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Voiced pharyngeal fricative

 

 
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The voiced pharyngeal approximant/fricative is a type of consonant
Consonant

In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper vocal tract, the upper vocal tract being defined as that part of the vocal tract that lies above the larynx....
al sound, used in some spoken language
Language

A language is a form of symbol communication in which elements are combined to represents something other than themselves. Language can also refer to the use of such systems as a general phenomenon....
s. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet
International Phonetic Alphabet

The International Phonetic Alphabet "The acronym 'IPA' strictly refers [...] to the 'International Phonetic Association'. But it is now such a common practice to use the acronym also to refer to the alphabet itself that resistance seems pedantic....
 that represents it is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA
X-SAMPA

The Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet is a variant of SAMPA developed in 1995 by John C. Wells, professor of phonetics at the University of London....
 symbol is ?\.

Although traditionally placed in the fricative row of the IPA chart, is usually an approximant
Approximant consonant

Approximants are speech sounds that could be regarded as intermediate between vowels and "typical" consonants. In the articulation of approximants, articulatory organs produce a narrowing of the vocal tract, but leave enough space for air to flow without much audible turbulence....
. The IPA symbol itself is ambiguous, but no language is known to have a distinct fricative and approximant at this place of articulation.

ures of the voiced pharyngeal approximant/fricative:



yngeal consonants are not widespread.






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The voiced pharyngeal approximant/fricative is a type of consonant
Consonant

In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper vocal tract, the upper vocal tract being defined as that part of the vocal tract that lies above the larynx....
al sound, used in some spoken language
Language

A language is a form of symbol communication in which elements are combined to represents something other than themselves. Language can also refer to the use of such systems as a general phenomenon....
s. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet
International Phonetic Alphabet

The International Phonetic Alphabet "The acronym 'IPA' strictly refers [...] to the 'International Phonetic Association'. But it is now such a common practice to use the acronym also to refer to the alphabet itself that resistance seems pedantic....
 that represents it is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA
X-SAMPA

The Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet is a variant of SAMPA developed in 1995 by John C. Wells, professor of phonetics at the University of London....
 symbol is ?\.

Although traditionally placed in the fricative row of the IPA chart, is usually an approximant
Approximant consonant

Approximants are speech sounds that could be regarded as intermediate between vowels and "typical" consonants. In the articulation of approximants, articulatory organs produce a narrowing of the vocal tract, but leave enough space for air to flow without much audible turbulence....
. The IPA symbol itself is ambiguous, but no language is known to have a distinct fricative and approximant at this place of articulation.

Features

Features of the voiced pharyngeal approximant/fricative:

  • Its manner of articulation
    Manner of articulation

    In linguistics , manner of articulation describes how the tongue, lips, jaw, and other speech organs are involved in making a sound make contact....
     is approximant
    Approximant consonant

    Approximants are speech sounds that could be regarded as intermediate between vowels and "typical" consonants. In the articulation of approximants, articulatory organs produce a narrowing of the vocal tract, but leave enough space for air to flow without much audible turbulence....
    , or occasionally fricative
    Fricative consonant

    Fricatives are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two Place of articulation close together. These may be the lower lip against the upper teeth, in the case of ; the back of the tongue against the soft palate, in the case of German language , the final consonant of Bach; or the side of the tongue ag...
    , which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a channel at the place of articulation that is not usually narrow enough to cause turbulence
    Turbulence

    In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a fluid regime characterized by chaotic, stochastic property changes. This includes low momentum diffusion, high momentum convection, and rapid variation of pressure and velocity in space and time....
    .
  • Its place of articulation
    Place of articulation

    In articulatory phonetics, the place of articulation of a consonant is the point of contact, where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract between an active articulator and a passive articulator ....
     is pharyngeal
    Pharyngeal consonant

    A pharyngeal consonant is a type of consonant which is articulated with the root of the tongue against the pharynx.Pharyngeal consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet :...
     which means it is articulated with the root of the tongue
    Tongue

    The tongue is skeletal muscle on the floor of the mouth that manipulates food for chewing . It is the primary organ of taste. Much of the upper surface of the tongue is covered in papillae and taste buds....
     against the pharynx
    Pharynx

    FunctionsThe pharynx is part of the digestive system and respiratory system of many organisms.Because both food and Earth's atmosphere pass through the pharynx, a flap of connective tissue called the epiglottis closes over the trachea when food is swallowed to prevent choking or Pulmonary aspiration....
    .
  • Its phonation
    Phonation

    Phonation has slightly different meanings depending on the subfield of phonetics. Among some phoneticians, phonation is the process by which the vocal folds produce certain sounds through quasi-periodic vibration....
     type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant
    Oral consonant

    An oral consonant is a consonant sound in Speech communication that is made by allowing air to escape from the mouth, as opposed to the nose. To create an intended oral consonant sound, the entire mouth plays a role in modifying the air's passageway....
    , which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
  • Because it is pronounced in the throat, without a component in the mouth, the central
    Central consonant

    A central or medial consonant is a consonant sound that is produced when air flows across the center of the mouth over the tongue.Examples of central consonants are the voiceless velar plosive , the voiced alveolar fricative and the alveolar nasal ....
    /lateral
    Lateral consonant

    Laterals are "L"-like consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue, while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both sides of the tongue....
     dichotomy does not apply.
  • The airstream mechanism
    Airstream mechanism

    In phonetics, the airstream mechanism is the method by which airflow is created in the vocal tract. Along with phonation, it is one of two mandatory aspects of sound production; without these, there can be no speech sound....
     is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lung
    Lung

    The lung is the essential respiration organ in air-breathing animals, including most tetrapods, a few fish and a few snails. In mammals and the more complex life forms, the two lungs are located in the chest on either side of the heart....
    s and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis
    Glottis

    The glottis defined as the combination of the vocal folds and the space in between the folds ....
     or the mouth.


Occurrence

Pharyngeal consonants are not widespread. Many languages claiming to have pharyngeal fricatives or approximants turn out on closer inspection to have epiglottal consonant
Epiglottal consonant

An epiglottal consonant is a consonant that is articulated with the aryepiglottic folds against the epiglottis. They are occasionally called aryepiglottal consonants....
s instead. For example, the candidate sound in Arabic
Arabic language

Arabic is a Central Semitic language, thus related to and classified alongside other Semitic languages languages such as Hebrew language and Aramaic language....
 and standard Hebrew
Hebrew language

Hebrew is a Semitic languages of the Afro-Asiatic languages. Modern Hebrew is spoken by more than seven million people in Israel and Classical Hebrew is used for prayer or study in Jews communities around the world....
 (Israelis of eastern European background generally pronounce this as a glottal stop
Glottal stop

The glottal stop, or more fully, the voiceless glottal plosive, is a type of consonantal sound which is used in many Speech communication languages....
) has been variously described as a voiced epiglottal fricative
Voiced epiglottal fricative

The voiced epiglottal approximant/fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some Speech communication languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is <....
, an epiglottal approximant, or a pharyngealized glottal stop
Glottal stop

The glottal stop, or more fully, the voiceless glottal plosive, is a type of consonantal sound which is used in many Speech communication languages....
.

Language Word IPA
International Phonetic Alphabet

The International Phonetic Alphabet "The acronym 'IPA' strictly refers [...] to the 'International Phonetic Association'. But it is now such a common practice to use the acronym also to refer to the alphabet itself that resistance seems pedantic....
 Meaning Notes
Avar
Avar language

The modern Avar language belongs to the Avar-Andi-Tsez subgroup of the Alarodian Northeast-Caucasian language family....
 'handle' 
Chechen
Chechen language

The Chechen language is spoken by more than 1.3 million people, mostly in Chechnya and by Chechen people elsewhere....
Cyrillic alphabet

The Cyrillic alphabet is a family of alphabets, subsets of which are used by five Slavic languages national languages as well as non-Slavic . It is also used by many other languages of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Siberia and other languages in the past....
/ 		'winter' 
Hebrew
Hebrew language

Hebrew is a Semitic languages of the Afro-Asiatic languages. Modern Hebrew is spoken by more than seven million people in Israel and Classical Hebrew is used for prayer or study in Jews communities around the world....
 		 'Hebrew language' Sephardic
Sephardi Jews

Sephardi Jews are a subgroup of Jews originating in the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa, usually defined in contrast to Ashkenazi or Mizrahi Jews....
 pronunciation. See Hebrew phonology
Hebrew phonology

This article is about the phonology of the Hebrew language based on the Israeli Hebrew. It deals with current phonology and phonetics as well as with historical developments thereof, including geographical variants....
Kabyle
Kabyle language

Kabyle is a Berber language spoken by the Kabyle people. In 1995, there were 7,123,000 speakers worldwide, the majority in Algeria, where there were more than 4,500,000....
 'my (paternal) uncle ' 
Kurdish
Kurdish language

The Kurdish language is a term used for the language spoken by Kurdish people. It is mainly concentrated in the parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey....
 		 'cloud' Kurmanji dialect
Occitan
Occitan language

Occitan , known also as Lenga d'?c or Langue d'oc is a Romance languages spoken in Occitania, that is, Southern France, the Occitan Valleys of Italy, Monaco and in the Aran Valley of Spain....
southern Auvergnat 'shovel' 
Somali
Somali language

Somali is a member of the East Cushitic languages branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages language family spoken by Somali people in Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Yemen and Kenya, as well as by the Somali diaspora around the world?an estimated total population of between 10 and 16 million speakers....
 'cane' 
Sioux
Sioux language

Sioux is a Siouan language spoken by over 26,000 Sioux, making it the fifth most spoken Indigenous languages of the Americas in North America , behind Navajo language, Cree language, Inuit language and Anishinaabe language....
 		Nakota ? 'rain' 


argues that Arabic
Arabic language

Arabic is a Central Semitic language, thus related to and classified alongside other Semitic languages languages such as Hebrew language and Aramaic language....
 descriptions of a voiced pharyngeal fricative are incorrect and that Arabic varieties instead possess a pharyngealized glottal stop
Glottal stop

The glottal stop, or more fully, the voiceless glottal plosive, is a type of consonantal sound which is used in many Speech communication languages....
 (. An epiglottal fricative has also been reported.

See also

  • List of phonetics topics
    List of phonetics topics

    A * Acoustic phonetics* Active articulator* Affricate* Airstream mechanism* Alfred C. Gimson* Allophone* Alveolar approximant* Alveolar consonant...

Bibliography