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Pharyngealization is a secondary articulation
Secondary articulation

Secondary articulation refers to co-articulated consonants where the two articulations are not of the same manner of articulation. The approximant consonant-like secondary articulation is weaker than the primary, and colors it rather than obscuring it....
 of consonant
Consonant

In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper vocal tract, the upper vocal tract being defined as that part of the vocal tract that lies above the larynx....
s or vowel
Vowel

In phonetics, a vowel is a sound in spoken language, such as English ah! or oh! , pronounced with an open vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis....
s by which the pharynx
Pharynx

FunctionsThe pharynx is part of the digestive system and respiratory system of many organisms.Because both food and Earth's atmosphere pass through the pharynx, a flap of connective tissue called the epiglottis closes over the trachea when food is swallowed to prevent choking or Pulmonary aspiration....
 or epiglottis
Epiglottis

The epiglottis is a flap of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the root of the tongue. It projects obliquely upwards behind the tongue and the hyoid bone....
 is constricted during the articulation of the sound. In the International Phonetic Alphabet
International Phonetic Alphabet

The International Phonetic Alphabet "The acronym 'IPA' strictly refers [...] to the 'International Phonetic Association'. But it is now such a common practice to use the acronym also to refer to the alphabet itself that resistance seems pedantic....
, pharyngealization can be indicated by one of two methods:
  1. A tilde
    Tilde

    The tilde is a grapheme with several uses. The name of the character comes from Spanish language, from the Latin wikt:titulus meaning a title or superscription, though the term ?tilde? has evolved in that language and now has a different meaning in Linguistics....
     or swung dash through the letter indicates either velarization
    Velarization

    Velarization is a secondary articulation of consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the Soft palate during the articulation of the consonant....
     or pharyngealization, as in ("dark l", the pharyngealized equivalent of ), or
  2. The symbol <> (a superscript reversed glottal stop) after the letter standing for the pharyngealized consonant, as in (the pharyngealized equivalent of ).


Arabic
Arabic language

Arabic is a Central Semitic language, thus related to and classified alongside other Semitic languages languages such as Hebrew language and Aramaic language....
 uses phonemic secondary pharyngealization for the "emphatic
Emphatic consonant

Emphatic consonant is a term widely used in Semitic languages linguistics to describe one of a series of obstruent consonants which originally contrasted with series of both voiced and voiceless obstruents....
" coronal consonant
Coronal consonant

Coronal consonants are articulated with the flexible front part of the tongue. Only the coronal consonants can be divided into apical consonant , laminal consonant , domed consonant , or sub-apical consonant , as well as a few rarer orientations, because only the front of the tongue has such dexterity....
s.






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Pharyngealization is a secondary articulation
Secondary articulation

Secondary articulation refers to co-articulated consonants where the two articulations are not of the same manner of articulation. The approximant consonant-like secondary articulation is weaker than the primary, and colors it rather than obscuring it....
 of consonant
Consonant

In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper vocal tract, the upper vocal tract being defined as that part of the vocal tract that lies above the larynx....
s or vowel
Vowel

In phonetics, a vowel is a sound in spoken language, such as English ah! or oh! , pronounced with an open vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis....
s by which the pharynx
Pharynx

FunctionsThe pharynx is part of the digestive system and respiratory system of many organisms.Because both food and Earth's atmosphere pass through the pharynx, a flap of connective tissue called the epiglottis closes over the trachea when food is swallowed to prevent choking or Pulmonary aspiration....
 or epiglottis
Epiglottis

The epiglottis is a flap of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the root of the tongue. It projects obliquely upwards behind the tongue and the hyoid bone....
 is constricted during the articulation of the sound. In the International Phonetic Alphabet
International Phonetic Alphabet

The International Phonetic Alphabet "The acronym 'IPA' strictly refers [...] to the 'International Phonetic Association'. But it is now such a common practice to use the acronym also to refer to the alphabet itself that resistance seems pedantic....
, pharyngealization can be indicated by one of two methods:
  1. A tilde
    Tilde

    The tilde is a grapheme with several uses. The name of the character comes from Spanish language, from the Latin wikt:titulus meaning a title or superscription, though the term ?tilde? has evolved in that language and now has a different meaning in Linguistics....
     or swung dash through the letter indicates either velarization
    Velarization

    Velarization is a secondary articulation of consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the Soft palate during the articulation of the consonant....
     or pharyngealization, as in ("dark l", the pharyngealized equivalent of ), or
  2. The symbol <> (a superscript reversed glottal stop) after the letter standing for the pharyngealized consonant, as in (the pharyngealized equivalent of ).


Arabic
Arabic language

Arabic is a Central Semitic language, thus related to and classified alongside other Semitic languages languages such as Hebrew language and Aramaic language....
 uses phonemic secondary pharyngealization for the "emphatic
Emphatic consonant

Emphatic consonant is a term widely used in Semitic languages linguistics to describe one of a series of obstruent consonants which originally contrasted with series of both voiced and voiceless obstruents....
" coronal consonant
Coronal consonant

Coronal consonants are articulated with the flexible front part of the tongue. Only the coronal consonants can be divided into apical consonant , laminal consonant , domed consonant , or sub-apical consonant , as well as a few rarer orientations, because only the front of the tongue has such dexterity....
s. Ubykh
Ubykh language

Ubykh or Ubyx is a language of the Northwest Caucasian languages, spoken by the Ubykh people up until the early 1990s.The word is derived from , its name in the Abdzakh Adyghe language language....
, a Northwest Caucasian language
Northwest Caucasian languages

The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called Pontic, Circassian, or Abkhaz-Adyghe, are a group of languages spoken in the Caucasus region, chiefly in Russia , Georgia , and Turkey, with smaller communities scattered throughout the Middle East....
 formerly spoken in Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
 and Turkey
Turkey

Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in southwest Asia and Thrace in the Balkans region of Southern Europe....
, uses pharyngealization in 14 pharyngealized consonants. Chilcotin
Chilcotin language

Chilcotin is a Athabaskan languages#Northern Athabaskan spoken in British Columbia by the Tsilhqot?in people.The name Chilcotin is derived from the Chilcotin name for themselves: Tsilhqot?in , literally "people of the red ochre river"....
 has pharyngealized consonants that trigger pharyngealization of vowels. Many languages (e.g. Salishan
Salishan languages

The Salishan languages are a group of languages of the Pacific Northwest . They are characterised by agglutinative and astonishing consonant clusters—for instance the Nux?lk language word meaning "he had had a bunchberry plant" has 13 consonants in a row with no vowels....
, Sahaptian
Sahaptian languages

Sahaptian is a sub-grouping of two languages of the Plateau Penutian family spoken by Native Americans in the United States peoples in the Columbia Plateau region of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho in the northwestern United States....
) in the Plateau culture area of North America also have pharyngealization processes triggered by pharyngeal or pharyngealized consonants that affect vowels. In Danish
Danish language

Danish is one of the North Germanic languages , a sub-group of the Germanic languages branch of the Indo-European languages. It is spoken by around 6 million people, mainly in Denmark; the language is also used by the 50,000 Danes in the northern parts of Schleswig-Holstein in Germany where it holds the status of minority language....
 many of the vowel phonemes have distinct pharyngealized qualities, and in the Tuu languages
Tuu languages

The Tuu or Taa-!Kwi languages are a language family consisting of two language clusters spoken in Botswana and South Africa. The relationship between the two is not doubted, but is not close....
 epiglottalized vowels are phonemic.

For many languages, pharyngealization is generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants so that dark l tends to be dental or dentoalveolar while clear l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position.

See also

  • velarization
    Velarization

    Velarization is a secondary articulation of consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the Soft palate during the articulation of the consonant....
  • Creaky voice
    Creaky voice

    In linguistics, creaky voice , is a special kind of phonation in which the arytenoid cartilages in the larynx are drawn together; as a result, the vocal folds are compressed rather tightly, becoming relatively slack and compact....
     (laryngealization)
  • Pharyngeal consonant
    Pharyngeal consonant

    A pharyngeal consonant is a type of consonant which is articulated with the root of the tongue against the pharynx.Pharyngeal consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet :...
  • Epiglottal consonant
    Epiglottal consonant

    An epiglottal consonant is a consonant that is articulated with the aryepiglottic folds against the epiglottis. They are occasionally called aryepiglottal consonants....
  • Pharynx
    Pharynx

    FunctionsThe pharynx is part of the digestive system and respiratory system of many organisms.Because both food and Earth's atmosphere pass through the pharynx, a flap of connective tissue called the epiglottis closes over the trachea when food is swallowed to prevent choking or Pulmonary aspiration....