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The Mohe (or Malgal, Mogher) were a Tungusic
Tungusic languages

The Tungusic languages are spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria. Although it is a very debated subject, many linguists consider them to be part of the Altaic languages language phylum, which, if it actually exists as a genetic entity, also includes the Turkic languages and Mongolic languages language families....
 people in ancient Manchuria
Manchuria

Manchuria is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Asia. Depending on the definition of its extent, Manchuria either falls entirely within People's Republic of China, or is divided between China and Russia....
. They are sometimes considered the ancestors of medieval Jurchen
Jurchen

Jurchen may refer to:* Jurchen people, Tungusic people who inhabited the region of Manchuria until the 17th century* Jurchen script, writing system of Jurchen people...
 and modern-day Manchus. According to some records, they originally dwelt near the Liao River and later migrated southward. According to Chinese records, they were governed by the Buyeo
Buyeo (state)

Buyeo, Puyo , was an ancient Koreans kingdom located from today's Manchuria to northern North Korea, from around the 2nd century BC to 494....
 kingdom, but broke free during the Chinese Three Kingdoms
Three Kingdoms

The Three Kingdoms period is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties following immediately the loss of de facto power of the Han Dynasty emperors....
 period. They subsequently became an autonomous state.






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The Mohe (or Malgal, Mogher) were a Tungusic
Tungusic languages

The Tungusic languages are spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria. Although it is a very debated subject, many linguists consider them to be part of the Altaic languages language phylum, which, if it actually exists as a genetic entity, also includes the Turkic languages and Mongolic languages language families....
 people in ancient Manchuria
Manchuria

Manchuria is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Asia. Depending on the definition of its extent, Manchuria either falls entirely within People's Republic of China, or is divided between China and Russia....
. They are sometimes considered the ancestors of medieval Jurchen
Jurchen

Jurchen may refer to:* Jurchen people, Tungusic people who inhabited the region of Manchuria until the 17th century* Jurchen script, writing system of Jurchen people...
 and modern-day Manchus. According to some records, they originally dwelt near the Liao River and later migrated southward. According to Chinese records, they were governed by the Buyeo
Buyeo (state)

Buyeo, Puyo , was an ancient Koreans kingdom located from today's Manchuria to northern North Korea, from around the 2nd century BC to 494....
 kingdom, but broke free during the Chinese Three Kingdoms
Three Kingdoms

The Three Kingdoms period is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties following immediately the loss of de facto power of the Han Dynasty emperors....
 period. They subsequently became an autonomous state. They were involved in the early history of the Three Kingdoms of Korea
Three Kingdoms of Korea

The Three Kingdoms of Korea refer to the ancient Korean empire of Goguryeo, and kingdom of Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula and parts of Manchuria for much of the 1st millennium CE....
. The records of Baekje
Baekje

Baekje , or Paekche , was a kingdom located in southwest Korea. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla....
 and Silla
Silla

Silla was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, and the longest sustaining dynasty in Asian history. Although it was founded by King Bak Hyeokgeose of Silla, who is also known to be the originator of the Korean family name Park , the dynasty was to see the Kyungju Kim clan hold rule for most of its 992-year history....
 during the 1st century and 2nd century AD include numerous battles against the Mohe.

The Mohe were divided into various tribe
Tribe

A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally, consists of a social group existing before the development of, or outside of, states.Many anthropologists use the term to refer to societies organized largely on the basis of kinship, especially corporate descent groups ....
s, the most powerful of which were the Sumo Mohe. The Sumo Mohe were eventually conquered by Goguryeo
Goguryeo

Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Koreans Empire located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and southern Primorsky Krai....
, and the other Mohe tribes by Sui Dynasty
Sui Dynasty

The Sui Dynasty followed the Southern and Northern Dynasties and preceded the Tang Dynasty in China. It ended nearly four centuries of division between rival regimes....
 China. Many Mohe moved back toward their northern homeland in this period. The "Mohe" section of the "Beidi Zhuan" (???, Communications of the Northern "Di" Barbarians) of the "Jiu Tang Shu" (???, Old Book of Tang) states: "Their country is all (or "roughly") comprised of some tens of 'bu' (roughly "tribes," but also just generally meaning "divisions"), each having a chief, some of whom are attached to the Goryeo
Goryeo

The Goryeo Dynasty was a sovereign state established in 918 by Taejo of Goryeo. It united the Later Three Kingdoms in 936 and ruled most of the Korean peninsula until it was removed by the Joseon dynasty in 1392....
, and some of whom serve as common people (i.e., vassals) to the Tujue."

The Mohe also participated in the later kingdom of Balhae
Balhae

Balhae was an ancient multiethnic empire established after the fall of Goguryeo. After Goguryeo's capital and southern territories fell to Unified Silla, Dae Jo-young, a former Goguryeo general, whose father was Dae Jung-sang, established Jin , later called Balhae....
, 698-926. The founder of Balhae, Dae Joyeong was recorded to be a former Goguryeo
Goguryeo

Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Koreans Empire located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and southern Primorsky Krai....
 general of Sumo Mohe stock (New Book of Tang
New Book of Tang

The New Book of Tang , is a classic work of history about the Tang Dynasty edited by Ouyang Xiu and Song Qi and other official scholars of the Song Dynasty....
), although the Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms (Samguk Yusa) written by Koreans several hundred years later states that he was of Goguryeo stock. After the fall of Balhae, few historical traces of the Mohe can be found, though they are considered to be the main ethnic group that became the Jurchen
Jurchen

Jurchen may refer to:* Jurchen people, Tungusic people who inhabited the region of Manchuria until the 17th century* Jurchen script, writing system of Jurchen people...
.

The name of the Mohe also appears as "Maka" in "Shin-Maka" (Japanese ???, ????) or "New Mohe," the name of a dance and the musical piece that accompanies it, which was introduced to the Japanese court during the Nara Period or around the beginning of the Heian Period from the Balhae
Balhae

Balhae was an ancient multiethnic empire established after the fall of Goguryeo. After Goguryeo's capital and southern territories fell to Unified Silla, Dae Jo-young, a former Goguryeo general, whose father was Dae Jung-sang, established Jin , later called Balhae....
 Kingdom. In modern Japanese historical texts, the name of the Mohe is annotated with the "kana
Kana

Kana are the Syllabary Japanese language scripts, as opposed to the Logogram Chinese characters known in Japan as kanji and the Roman alphabet known as romaji....
" reading Makkatsu, which is probably a reading pronunciation based on the standard Sino-Japanese readings of the Chinese characters used to transcribe the ethnonym of the Mohe.

The ethnonym of the Mohe bears a notable resemblance to that of the later historically attested *Motgit (Chinese characters : ?? Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese

Middle Chinese , or Ancient Chinese as used by linguist Bernhard Karlgren, refers to the Chinese language spoken during Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Sui dynasty, Tang dynasty, and Song dynasty dynasties ....
 : Moji Korean
Korean language

Korean is the official language of North Korea and South Korea. It is also one of the two official languages in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in People's Republic of China....
: ?? Japanese
Japanese language

IPA: [n?iho?go] is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities. It is related to the Ryukyuan languages....
: ???? pinyin
Pinyin

Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most commonly used Romanization system for Standard Mandarin. Hanyu is the Chinese Language, and pinyin means "phonetics", or more literally, "spelling sound" or "spelled sound"....
 : Wùjí), as well as to that of the medieval Merkit
Merkit

The Merkit, Merged, or Mergid were a Turkic peoples or Mongol tribe with a fiercereputation that inhabited southeastern Siberia during the Middle Ages....
s, who opposed the rise of the Mongols
Mongols

The name Mongol specifies one or several ethnic groups, now mainly located in Mongolia, China, and Russia....
 lead by Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan , born , was the founder, Khan and Khagan of the Mongol Empire, the World's largest empires contiguous empire in history....
.

Mohe Tribes

According to some records, there were seven/eight Mohe tribes :
Moji/Merjie/WujiMohe/Mogher/MalgalModern location
Sumo tribe
???
??? (Sogmalbu)		Sumo tribe
???
??? (Sogmalbu)		near Songhua River
Songhua River

The Songhua River is a river in Northeast China, and is the largest tributary of the Amur , flowing about 1,927 km from Changbai Mountains through the Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces....
Baishan tribe
???
??? (Baeksanbu)		Baishan tribe
???
??? (Baeksanbu)		near Changbai Mountains
Changbai Mountains

The Changbai Mountains or Baekdu Mountains are a mountain range on the border between China and North Korea . The range extends from the Northeast China China provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning to the North Korean provinces of Ryanggang and Chagang....
Yulou tribe
??
?? (Uru)		Yulou tribe
??
?? (Uru)		on the Suifun Basin
Bodo tribe
???
??? (Baekdolbu)		Bodo tribe
???
??? (Baekdolbu)		 
Funie tribe
???
?? (Bulyeol)		Funie tribe
???
?? (Bulyeol)		near the Mudanjiang River
Mudanjiang River

The Mudanjiang River or Mudan River , translated as the Peony River is a river in Heilongjiang province in China. It flows into Lake Jingpo....
 on the Khanka
Khanka Lake

Khanka Lake , is a transboundary freshwater body located on the border between Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China and Primorsky Krai, Russia ....
 Basin
Anchegu tribe
????
???? (Anchagolbu)		Tieli tribe
??
?? (Cheolli)		 
Haoshih tribe
???/???
??? (Hosilbu)		Yuexi tribe
??
?? (Weolheui)		 
Heishui tribe
Heishui Mohe

The Heishui Mohe or Heuksoo Malgal or Black-Water Mohe , were the most feared among the Mohe tribes. They lived in the northernmost part of Manchuria, on the vicinity of the Amur River banks on the actual Khabarovsk Krai and the northern part of Heilongjiang Province....
 
???
??? (Heuksubu)		Heishui tribe
???
??? (Heuksubu)		low banks of Heilongjiang
Heilongjiang

is a political divisions of China of the People's Republic of China located in the Northeast China part of the country. "Heilongjiang" literally means Black Chinese dragon River, which is the Chinese name for the Amur river....


Notable personalities


Sumo Mohe/Yan Prefecture Mohe chieftains

  • Tudiji (??? Hangul
    Hangul

    Hangul is the native alphabet of the Korean language, as distinguished from the logogram Sino-Korean vocabulary hanja system. It was created in the mid-fifteenth century, and is now the official writing system of both North Korea and South Korea, being co-official in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture of China....
     : ??? Pinyin
    Pinyin

    Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most commonly used Romanization system for Standard Mandarin. Hanyu is the Chinese Language, and pinyin means "phonetics", or more literally, "spelling sound" or "spelled sound"....
    :Tudìji) ca. 580-620
  • Li Jin-xing (??? Hangul
    Hangul

    Hangul is the native alphabet of the Korean language, as distinguished from the logogram Sino-Korean vocabulary hanja system. It was created in the mid-fifteenth century, and is now the official writing system of both North Korea and South Korea, being co-official in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture of China....
     : ??? Pinyin
    Pinyin

    Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most commonly used Romanization system for Standard Mandarin. Hanyu is the Chinese Language, and pinyin means "phonetics", or more literally, "spelling sound" or "spelled sound"....
    :Li Jinháng) (619-683), Chinese name of the Mogher chieftain Tudiji's son
  • Li Duozuo
    Li Duozuo

    Li Duozuo , formally the Prince of Liaoyang , was an ethnically Mohe general of the History of China dynasty Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty....
     (??? Hangul
    Hangul

    Hangul is the native alphabet of the Korean language, as distinguished from the logogram Sino-Korean vocabulary hanja system. It was created in the mid-fifteenth century, and is now the official writing system of both North Korea and South Korea, being co-official in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture of China....
     : ??? Pinyin
    Pinyin

    Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most commonly used Romanization system for Standard Mandarin. Hanyu is the Chinese Language, and pinyin means "phonetics", or more literally, "spelling sound" or "spelled sound"....
    :Li Duozuò)
  • Qiqi Zhongxiang (???? Hangul
    Hangul

    Hangul is the native alphabet of the Korean language, as distinguished from the logogram Sino-Korean vocabulary hanja system. It was created in the mid-fifteenth century, and is now the official writing system of both North Korea and South Korea, being co-official in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture of China....
     : ???? pinyin
    Pinyin

    Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most commonly used Romanization system for Standard Mandarin. Hanyu is the Chinese Language, and pinyin means "phonetics", or more literally, "spelling sound" or "spelled sound"....
    :Qiqi Zhòngxiàng) later known as Dae Jung-sang
    Dae Jung-sang

    Dae Jung-sang was the contribute of Balhae, and the father of Dae Joyeong, who was the founder of Balhae. Though much of the credit for the founding of Balhae went to his son, many historians still give credit to Dae Jung-sang as the main supporter and leader in the founding of Balhae....
    .


Footnotes




See also

  • History of China
    History of China

    China civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River valley in the Neolithic era. The written history of China begins with the Shang Dynasty ....
  • History of Korea
    History of Korea

    The history of Korea stretches from Lower Paleolithic times to the present. The earliest known Korean pottery dates to around 8000 BC, and the Neolithic period began before 6000 BC, followed by the Bronze Age around 2500 BC....
  • List of Korea-related topics
    List of Korea-related topics

    This is a list of articles on Korea-related people, places, things, and concepts. For help on how to use this list, see the #Introduction below....
  • Balhae
    Balhae

    Balhae was an ancient multiethnic empire established after the fall of Goguryeo. After Goguryeo's capital and southern territories fell to Unified Silla, Dae Jo-young, a former Goguryeo general, whose father was Dae Jung-sang, established Jin , later called Balhae....