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Neural tube
 
 
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In the developing vertebrate, the neural tube is the embryo
Embryo

An embryo is a multicellular organism ploidy eukaryote in its earliest stage of development, from the time of first cell division until birth, Egg , or germination....
's precursor to the central nervous system
Central nervous system

The central nervous system is the part of the nervous system that functions to coordinate the activity of all parts of the bodies of multicellular organisms....
, which comprises the brain
Brain

The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as cnidarian and echinoderm have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all....
 and spinal cord
Spinal cord

The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of neuron and glia that extends from the brain. The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system....
. The neural groove
Neural groove

Between the neural folds is a shallow median groove, the neural groove. The groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or canal, the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system....
 gradually deepens as the neural folds
Neural folds

In front of the primitive streak two longitudinal ridges, caused by a folding up of the ectoderm, make their appearance, one on either side of the middle line....
 become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or neural canal (which strictly speaking is the center of the neural tube), the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system.

e are 2 ways in which the neural tube develops: Primary neurulation
Neurulation

Neurulation is a part of organogenesis in vertebrate embryos. Steps of neurulation include the formation of the dorsal nerve cord, and the eventual formation of the central nervous system....
 and Secondary neurulation
Neurulation

Neurulation is a part of organogenesis in vertebrate embryos. Steps of neurulation include the formation of the dorsal nerve cord, and the eventual formation of the central nervous system....
.





Each organism uses primary and secondary neurulation to varying degrees.





this is the period when whe primary tube defects form

e are four subdivisions of the neural tube that will each eventually develop into distinct regions of the central nervous system: The prosencephalon
Prosencephalon

In the anatomy of the brain of vertebrates, the prosencephalon is the rostral-most portion of the brain. The prosencephalon, the mesencephalon , and rhombencephalon are the three primary portions of the brain during early developmental biology of the central nervous system....
, the mesencephalon
Mesencephalon

In biological anatomy, the mesencephalon comprises the tectum , tegmentum, the ventricular mesocoelia , and the cerebral peduncles, as well as several nuclei and fasciculi....
, the rhombencephalon
Rhombencephalon

The rhombencephalon is a Morphogenesis categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates.The rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres....
 and the spinal cord
Spinal cord

The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of neuron and glia that extends from the brain. The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system....
.

The neural tube,for a short time is open both cranially and caudally.






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Encyclopedia


In the developing vertebrate, the neural tube is the embryo
Embryo

An embryo is a multicellular organism ploidy eukaryote in its earliest stage of development, from the time of first cell division until birth, Egg , or germination....
's precursor to the central nervous system
Central nervous system

The central nervous system is the part of the nervous system that functions to coordinate the activity of all parts of the bodies of multicellular organisms....
, which comprises the brain
Brain

The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as cnidarian and echinoderm have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all....
 and spinal cord
Spinal cord

The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of neuron and glia that extends from the brain. The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system....
. The neural groove
Neural groove

Between the neural folds is a shallow median groove, the neural groove. The groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or canal, the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system....
 gradually deepens as the neural folds
Neural folds

In front of the primitive streak two longitudinal ridges, caused by a folding up of the ectoderm, make their appearance, one on either side of the middle line....
 become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or neural canal (which strictly speaking is the center of the neural tube), the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system.

Development

There are 2 ways in which the neural tube develops: Primary neurulation
Neurulation

Neurulation is a part of organogenesis in vertebrate embryos. Steps of neurulation include the formation of the dorsal nerve cord, and the eventual formation of the central nervous system....
 and Secondary neurulation
Neurulation

Neurulation is a part of organogenesis in vertebrate embryos. Steps of neurulation include the formation of the dorsal nerve cord, and the eventual formation of the central nervous system....
.

  • In primary neurulation, the cells of the neural plate
    Neural plate

    In human embryology, formation of neural plate is the first step of neurulation. It is created by a flat thickening opposite to the primitive streak of the ectoderm....
     invaginate and pinch off to form the tube.


  • In secondary neurulation, the cells of the neural plate form a cord-like structure that migrates inside the embryo and hollows to form the tube.


Each organism uses primary and secondary neurulation to varying degrees.

  • Neurulation in fish
    Fish

    A fish is any marine biology vertebrate animal that is typically ectothermic , covered with scale , and equipped with two sets of paired fins and several unpaired fins....
     proceeds only via the secondary form.


  • In avian
    Avian

    Avian may refer to:* Bird* Avian , an American metal band* Avians, a fantasy race in several fantasy settings...
     species the posterior regions of the tube develop using secondary neurulation and the anterior regions develop by primary neurulation.


  • In mammals, a similar pattern is observed where secondary neurulation begins around the 35th somite
    Somite

    A somite is a division of the body of an animal. In vertebrates this is mainly discernible in the embryo stage, in arthropods it is a characteristic of a hypothetical ancestor....
    .
this is the period when whe primary tube defects form

Structure

There are four subdivisions of the neural tube that will each eventually develop into distinct regions of the central nervous system: The prosencephalon
Prosencephalon

In the anatomy of the brain of vertebrates, the prosencephalon is the rostral-most portion of the brain. The prosencephalon, the mesencephalon , and rhombencephalon are the three primary portions of the brain during early developmental biology of the central nervous system....
, the mesencephalon
Mesencephalon

In biological anatomy, the mesencephalon comprises the tectum , tegmentum, the ventricular mesocoelia , and the cerebral peduncles, as well as several nuclei and fasciculi....
, the rhombencephalon
Rhombencephalon

The rhombencephalon is a Morphogenesis categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates.The rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres....
 and the spinal cord
Spinal cord

The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of neuron and glia that extends from the brain. The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system....
.
  • The prosencephalon further goes on to develop into the telencephalon
    Telencephalon

    The cerebrum or telencephalon, together with the diencephalon, constitute the forebrain. It is the most anterior or, especially in humans, most superior region of the vertebrate central nervous system....
     (the forebrain or cerebrum) and the diencephalon
    Diencephalon

    The diencephalon is the region of the brain that includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, prethalamus or subthalamus and pretectum. The diencephalon is located at the midline of the brain, above the mesencephalon of the brain stem....
     (the optic vesicles and hypothalamus
    Hypothalamus

    The hypothalamus is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland ....
    ).
  • The mesencephalon develops into the midbrain.
  • The rhombencephalon develops into the metencephalon
    Metencephalon

    The metencephalon is a Morphogenesis categorization of portions of the central nervous system. The metencephalon is composed of the pons and the cerebellum; contains a portion of the fourth ventricle; and the trigeminal nerve , abducens nerve , facial nerve , and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve ....
     (the pons
    Pons

    The pons is a structure located on the brain stem. It is cranial to the medulla oblongata, caudal to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum....
     and cerebellum
    Cerebellum

    The cerebellum is a region of the brain that plays an important role in the integration of perception, coordination and motoneuron control. In order to coordinate motor control, there are many neural pathways linking the cerebellum with the cerebrum motor cortex and the spinocerebellar tract ....
    ) and the myelencephalon
    Myelencephalon

    The myelencephalon is a Morphogenesis categorization of a portion of the central nervous system. The myelencephalon is composed of the medulla oblongata; contains a portion of the fourth ventricle; as well as the glossopharyngeal nerve , vagus nerve , accessory nerve , hypoglossal nerve , and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve ....
     (the medulla oblongata
    Medulla oblongata

    The medulla oblongata is the lower portion of the brainstem. It deals with Autonomic nervous system functions, such as breathing and blood pressure....
    ).


The neural tube,for a short time is open both cranially and caudally. These openings, called neuropores, close during the fourth week in the human. Improper closure of the neuropores can result in neural tube defects
Neural tube defects

A neural tube defect will occur in human embryos if there is an interference with the closure of the neural tube that occurs around the 28th day after fertilization....
 such as anencephaly
Anencephaly

Anencephaly is a cephalic disorder that results from a neural tube defect that occurs when the cephalic end of the neural tube fails to close, usually between the 23rd and 26th day of pregnancy, resulting in the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp....
 or spina bifida
Spina bifida

Spina bifida is a developmental birth defect involving the neural tube: incomplete closure of the embryonic neural tube results in an incompletely formed spinal cord....
.

The dorsal
Dorsum (biology)

In anatomy, the dorsum is the upper side of animals that typically run, fly, or swim in a horizontal position, and the back side of animals that walk upright....
 part of the neural tube contains the alar plate
Alar plate

The alar plate is a neural structure in the embryonic nervous system, part of the dorsal side of neural tube, that involves the communication of general somatic and general visceral sensory impulses....
, which is primarily associated with sensation
Sensation

Sensation is the Fiction-writing modes for portraying a character's perception of the senses. According to Ron Rozelle, ?. . .the success of your story or novel will depend on many things, but the most crucial is your ability to bring your reader into it....
. The ventral part of the neural tube contains the basal plate
Basal plate

In anatomy, basal plate may refer to:* the portion of the neural tube ventral to the sulcus limitans; see Basal plate * the portion of the decidua basalis in the placenta; see Basal plate ...
, which is primarily associated with motor (ie, muscle
MUSCLE

MUSCLE is public domain, multiple sequence alignment software for protein and nucleotide sequences.MUSCLE is integrated into UGENE bioinformatics tool as a plugin....
) control.

See also

  • Neural tube defects
    Neural tube defects

    A neural tube defect will occur in human embryos if there is an interference with the closure of the neural tube that occurs around the 28th day after fertilization....


External links