are specialized schools that train their students to meet particular goals, most commonly to pass the entrance examinations of high schools or universities...
at 15 and then taken first place at the City and Guilds Engineering College
City and Guilds of London Institute
The City and Guilds of London Institute is a leading United Kingdom vocational education organisation. City & Guilds offers more than 500 qualifications over the whole range of industry sectors through 8500 colleges and training providers in 81 countries worldwide...
. For eighteen months she worked only intermittently, translated her mother's book, and went to and gave parties. Then as the Great Depression
Great Depression
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s...
deepened, her husband was let go, and she was unable to work as a secretary because of continuing morning sickness with her first pregnancy. They managed on rent from most of their house, typing, proofreading and envelope-stuffing work, and loans and gifts of "grouse and partridge" from friends. After the birth of her son Peter, Skipwith signed up with the Universal Aunts temps agency and also taught Russian at Davies', an agency which provided coaching for the Foreign Service examinations. Through Universal Aunts, she began working for Laurence Olivier
Laurence Olivier
Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier, OM was an English actor, director, and producer. He was one of the most famous and revered actors of the 20th century. He married three times, to fellow actors Jill Esmond, Vivien Leigh, and Joan Plowright...
and his wife Jill Esmond
Jill Esmond
Jill Esmond was an English actress and first wife of Sir Laurence Olivier.-Early life:Esmond was born Jill Esmond Moore in London, the daughter of stage actors Henry V. Esmond and Eva Moore. While her parents toured with theatre companies, Esmond spent her childhood in boarding schools until she...
and soon was working there five days a week.
Second marriage and wartime internment
She and Zinovieff separated amicably and after her second son was born, divorced following the instructions in H.P. Herbert's Holy Deadlock and guidance from a solicitor. Shortly after the Oliviers separated, she married Grey Skipwith, heir to a baronetcy, and they lived for a while in the Oliviers' house in Cheyne WalkCheyne Walk
Cheyne Walk , is a historic street in Chelsea, the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. It takes its name from William Lord Cheyne who owned the manor of Chelsea until 1712. Most of the houses were built in the early 18th century. Before the construction in the 19th century of the busy...
. Olivier gave them as a wedding present a replica of his own then unusually large bed, with appropriate-sized linen and blankets. They decided to leave London for the children's sakes and leased Dean Cottage in Cookham Dean
Cookham Dean
Cookham Dean is a settlement to the west of the village of Cookham in Berkshire, England. It is the highest point of all the Cookhams -Commerce:...
, near Maidenhead. After her third son was born in January 1939, they decided to relocate to Paris and concentrate on translating; they arranged a rental and were to have moved in September - they spent the summer travelling with a troupe of Cossacks, camping with their dog at each stop - but the outbreak of World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
made moving to Paris impossible and since they had given up the lease at Cookham Dean, they pitched their tent on the public house lawn before moving back to Chelsea.
Skipwith's husband joined the military, first a patrol boat and then the RAF. She was worried about her mother, who had been depending on the money she sent her, and during the Phoney War secured a visa through connections, went to Paris for a month and paid her mother's and stepfather's rent for six months. However, on her second trip in mid-May 1940, she was trapped in Paris when the Germans occupied it, and three days before she was to have been smuggled out of the country, was rounded up with other British nationals and sent to an internment camp
Concentration camps in France
There were internment camps and concentration camps in France before, during and after World War II. Beside the camps created during World War I to intern German, Austrian and Ottoman civilian prisoners, the Third Republic opened various internment camps for the Spanish refugees fleeing the...
at Besançon
Besançon
Besançon , is the capital and principal city of the Franche-Comté region in eastern France. It had a population of about 237,000 inhabitants in the metropolitan area in 2008...
. In May 1941 they were transferred to a multinational show camp located in the Grand Hotel and other spa hotels at Vittel
Vittel
Vittel is a commune in the Vosges department in Lorraine in northeastern France.Mineral water is bottled and sold here by Nestlé Waters France, under the Vittel brand.-History:...
. (She and her friends were indignant at the overly rosy picture of the camp in the film Two Thousand Women
Two Thousand Women
Two Thousand Women is a 1944 British comedy-drama war film about a camp of interned British women in Occupied France. Three RAF aircrewmen whose bomber had been shot down enter the camp and are hidden by the women from the Germans...
, which they saw in 1947.) In 1942 she was informed that her husband's plane had been shot down and later that he was dead.
During her time in internment, Skipwith repeatedly tried to help people escape, and smuggled messages and cigarettes and other items from Red Cross packages to the Resistance
French Resistance
The French Resistance is the name used to denote the collection of French resistance movements that fought against the Nazi German occupation of France and against the collaborationist Vichy régime during World War II...
, especially after about 250 Polish Jews who had paid for useless certifications of South American citizenship arrived at a separate part of the camp. She wrote out the list of their names in tiny script on cigarette papers and sent multiple copies via the French Communist Party to Geneva and to Spain, which was supposedly representing the South American countries. In 1985 Skipwith learned from Abraham Oppenheim, a researcher at the London School of Economics
London School of Economics
The London School of Economics and Political Science is a public research university specialised in the social sciences located in London, United Kingdom, and a constituent college of the federal University of London...
, that thanks to her list of names, over 50 of the Vittel Jews had been taken from a transport to Auschwitz
Auschwitz concentration camp
Concentration camp Auschwitz was a network of Nazi concentration and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during World War II...
and were among 222 Jews exchanged for Germans and sent to Palestine. One eleven-year-old girl was sent out to be hidden by a local family. Skipwith and a friend smuggled a baby out under the fence in a basket. One woman feigned paralysis with the assistance of the Jewish camp doctor and so saved herself and her children. But the majority who had not killed themselves when the transport trains arrived at Vittel were shot after staging a rebellion on arrival at the death camp; for many years, all Skipwith knew was that they had been taken to the gas chambers despite her efforts to contact their relatives.
Skipwith was repatriated to England in August 1944, after having refused earlier opportunities in order to continue trying to help the Poles. During the long, circuitous train journey to neutral Lisbon
Lisbon
Lisbon is the capital city and largest city of Portugal with a population of 545,245 within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Lisbon extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of 3 million on an area of , making it the 9th most populous urban...
, she and her friend were given special treatment by the Gestapo
Gestapo
The Gestapo was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. Beginning on 20 April 1934, it was under the administration of the SS leader Heinrich Himmler in his position as Chief of German Police...
, who had misinterpreted instructions from the camp Kommandant to pay special attention to them; they were recruited to go to Berlin to make propaganda broadcasts and played along to get the address of the contact.
Olivier immediately had her hired as secretary of the Old Vic Theatre Company. When war ended in Europe, she went with the company on a 7-week ENSA
Entertainments National Service Association
The Entertainments National Service Association or ENSA was an organisation set up in 1939 by Basil Dean and Leslie Henson to provide entertainment for British armed forces personnel during World War II. ENSA operated as part of the Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes...
tour, playing to audiences of servicemen, during which she saw the ruins of Hamburg and the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
Bergen-Belsen was a Nazi concentration camp in Lower Saxony in northwestern Germany, southwest of the town of Bergen near Celle...
, and the company played at the Comédie-Française
Comédie-Française
The Comédie-Française or Théâtre-Français is one of the few state theaters in France. It is the only state theater to have its own troupe of actors. It is located in the 1st arrondissement of Paris....
.
Post-war
In 1946 Skipwith left the Old Vic to pay more attention to her young son, resumed working for Universal Aunts, and devoted much of her time to the Communist Party. She started a pot-luck party after the pubs closed called 'Sofka's Saturday Soups', covertly using horsemeat to solve the problem of meat rationing; she later published a cookery book called Eat Russian.In 1948, at forty, armed with a letter of recommendation from Olivier that began: "I have known Sofka Skipwith, man and boy, for fifteen years. She has been private secretary, company secretary, play-reader and present help in time of trouble", she returned to Paris. At this point her 1968 memoir breaks off except for a vignette when she revisited her old home in Leningrad in 1957. Her grand-daughter's biography explains that she lived with the cousin who had arranged for her to leave occupied Paris, and when she was contemplating starting a boarding house on the Riviera, was hired to run Progressive Tours, a Communist travel agency which in Skipwith's words aimed "to create opportunities for the working people of Britain to meet the ordinary people of other countries - surely the best way to overcome prejudice and intolerance, to counter the threat of another war". Its tours to Eastern Europe were for several years the only break in the Iron Curtain, and it was the only branch of the Communist Party which made money. In February 1957, she was the first Western travel agent to enter Communist Albania. However, her cousin had debilitating headaches from a war injury; when he was given a lobotomy, he soon became mentally incompetent and Skipwith returned to find he had sold their cottage in Gif
Gif-sur-Yvette
Gif-sur-Yvette is a commune in the south-western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the center of Paris.-Geography:The town is crossed by and named after the Yvette river.The total area is and is green spaces and woods.-Place names:...
, outside Paris, at a rock-bottom price and bought two unheated stables. According to her grand-daughter, this was when she came closest to committing suicide; instead she left him and as she later put it, lived in trains during the late fifties; when not touring, she stayed with friends.
On one of her tours to the U.S.S.R., she met a trades unionist, marathon runner and track and field coach from Shepherds Bush; after she moved back to London late in 1957, they moved together into a house her youngest son bought for them when he came of age and received an inheritance. In 1962 they used his savings to buy "a primitive stone cottage in the middle of Bodmin Moor" They renovated it, Skipwith wrote her memoirs and worked on a second volume, and she stopped working for Progressive Tours in 1964. They both preferred seclusion in their retirement - visitors were ordered to spend the day outside and given a departure time. Skipwith died of heart failure in February 1994; her partner died ten years later.
Political and social convictions
Skipwith described herself as having been concerned with economic inequality since childhood. In St. Petersburg she heard from one of her grandmother's servants that people were starving, and smuggled cakes to him to give to the poor, and in the Crimea she made friends and discussed raids on nearby estates with the lodge-keeper's grandsons; their father and the servant were both members of the local SovietSoviet (council)
Soviet was a name used for several Russian political organizations. Examples include the Czar's Council of Ministers, which was called the “Soviet of Ministers”; a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia; and the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union....
. In Rome her "instinctive socialism" was fired by reading political literature. Shortly after she started working for the Duchess of Hamilton, she assisted in her son Douglas
Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton
Air Commodore Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton and 11th Duke of Brandon, KT, GCVO, AFC, PC, DL, FRCSE, FRGS, was a Scottish nobleman and pioneering aviator....
' campaign as Unionist candidate for the impoverished constituency of Govan
Govan
Govan is a district and former burgh now part of southwest City of Glasgow, Scotland. It is situated west of Glasgow city centre, on the south bank of the River Clyde, opposite the mouth of the River Kelvin and the district of Partick....
, in Glasgow
Glasgow
Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom. The city is situated on the River Clyde in the country's west central lowlands...
, but was shocked by the conditions in which the people lived and more impressed by the incumbent Labour
Labour Party (UK)
The Labour Party is a centre-left democratic socialist party in the United Kingdom. It surpassed the Liberal Party in general elections during the early 1920s, forming minority governments under Ramsay MacDonald in 1924 and 1929-1931. The party was in a wartime coalition from 1940 to 1945, after...
MP. The experience of poverty after her first husband lost his job convinced her of "the injustice of the social set-up, the obviously false division of mankind into class society", whereas he "merely [felt it was] bad luck that we happened to be on the wrong side". In 1933, after the birth of her first son, the couple both felt the nursing home should be investigated for mistreatment of babies and failure to pay staff, so she worked there as a bookkeeper until she had enough information to report the proprietor, who was sent to prison; the one nurse with nowhere to go, Skipwith employed as a nanny. She and her second husband tried to read Marx and Lenin but found them too difficult; she finally joined the Communist Party
Communist party
A political party described as a Communist party includes those that advocate the application of the social principles of communism through a communist form of government...
while interned, as the culmination of political discussions with her roommates. After repatriation she joined the British Communist Party and was active for years, including her work for the travel agency, and in the late 1960s she edited the first issue of Albanian Life magazine and published a book called A Short Guide to the People's Republic of Albania. With the Secretary of the Chelsea Labour Party, she started a branch of the British-Soviet Society. She was one of four people who started a left-wing news digest called Front Page Review, which folded after two issues for lack of funds. In 1949 she was an interpreter at the World Peace Congress, then produced the journal In Defence of Peace, sometimes working alone. But she became distanced from the party as she aged, although she remained supportive of the Soviets and fantasised about returning to the U.S.S.R. to live. In her last years she was preoccupied with the Holocaust
The Holocaust
The Holocaust , also known as the Shoah , was the genocide of approximately six million European Jews and millions of others during World War II, a programme of systematic state-sponsored murder by Nazi...
, pressing books on the subject on friends.
She was an unembarrassed advocate of birth control, recommending "the cap
Diaphragm (contraceptive)
The diaphragm is a cervical barrier type of birth control. It is a soft latex or silicone dome with a spring molded into the rim. The spring creates a seal against the walls of the vagina.-Use:...
" to embarrassed visitors and assisting French women in coming to England to be fitted for them by a friend who was a doctor. In her biography, her grand-daughter describes her as "highly sexed" and investigates the many lovers whom she did not mention in her memoir. She told her youngest son she had had over 100 lovers and wrote to her partner in 1958: "As you know, over these years I've gone to bed merrily with anyone who seemed pleasant and entertaining. It was an agreeable pastime, good exercise and meant a very little for a week or two, a day or two, an evening".
Honours
In 1985, she received a letter from Yad VashemYad Vashem
Yad Vashem is Israel's official memorial to the Jewish victims of the Holocaust, established in 1953 through the Yad Vashem Law passed by the Knesset, Israel's parliament....
indicating that she was being considered for an award as Righteous among the Nations
Righteous Among the Nations
Righteous among the Nations of the world's nations"), also translated as Righteous Gentiles is an honorific used by the State of Israel to describe non-Jews who risked their lives during the Holocaust to save Jews from extermination by the Nazis....
for her efforts to save the Jews at the Vittel internment camp. She was given the award posthumously in 1998. In March 2010 she was also one of 27 people to receive the special United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
honour of British Hero of the Holocaust
British Hero of the Holocaust
The British Hero of the Holocaust award is a special national award given by the UK government in recognition of British citizens who assisted in rescuing victims of the Holocaust. On 9 March 2010 it was awarded to 25 individuals posthumously, and to two living people, Sir Nicholas Winton aged 100,...
, all but two posthumously.
Children
- Peter ZinovieffPeter ZinovieffPeter Zinovieff is a British inventor of Russian ethnicity, most notable for his EMS company, which made the famous VCS3 synthesizer in the late 1960s...
, 1933- - Ian [Zinovieff] Fitzlyon, 1935-
- Sir Patrick Skipwith, 12th Baronet Skipwith, 1938-