• Apparatus Respiratorius; Respiratory system
  Respiratory system
  The respiratory system is the anatomical system of an organism that introduces respiratory gases to the interior and performs gas exchange. In humans and other mammals, the anatomical features of the respiratory system include airways, lungs, and the respiratory muscles...
  
  
• Respiratory apparatus: development
  Developmental biology
  Developmental biology is the study of the process by which organisms grow and develop. Modern developmental biology studies the genetic control of cell growth, differentiation and "morphogenesis", which is the process that gives rise to tissues, organs and anatomy.- Related fields of study...
  
   of
  • laryngo-tracheal tube
  • lung buds
    Lung buds
    The cephalic part of the laryngo-tracheal tube becomes the larynx, and its next succeeding part the trachea, while from its caudal end two lateral outgrowths, the right and left respiratory buds or lung buds, arise, and from them the bronchi and lungs are developed.-External links:* *...
    
    
  • arytenoid swellings
  • furcula of His

Cartilages of the larynx (cartilagines laryngis)

• Thyroid cartilage
  Thyroid cartilage
  The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx....
  
   (cartilago thyreoidea)
  • laryngeal prominence (pomum Adami)
  • superior thyroid notch
    Superior thyroid notch
    Immediately above the laryngeal prominence the laminæ are separated by a V-shaped notch, the superior thyroid notch....
    
    
  • oblique line

• Thyroid cartilage
  Thyroid cartilage
  The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx....
  
   (cartilago thyreoidea)
  • intrathyroid cartilage
• Cricoid cartilage (cartilago cricoidea)
  • posterior quadrate lamina (lamina cartilaginis cricoideæ; posterior portion)
  • arch (arcus cartilaginis cricoideæ; anterior portion)

• Arytenoid cartilages (cartilagines arytænoideæ)
  • colliculus
  • crista arcuata
• Corniculate cartilages
  Corniculate cartilages
  The corniculate cartilages are two small conical nodules consisting of yellow elastic cartilage, which articulate with the summits of the arytenoid cartilages and serve to prolong them posteriorly and medially....
  
   (cartilagines corniculatæ; cartilages of Santorini)
• Cuneiform cartilages
  Cuneiform cartilages
  The cuneiform cartilages of the larynx are two small, elongated pieces of yellow elastic cartilage, placed one on either side, in the aryepiglottic fold, where they give rise to small whitish elevations on the surface of the mucous membrane, just in front of the arytenoid cartilages....
  
   (cartilagines cuneiformes; cartilages of Wrisberg)
• Epiglottis
  Epiglottis
  The epiglottis is a flap that is made of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the entrance of the larynx. It projects obliquely upwards behind the tongue and the hyoid bone, pointing dorsally. The term, like tonsils, is often incorrectly used to refer to the uvula...
  
   (cartilago epiglottica)
• glossoepiglottic folds
  Glossoepiglottic folds
  The anterior or lingual surface of the epiglottis is curved forward, and covered on its upper, free part by mucous membrane which is reflected on to the sides and root of the tongue, forming a median and two lateral glossoepiglottic folds; the lateral folds are partly attached to the wall of the...
  
  
• valleculae

• Extrinsic Ligaments
  • Hyothyroid membrane
    Hyothyroid membrane
    The hyothyroid membrane is a broad, fibro-elastic layer, attached below to the upper border of the thyroid cartilage and to the front of its superior cornu, and above to the upper margin of the posterior surface of the body and greater cornua of the hyoid bone, thus passing behind the posterior...
    
     (membrana hyothyreoidea; thyrohyoid membrane)

• Extrinsic Ligaments
  • middle hyothyroid ligament (ligamentum hyothyreoideum medium; middle thyrohyoid ligament)
  • Lateral hyothyroid ligament
    Lateral hyothyroid ligament
    The lateral thyrohyoid ligament is a round elastic cord, which forms the posterior border of the hyothyroid membrane and passes between the tip of the superior cornu of the thyroid cartilage and the extremity of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone...
    
     (ligamentum hyothyreoideum laterale; lateral thyrohyoid ligament)
  • hyoepiglottic ligament
    Hyoepiglottic ligament
    The hyoepiglottic ligament is an elastic band connecting the anterior surface of the epiglottis to the upper border of the body of the hyoid bone...
    
     (ligamentum hyoepiglotticum)
  • Cricotracheal ligament
    Cricotracheal ligament
    The cricotracheal ligament connects the cricoid cartilage with the first ring of the trachea.It resembles the fibrous membrane which connects the cartilaginous rings of the trachea to each other....
    
     (ligamentum cricotracheale)
• Intrinsic Ligaments
  • elastic membrane of the larynx

• Intrinsic Ligaments
  • Conus elasticus
    Conus elasticus
    The conus elasticus is the lateral portion of the cricothyroid ligament.The lateral portions are thinner and lie close under the mucous membrane of the larynx; they extend from the superior border of the cricoid cartilage to the inferior margin of the vocal ligaments, with which they are...
    
     (cricothyroid membrane)
  • anterior part or middle cricothyroid ligament (ligamentum cricothyreoideum medium; central part of cricothyroid membrane)
  • posterior cricoarytenoid ligament (ligamentum cricoarytenoideum posterius)
  • thyroepiglottic ligament
    Thyroepiglottic ligament
    The free extremity of the epiglottis is broad and rounded; the attached part or stem is long, narrow, and connected by the thyroepiglottic ligament to the angle formed by the two laminæ of the thyroid cartilage, a short distance below the superior thyroid notch....
    
     (ligamentum thyreoepiglotticum)

• cavity of the larynx (cavum laryngis)
  • rima glottidis
    Rima glottidis
    The rima glottidis is the opening between the true vocal cords and the arytenoid cartilages.It is normally subdivided into two parts, that between the arytenoid cartilages is called the intercartilaginous part , and that between the vocal folds the intermembranous part or glottis vocalis.It is...
    
    
  • vestibule of larynx
    Vestibule of larynx
    The portion of the cavity of the larynx above the vocal folds is called the vestibule; it is wide and triangular in shape, its base or anterior wall presenting, however, about its center the backward projection of the tubercle of the epiglottis. It contains the ventricular folds, and between these...
    
    
  • ventricles of the larynx

• entrance of the larynx
  • aryepiglottic fold
    Aryepiglottic fold
    The entrance of the larynx is a triangular opening, narrow in front, wide behind, and sloping obliquely downward and backward. It is bound, in front, by the epiglottis; behind, by the apices of the arytenoid cartilages, the corniculate cartilages, and the interarytenoid notch; and on either side,...
    
    
  • cuneiform tubercle
• Ventricular folds (plicœ ventriculares; superior or false vocal cords)
  • ventricular ligament
• Vocal folds
  Vocal folds
  The vocal folds, also known commonly as vocal cords, are composed of twin infoldings of mucous membrane stretched horizontally across the larynx...
  
   (plicœ vocales; inferior or true vocal cords)
  • vocal ligaments
    Vocal ligaments
    The vocal ligaments are two strong bands enclosed within the vocal folds.Each ligament consists of a band of yellow elastic tissue, attached in front to the angle of the thyroid cartilage, and behind to the vocal process of the arytenoid....
    
     (ligamenta vocales; inferior thyroarytenoid)

• Ventricle of the larynx
  Ventricle of the larynx
  The ventricle of the larynx is a fusiform fossa, situated between the ventricular and vocal folds on either side, and extending nearly their entire length....
  
   (ventriculus laryngis [Morgagnii]; laryngeal sinus)
  • appendix of the laryngeal ventricle
    Appendix of the laryngeal ventricle
    The appendix of the laryngeal ventricle is a diverticulum which extends vertically from the ventricle of the larynx. It runs between the vestibular fold, thyroarytenoid muscle, and thyroid cartilage, and is conical, bending slightly backward. It is covered in roughly 70 mucous glands...
    
     (appendix ventriculi laryngis; laryngeal saccule)
• Rima glottidis
  Rima glottidis
  The rima glottidis is the opening between the true vocal cords and the arytenoid cartilages.It is normally subdivided into two parts, that between the arytenoid cartilages is called the intercartilaginous part , and that between the vocal folds the intermembranous part or glottis vocalis.It is...
  
  

• Cricoarytænoideus posterior (posterior cricoarytenoid)
• Cricoarytænoideus lateralis (lateral cricoarytenoid)
• Arytænoideus
  • Arytænoideus obliquus

• Arytænoideus
  • Aryepiglotticus
  • Arytænoideus transversus
• Thyreoarytænoideus (Thyroarytenoid)
  • Vocalis
  • Thyreoepiglotticus
  • Ventricularis

• Right bronchus (bronchus dexter)
• eparterial branch
• hyparterial branch
• Left bronchus (bronchus sinister)

• pleura - by layer
  • pleural cavity
    Pleural cavity
    In human anatomy, the pleural cavity is the potential space between the two pleura of the lungs. The pleura is a serous membrane which folds back onto itself to form a two-layered, membrane structure. The thin space between the two pleural layers is known as the pleural cavity; it normally...
    
    
• pleura - by position
  • costal pleura
    Costal pleura
    Different portions of the parietal pleura have received special names which indicate their position: thus, that portion which lines the inner surfaces of the ribs and Intercostales is the costal pleura....
    
    
  • diaphragmatic pleura
    Diaphragmatic pleura
    Different portions of the parietal pleura have received special names which indicate their position: that clothing the convex surface of the diaphragm is the diaphragmatic pleura. It, as well as the mediastinal pleura, is innervated by the phrenic nerve....
    
    
  • cupula of the pleura (cervical pleura
    Cervical pleura
    Different portions of the parietal pleura have received special names which indicate their position: thus, that which rises into the neck, over the summit of the lung, is the cupula of the pleura ....
    
    )
  • mediastinal pleura
    Mediastinal pleura
    Different portions of the parietal pleura have received special names which indicate their position: thus, that portion which lines the inner surfaces of the ribs and Intercostales is the costal pleura; that clothing the convex surface of the diaphragm is the diaphragmatic pleura; that which rises...
    
    
• Reflections of the Pleura
  • posterior mediastinum
    Posterior mediastinum
    The posterior mediastinum is an irregular triangular space running parallel with the vertebral column.-Boundaries:It is bounded:* anteriorly by the pericardium * inferiorly by the thoracic surface of the diaphragm ....
    
    
  • pulmonary ligament
    Pulmonary ligament
    The root of the lung is covered in front, above, and behind by pleura; at its inferior border, the investing layers come into contact. Here they form a sort of mesenteric fold, the pulmonary ligament, which extends between the inferior part of the mediastinal surface of the lung and the pericardium...
    
    

• Reflections of the Pleura
  • pericardial pleura
  • Sibson's fascia
  • phrenicocostal sinus

• Reflections of the Pleura
  • costomediastinal sinus
• Pulmonary ligament
  Pulmonary ligament
  The root of the lung is covered in front, above, and behind by pleura; at its inferior border, the investing layers come into contact. Here they form a sort of mesenteric fold, the pulmonary ligament, which extends between the inferior part of the mediastinal surface of the lung and the pericardium...
  
   (ligamentum pulmonale; ligamentum latum pulmonis)

• Apex pulmonis
• Basis pulmonis
• Surfaces
  • costal surface
    Costal surface of lung
    The costal surface of the lung is smooth, convex, of considerable extent, and corresponds to the form of the cavity of the chest, being deeper behind than in front....
    
     (facies costalis; external or thoracic surface)

• Surfaces
  • mediastinal surface (facies mediastinalis; inner surface)
    • cardiac impression
      Cardiac impression on lung
      The mediastinal surface of the lung presents a deep concavity, the cardiac impression, which accommodates the pericardium; this is larger and deeper on the left lung than on the right lung, on account of the heart projecting farther to the left than to the right side of the median plane....
      
      
    • hilum of lung
      Hilum of lung
      Above and behind the cardiac impression is a triangular depression named the hilum, where the structures which form the root of the lung enter and leave the viscus. These include the pulmonary artery, superiormost on the left lung, the superior and inferior pulmonary veins, lymphatic vessels and...
      
      

• Borders
  • inferior border of lung (margo inferior)
  • posterior border of lung (margo posterior)
  • anterior border of lung (margo anterior)
    • cardiac notch
• Fissures and Lobes of the Lungs
  • left lung
    Left lung
    The human left lung is divided into two lobes, an upper and a lower, by the oblique fissure, which extends from the costal to the mediastinal surface of the lung both above and below the hilum....
    
    
    • superior lobe
    • inferior lobe

• Fissures and Lobes of the Lungs
  • right lung
    Right lung
    The human right lung is divided into three lobes , superior, middle, and inferior, by two interlobular fissures:-Fissures:...
    
    
    • superior lobe
    • middle lobe
    • inferior lobe
• Root of the lung
  Root of the lung
  A little above the middle of the mediastinal surface of each lung, and nearer its posterior than its anterior border, is its root, by which the lung is connected to the heart and the trachea....
  
   (radix pulmonis)
• Divisions of the Bronchi
  • right bronchus
  • eparterial bronchus
    Eparterial bronchus
    Also known as the right superior lobar bronchus, the eparterial bronchus is a branch of the right main bronchus given off about 2.5 cm. from the bifurcation of the trachea. This branch supplies the superior lobe of the right lung and is the most superior of all secondary bronchi...
    
    
  • hyparterial bronchi
  • left bronchus

• Structure
  • intrapulmonary bronchi
  • lobular bronchioles
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • Atria of bronchi
  • alveolar sacs
  • alveoli or air sacs

• Vessels
  Blood vessel
  The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system that transports blood throughout the body. There are three major types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart; the capillaries, which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and...
  
   and Nerves
  • pulmonary artery
    Pulmonary artery
    The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood....
    
    
  • pulmonary capillaries
  • pulmonary veins
  • bronchial arteries
  • bronchial vein

• Development of the Digestive tube
  • fore-gut
  • hind-gut
• Mouth
  Mouth
  The mouth is the first portion of the alimentary canal that receives food andsaliva. The oral mucosa is the mucous membrane epithelium lining the inside of the mouth....
  
  
  • stomodeum
    Stomodeum
    The stomodeum, also called stomatodeum or stomatodaeum, is a depression between the brain and the pericardium in an embryo, and is the precursor of the mouth and the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.-Structure:...
    
    

• Mouth
  Mouth
  The mouth is the first portion of the alimentary canal that receives food andsaliva. The oral mucosa is the mucous membrane epithelium lining the inside of the mouth....
  
  
  • primary labial groove
  • secondary labial groove
  • lateral swellings
• Salivary glands
• Tongue
  Tongue
  The tongue is a muscular hydrostat on the floors of the mouths of most vertebrates which manipulates food for mastication. It is the primary organ of taste , as much of the upper surface of the tongue is covered in papillae and taste buds. It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva, and is richly...
  
  
  • tuberculum impar
    Tuberculum impar
    During the third week of embryological development there appears, immediately behind the ventral ends of the two halves of the mandibular arch, a rounded swelling named the tuberculum impar, which was described by His as undergoing enlargement to form the buccal part of the tongue.More recent...
    
    

• Tongue
  Tongue
  The tongue is a muscular hydrostat on the floors of the mouths of most vertebrates which manipulates food for mastication. It is the primary organ of taste , as much of the upper surface of the tongue is covered in papillae and taste buds. It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva, and is richly...
  
  
  • furcula
    Furcula
    The ' is a forked bone found in birds, formed by the fusion of the two clavicles. In birds, its function is the strengthening of the thoracic skeleton to withstand the rigors of flight....
    
    
  • copula
    Copula linguae
    Also known as the hypobranchial eminence.The furcula is at first separated from the tuberculum impar by a depression, but later by a ridge, the copula, formed by the forward growth and fusion of the ventral ends of the second, third, and part of the fourth branchial arches....
    
    
  • foramen cecum
    Foramen cecum (tongue)
    The dorsum of the tongue is convex and marked by a median sulcus, which divides it into symmetrical halves; this sulcus ends behind, about 2.5 cm from the root of the organ, in a depression, the foramen cecum , from which a shallow groove, the sulcus terminalis, runs lateral and anterior on either...
    
    
• Palatine tonsils
• Further Development of the Digestive tube
  • yolk-stalk or vitelline duct
    Vitelline duct
    In the human embryo, the vitelline duct, also known as the omphalomesenteric duct, is a long narrow tube that joins the yolk sac to the midgut lumen of the developing fetus...
    
    
  • ventral mesogastrium
  • posterior common mesentery
  • dorsal mesogastrium

• Further Development of the Digestive tube
  • mesocolon

• Further Development of the Digestive tube
  • bursa omentalis
  • foramen epiploicum or foramen of Winslow

• The Rectum and Anal Canal
  • entodermal cloaca
  • cloacal membrane
    Cloacal membrane
    The cloacal membrane is the membrane that covers the embryonic cloaca when still in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs.It is formed by ectoderm and endoderm coming into contact with each other...
    
    
  • ectodermal cloaca
  • urorectal septum
    Urorectal septum
    The entodermal cloaca is divided into a dorsal and a ventral part by means of a partition, the urorectal septum, which grows downward from the ridge separating the allantoic from the cloacal opening of the intestine and ultimately fuses with the cloacal membrane and divides it into an anal and a...
    
    
  • cloacal duct

• The Rectum and Anal Canal
  • proctodeum
    Proctodeum
    A proctodeum is the back ectodermal part of an alimentary canal. It is created during embryogenesis by a folding of the outer body wall. It will form the lower part of the anal canal, below the pectinate line, which will be lined by stratified squamous non-keratinized and stratified squamous...
    
    
  • anal membrane
  • post-anal gut

• cavity of the mouth
• vestibule (vestibulum oris)
• rima
  Rima
  Rima, also known as Rima the Jungle Girl, is the fictional heroine of W. H. Hudson's 1904 novel Green Mansions: A Romance of the Tropical Forest. In 1974, she was adapted into a comic book character and featured in the short-lived monthly series Rima the Jungle Girl, published by DC Comics...
  
  
• Mouth cavity proper (cavum oris proprium)
• isthmus faucium
• mucous membrane
  Mucous membrane
  The mucous membranes are linings of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which are involved in absorption and secretion. They line cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs...
  
  

• Lip
  Lip
  Lips are a visible body part at the mouth of humans and many animals. Lips are soft, movable, and serve as the opening for food intake and in the articulation of sound and speech...
  
  s (labia oris)
• frenulum
  Frenulum
  A frenulum is a small fold of tissue that secures or restricts the motion of a mobile organ in the body.-In human anatomy:...
  
  
• Labial glands
  Labial glands
  The labial glands are situated between the mucous membrane and the Orbicularis oris, around the orifice of the mouth.They are circular in form, and about the size of small peas; their ducts open by minute orifices upon the mucous membrane....
  
   (glandulœ labiales)

• Cheeks (buccæ)
• mucous membrane
  Mucous membrane
  The mucous membranes are linings of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which are involved in absorption and secretion. They line cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs...
  
  
• molar glands
• Gums (gingivœ)
• Palate
  Palate
  The palate is the roof of the mouth in humans and other mammals. It separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. A similar structure is found in crocodilians, but, in most other tetrapods, the oral and nasal cavities are not truly separate. The palate is divided into two parts, the anterior...
  
   (palatum)
• Hard palate
  Hard palate
  The hard palate is a thin horizontal bony plate of the skull, located in the roof of the mouth. It spans the arch formed by the upper teeth.It is formed by the palatine process of the maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bone....
  
   (palatum durum)
• Soft palate
  Soft palate
  The soft palate is the soft tissue constituting the back of the roof of the mouth. The soft palate is distinguished from the hard palate at the front of the mouth in that it does not contain bone....
  
   (palatum molle)
• palatine velum
• palatine uvula
• pillars of the fauces
  Pillars of the fauces
  The pillars of the fauces are arches found in the fauces of the mouth.They include:* Palatoglossal arch* Palatopharyngeal arch...
  
  

• General characteristics of teeth
  • crown
    Crown (dentistry)
    A crown is a type of dental restoration which completely caps or encircles a tooth or dental implant. Crowns are often needed when a large cavity threatens the ongoing health of a tooth. They are typically bonded to the tooth using a dental cement. Crowns can be made from many materials, which...
    
    
  • root
    Root
    In vascular plants, the root is the organ of a plant that typically lies below the surface of the soil. This is not always the case, however, since a root can also be aerial or aerating . Furthermore, a stem normally occurring below ground is not exceptional either...
    
    
  • neck
    Neck
    The neck is the part of the body, on many terrestrial or secondarily aquatic vertebrates, that distinguishes the head from the torso or trunk. The adjective signifying "of the neck" is cervical .-Boner anatomy: The cervical spine:The cervical portion of the human spine comprises seven boney...
    
    
  • surfaces of a tooth
    Tooth
    Teeth are small, calcified, whitish structures found in the jaws of many vertebrates that are used to break down food. Some animals, particularly carnivores, also use teeth for hunting or for defensive purposes. The roots of teeth are embedded in the Mandible bone or the Maxillary bone and are...
    
    
    • buccal surface
    • lingual surface
    • surfaces of contact
  • dental arches
    Dental arches
    The superior dental arch is larger than the inferior, so that in the normal condition the teeth in the maxillae slightly overlap those of the mandible both in front and at the sides....
    
    

• Permanent teeth
  Permanent teeth
  Permanent teeth are the second set of teeth formed in humans. There are thirty-two permanent teeth, consisting of six maxillary and six mandibular molars, four maxillary and four mandibular premolars, two maxillary and two mandibular canines, four maxillary and four mandibular incisors.The first...
  
   (dentes permanentes)
  • Incisors (dentes incisivi; incisive or cutting teeth)

• Permanent teeth
  Permanent teeth
  Permanent teeth are the second set of teeth formed in humans. There are thirty-two permanent teeth, consisting of six maxillary and six mandibular molars, four maxillary and four mandibular premolars, two maxillary and two mandibular canines, four maxillary and four mandibular incisors.The first...
  
   (dentes permanentes)
  • Incisors (dentes incisivi; incisive or cutting teeth)
    • crown
      Crown (dentistry)
      A crown is a type of dental restoration which completely caps or encircles a tooth or dental implant. Crowns are often needed when a large cavity threatens the ongoing health of a tooth. They are typically bonded to the tooth using a dental cement. Crowns can be made from many materials, which...
      
      
    • basal ridge (Cingulum
      Cingulum (tooth)
      In dentistry, cingulum refers to an anatomical feature of the anterior teeth . It refers to the portion of the teeth, occurring on the lingual or palatal aspects, that forms a convex protuberance at the cervical third of the anatomic crown. It represents the lingual or palatal developmental lobe...
      
      )
  • Canine teeth (dentes canini)

• Permanent teeth
  Permanent teeth
  Permanent teeth are the second set of teeth formed in humans. There are thirty-two permanent teeth, consisting of six maxillary and six mandibular molars, four maxillary and four mandibular premolars, two maxillary and two mandibular canines, four maxillary and four mandibular incisors.The first...
  
   (dentes permanentes)
  • Canine teeth (dentes canini)
    • upper canine teeth (eye teeth)
    • lower canine teeth (stomach teeth)

• Permanent teeth
  Permanent teeth
  Permanent teeth are the second set of teeth formed in humans. There are thirty-two permanent teeth, consisting of six maxillary and six mandibular molars, four maxillary and four mandibular premolars, two maxillary and two mandibular canines, four maxillary and four mandibular incisors.The first...
  
   (dentes permanentes)
  • Premolars or Bicuspid teeth (dentes præmolares)
  • Molar teeth (dentes molares)
    • multicuspids
    • dens serotinus or wisdom-tooth
  • Deciduous teeth
    Deciduous teeth
    Deciduous teeth, otherwise known as reborner teeth, baby teeth, temporary teeth and primary teeth, are the first set of teeth in the growth development of humans and many other mammals. In some Asian countries they are referred to as fall teeth as they will eventually fall out, while in almost all...
    
     (dentes decidui; temporary or milk teeth)
• Structure of the teeth
  • pulp cavity
  • dental pulp
  • odontoblasts of Waldeyer

• Structure of the teeth
  • enamel
    Tooth enamel
    Tooth enamel, along with dentin, cementum, and dental pulp is one of the four major tissues that make up the tooth in vertebrates. It is the hardest and most highly mineralized substance in the human body. Tooth enamel is also found in the dermal denticles of sharks...
    
    
  • cement
    Cement
    In the most general sense of the word, a cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens independently, and can bind other materials together. The word "cement" traces to the Romans, who used the term opus caementicium to describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed...
    
     (crusta petrosa)
  • dentin
    Dentin
    Dentine is a calcified tissue of the body, and along with enamel, cementum, and pulp is one of the four major components of teeth. Usually, it is covered by enamel on the crown and cementum on the root and surrounds the entire pulp...
    
     (substantia eburnea; ivory
    Ivory
    Ivory is a term for dentine, which constitutes the bulk of the teeth and tusks of animals, when used as a material for art or manufacturing. Ivory has been important since ancient times for making a range of items, from ivory carvings to false teeth, fans, dominoes, joint tubes, piano keys and...
    
    )
  • dental canaliculi
    Dental canaliculi
    The dental canaliculi are the blood supply of a tooth. The number and size of the canaliculi decrease as the tubules move away from the pulp and toward the enamel or cementum....
    
     (dentinal tubules)
    • dentinal sheath of Neumann
    • Tomes' fibers or dentinal fibers

• Structure of the teeth
  • matrix (intertubular dentin)
    • incremental lines of Salter
    • interglobular spaces
    • granular layer
    • lines of Schreger
  • enamel
    Tooth enamel
    Tooth enamel, along with dentin, cementum, and dental pulp is one of the four major tissues that make up the tooth in vertebrates. It is the hardest and most highly mineralized substance in the human body. Tooth enamel is also found in the dermal denticles of sharks...
    
     (substantia adamantina)
    • enamel fibers or enamel prisms (prismata adamantina)
    • parallel striae (colored lines of Retzius)
  • crusta petrosa or cement
    Cement
    In the most general sense of the word, a cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens independently, and can bind other materials together. The word "cement" traces to the Romans, who used the term opus caementicium to describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed...
    
     (substantia ossea)

• Development of the deciduous teeth
  Deciduous teeth
  Deciduous teeth, otherwise known as reborner teeth, baby teeth, temporary teeth and primary teeth, are the first set of teeth in the growth development of humans and many other mammals. In some Asian countries they are referred to as fall teeth as they will eventually fall out, while in almost all...
  
  
  • labiodental lamina
  • dental lamina
    Dental lamina
    The dental lamina is a band of epithelial tissue seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth. The dental lamina is first evidence of tooth development and begins at the sixth week in utero or three weeks after the rupture of the buccopharyngeal membrane. It is formed when cells of the oral...
    
    
  • common dental germ
  • dental furrow
  • special dental germs

• Development of the deciduous teeth
  Deciduous teeth
  Deciduous teeth, otherwise known as reborner teeth, baby teeth, temporary teeth and primary teeth, are the first set of teeth in the growth development of humans and many other mammals. In some Asian countries they are referred to as fall teeth as they will eventually fall out, while in almost all...
  
  
  • enamel cells (adamantoblasts)
  • external enamel epithelium
  • enamel organ
    Enamel organ
    The enamel organ, also known as dental organ, is a cellular aggregation seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth. It lies above a condensation of ectomesenchymal cells called the dental papilla...
    
    
  • Formation of the Enamel
    Tooth enamel
    Tooth enamel, along with dentin, cementum, and dental pulp is one of the four major tissues that make up the tooth in vertebrates. It is the hardest and most highly mineralized substance in the human body. Tooth enamel is also found in the dermal denticles of sharks...
    
    
    • enamel droplet
    • cuticula dentis (Nasmyth's membrane)
  • Formation of the Dentin
    Dentin
    Dentine is a calcified tissue of the body, and along with enamel, cementum, and pulp is one of the four major components of teeth. Usually, it is covered by enamel on the crown and cementum on the root and surrounds the entire pulp...
    
    
    • dental sac
    • odontoblasts
    • prodentin
    • dentinal fibers (Tomes' fibers)

• Development of the deciduous teeth
  Deciduous teeth
  Deciduous teeth, otherwise known as reborner teeth, baby teeth, temporary teeth and primary teeth, are the first set of teeth in the growth development of humans and many other mammals. In some Asian countries they are referred to as fall teeth as they will eventually fall out, while in almost all...
  
  
  • Formation of the Cement
    Cement
    In the most general sense of the word, a cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens independently, and can bind other materials together. The word "cement" traces to the Romans, who used the term opus caementicium to describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed...
    
    
    • epithelial sheath
  • Formation of the Alveoli
    • gubernaculum dentis
• Development of the Permanent teeth
  Permanent teeth
  Permanent teeth are the second set of teeth formed in humans. There are thirty-two permanent teeth, consisting of six maxillary and six mandibular molars, four maxillary and four mandibular premolars, two maxillary and two mandibular canines, four maxillary and four mandibular incisors.The first...
  
  
  • successional permanent teeth
  • superadded permanent teeth

• Root (radix linguae base)
• Apex (apex linguae tip)
• Inferior Surface (facies inferior linguae under surface)
  • frenulum linguæ
  • plica fimbriata
    Plica fimbriata
    The plica fimbriata is a slight fold of the mucous membrane on the underside of the tongue which runs laterally on either side of the lingual frenulum...
    
    
• Dorsum of the tongue (dorsum linguæ)
  • median sulcus
    Median sulcus of the tongue
    The dorsum of the tongue is convex and marked by a median sulcus, which divides it into symmetrical halves.This sulcus ends behind, about 2.5 cm. from the root of the organ, in a depression, the foramen cecum, from which a shallow groove, the sulcus terminalis, runs lateralward and forward on...
    
    
  • foramen cecum
    Foramen cecum (tongue)
    The dorsum of the tongue is convex and marked by a median sulcus, which divides it into symmetrical halves; this sulcus ends behind, about 2.5 cm from the root of the organ, in a depression, the foramen cecum , from which a shallow groove, the sulcus terminalis, runs lateral and anterior on either...
    
    
  • sulcus terminalis

• Dorsum of the tongue (dorsum linguæ)
  • lingual tonsil
• Papillae of the tongue
  • papillae vallatae (circumvallate papillae
    Circumvallate papillae
    The circumvallate papillae are dome-shaped structures on the human tongue that vary in number from eight to twelve....
    
    )
  • papillae fungiformes
    Fungiform papilla
    The fungiform papillae are mushroom shaped papillae on the tongue. They are located on the top surface of the tongue, scattered throughout the filiform papilla but mainly at the tip and lateral margins of the tongue. They have taste buds on their superior surface which can distinguish the five...
    
     (fungiform papillae)

• Papillae of the tongue
  • papillae filiformes (filiform papillae)

• Papillae of the tongue
  • papillae conicae (conical papilae)
  • papillae simplices

• Extrinsic muscles of tongue
  Tongue
  The tongue is a muscular hydrostat on the floors of the mouths of most vertebrates which manipulates food for mastication. It is the primary organ of taste , as much of the upper surface of the tongue is covered in papillae and taste buds. It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva, and is richly...
  
  
  • Genioglossus
    Genioglossus
    The genioglossus is a muscle of the human body which runs from the chin to the tongue. The genioglossus is the major muscle responsible for protruding the tongue.-Structure:...
    
     (Geniohyoglossus)
  • Hyoglossus
    Hyoglossus
    The Hyoglossus, thin and quadrilateral, arises from the side of the body and from the whole length of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone, and passes almost vertically upward to enter the side of the tongue, between the Styloglossus and Longitudinalis inferior....
    
    

• Extrinsic muscles of tongue
  Tongue
  The tongue is a muscular hydrostat on the floors of the mouths of most vertebrates which manipulates food for mastication. It is the primary organ of taste , as much of the upper surface of the tongue is covered in papillae and taste buds. It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva, and is richly...
  
  
  • Chondroglossus
    Chondroglossus
    The Chondroglossus is sometimes described as a part of the Hyoglossus, but is separated from it by fibers of the Genioglossus, which pass to the side of the pharynx.It is about 2 cm...
    
    
  • Styloglossus
    Styloglossus
    The Styloglossus, the shortest and smallest of the three styloid muscles, arises from the anterior and lateral surfaces of the styloid process, near its apex, and from the stylomandibular ligament....
    
    
• intrinsic muscles of tongue
  Tongue
  The tongue is a muscular hydrostat on the floors of the mouths of most vertebrates which manipulates food for mastication. It is the primary organ of taste , as much of the upper surface of the tongue is covered in papillae and taste buds. It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva, and is richly...
  
  
  • Longitudinalis linguæ superior (Superior lingualis)
  • Longitudinalis linguæ inferior (Inferior lingualis)
  • Transversus linguæ (Transverse lingualis)

• intrinsic muscles of tongue
  Tongue
  The tongue is a muscular hydrostat on the floors of the mouths of most vertebrates which manipulates food for mastication. It is the primary organ of taste , as much of the upper surface of the tongue is covered in papillae and taste buds. It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva, and is richly...
  
  
  • Verticalis linguæ (Vertical lingualis)
• Structure of the Tongue
  Tongue
  The tongue is a muscular hydrostat on the floors of the mouths of most vertebrates which manipulates food for mastication. It is the primary organ of taste , as much of the upper surface of the tongue is covered in papillae and taste buds. It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva, and is richly...
  
  
  • mucous membrane
    Mucous membrane
    The mucous membranes are linings of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which are involved in absorption and secretion. They line cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs...
    
     (tunica mucosa linguae)
  • lingual tonsil
  • papillae
  • mucosa
  • corium
• Glands of the tongue
  • mucous glands
  • serous glands
    Serous glands
    Serous glands contain serous acini, a grouping of serous cells that secrete a fluid, isotonic with blood plasma, that contains enzymes such as alpha amylase....
    
    

• Septum of tongue
• hyoglossal membrane
  Hyoglossal membrane
  The hyoglossal membrane is a strong fibrous lamina, which connects the under surface of the root of the tongue to the body of the hyoid bone.This membrane receives, in front, some of the fibers of the Genioglossi....
  
  
• Taste-buds
  • papilla foliata
• Vessels and Nerves
  • lingual branch
    Lingual artery
    The lingual artery arises from the external carotid between the superior thyroid and facial artery. It can be located easily in the tongue.-Path:It first runs obliquely upward and medialward to the greater cornu of the hyoid bone....
    
     of the external carotid artery
    External carotid artery
    In human anatomy, the external carotid artery is a major artery of the head and neck. It arises from the common carotid artery when it bifurcates into the external and internal carotid artery.-Course:...
    
    , external maxillary artery and ascending pharyngeal artery
    Ascending pharyngeal artery
    The ascending pharyngeal artery, the smallest branch of the external carotid, is a long, slender vessel, deeply seated in the neck, beneath the other branches of the external carotid and under the Stylopharyngeus...
    
    
  • internal jugular vein
    Internal jugular vein
    The two internal jugular veins collect the blood from the brain, the superficial parts of the face, and the neck.-Path:On both sides and at the base of the brain, the inferior petrosal sinus and the sigmoid sinus join to form the internal jugular vein...
    
    
  • sensory nerves of the tongue
    • lingual branch
      Lingual nerve
      The lingual nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve , itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve, which supplies sensory innervation to the tongue...
      
       of the mandibular nerve
      Mandibular nerve
      The mandibular nerve is the largest of the three branches of the trigeminal nerve.-Roots:It is made up of two roots:* a large sensory root proceeding from the inferior angle of the trigeminal ganglion....
      
      
    • chorda tympani
      Chorda tympani
      The chorda tympani is a nerve that branches from the facial nerve inside the facial canal, just before the facial nerve exits the skull via the Stylomastoid foramen...
      
       branch of the facial nerve
      Facial nerve
      The facial nerve is the seventh of twelve paired cranial nerves. It emerges from the brainstem between the pons and the medulla, and controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and oral cavity...
      
      
    • lingual branch
      Lingual nerve
      The lingual nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve , itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve, which supplies sensory innervation to the tongue...
      
       of the glossopharyngeal nerve
      Glossopharyngeal nerve
      The glossopharyngeal nerve is the ninth of twelve pairs of cranial nerves . It exits the brainstem out from the sides of the upper medulla, just rostral to the vagus nerve...
      
      
    • superior laryngeal nerve
      Superior laryngeal nerve
      The superior laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve. It arises from the middle of the ganglion nodosum and in its course receives a branch from the superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic....
      
      

• Parotid gland
  Parotid gland
  The paired parotid glands are the largest of the salivary glands. They are each found wrapped around the mandibular ramus, and secrete saliva through Stensen's ducts into the oral cavity, to facilitate mastication and swallowing and to begin the digestion of starches.-Location:The parotid glands...
  
   (glandula parotis)
  • accessory part (socia parotidis)
  • parotid duct
    Parotid duct
    The parotid duct, also known as Stensen's duct, is the route that saliva takes from the parotid gland into the mouth.It passes through the buccal fat, buccopharyngeal fascia, and buccinator muscle then opens into the vestibule of the mouth next to the maxillary second molar tooth. The buccinator...
    
     (ductus parotideus; Stensen's duct)

• Submaxillary gland (glandula submaxillaris)
  • submaxillary duct
    Submaxillary duct
    The submandibular duct is one of the salivary ducts. It is about 5 cm. long, and its wall is much thinner than that of the parotid duct....
    
     (ductus submaxillaris; Wharton's duct)

• Sublingual gland
  Sublingual gland
  The sublingual glands are salivary glands in the mouth.They lie anterior to the submandibular gland under the tongue, beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth.They are drained by 8-20 excretory ducts called the ducts of Rivinus....
  
   (glandula sublingualis)
  • smaller sublingual ducts (ducts of Rivinus)
  • plica sublingualis
  • larger sublingual duct (duct of Bartholin)
• Structure of the Salivary Glands
  • mucous alveoli
  • crescents of Gianuzzi
  • demilunes of Heidenhain
  • serous alveoli

• Structure of the Salivary Glands
  • Langley's ganglion
• accessory glands

• isthmus faucium
• glossopalatine arch (arcus glossopalatinus; anterior pillar of fauces)
• pharyngopalatine arch (arcus pharyngopalatinus; posterior pillar of fauces)
• Palatine tonsils (tonsillae palatinae tonsil)

• Palatine tonsils (tonsillae palatinae tonsil)
  • supratonsillar fossa
  • plica semilunaris
    Plica semilunaris of the fauces
    The plica semilunaris is the thin upper part of the fold of mucous membrane in the supratonsillar fossa that reaches across between the two arches. The remainder of the fold is called the plica triangularis....
    
    
  • plica triangularis
  • tonsillar sinus
  • medial surface of the tonsil
  • lateral or deep surface of the tonsil
  • lingual tonsil

• palatine aponeurosis
  Palatine aponeurosis
  Attached to the posterior border of the hard palate is a thin, firm fibrous lamella called the palatine aponeurosis, which supports the muscles and gives strength to the soft palate....
  
  

• Muscle
  Muscle
  Muscle is a contractile tissue of animals and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. Muscle cells contain contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. They are classified as skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscles. Their function is to...
  
  s of the palate
  Palate
  The palate is the roof of the mouth in humans and other mammals. It separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. A similar structure is found in crocodilians, but, in most other tetrapods, the oral and nasal cavities are not truly separate. The palate is divided into two parts, the anterior...
  
  
  • Levator veli palatini
    Levator veli palatini
    The levator veli palatini is the elevator muscle of the soft palate in the human body. During swallowing, it contracts, elevating the soft palate to help prevent food from entering the nasopharynx...
    
     (Levator palati)
  • Tensor veli palatini (Tensor palati)
  • Musculus uvulae
    Musculus uvulae
    The musculus uvulae is a muscle of the soft palate.-Origin and insertion:It arises from the posterior nasal spine of the palatine bones and from the palatine aponeurosis....
    
     (Azygos uvulae)
  • Glossopalatinus (Palatoglossus)
  • Pharyngopalatinus (Palatopharyngeus)

• Muscle
  Muscle
  Muscle is a contractile tissue of animals and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. Muscle cells contain contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. They are classified as skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscles. Their function is to...
  
  s of the palate
  Palate
  The palate is the roof of the mouth in humans and other mammals. It separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. A similar structure is found in crocodilians, but, in most other tetrapods, the oral and nasal cavities are not truly separate. The palate is divided into two parts, the anterior...
  
  
  • Pharyngopalatinus (Palatopharyngeus)
    • posterior fasciculus
    • anterior fasciculus

• pharynx
  Pharynx
  The human pharynx is the part of the throat situated immediately posterior to the mouth and nasal cavity, and anterior to the esophagus and larynx. The human pharynx is conventionally divided into three sections: the nasopharynx , the oropharynx , and the laryngopharynx...
  
  
• pharyngeal recess
  Pharyngeal recess
  Behind the ostium of the eustacian tube is a deep recess, the pharyngeal recess .-Clinical significance:At the base of this recess is the retropharyngeal lymph node This is clinically significant in that it may be involved in certain head and neck cancers, notably Nasopharyngeal cancer....
  
   (fossa of Rosenmüller)
• Nasal part of the pharynx (pars nasalis pharyngis; nasopharynx
  Nasopharynx
  The nasopharynx is the uppermost part of the pharynx. It extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate; it differs from the oral and laryngeal parts of the pharynx in that its cavity always remains patent .-Lateral:On its lateral wall is the pharyngeal ostium of the...
  
  )
  • pharyngeal ostium of the auditory tube
  • torus
    Torus
    In geometry, a torus is a surface of revolution generated by revolving a circle in three dimensional space about an axis coplanar with the circle...
    
     or cushion
    Cushion
    A cushion is a soft bag of some ornamental material, stuffed with wool, hair, feathers, polyester staple fiber, non-woven material, or even paper torn into fragments. It may be used for sitting or kneeling upon, or to soften the hardness or angularity of a chair or couch...
    
    

• Nasal part of the pharynx (pars nasalis pharyngis; nasopharynx
  Nasopharynx
  The nasopharynx is the uppermost part of the pharynx. It extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate; it differs from the oral and laryngeal parts of the pharynx in that its cavity always remains patent .-Lateral:On its lateral wall is the pharyngeal ostium of the...
  
  )
  • salpingopharyngeal fold
    Salpingopharyngeal fold
    A vertical fold of mucous membrane, the salpingopharyngeal fold, stretches from the lower part of the torus tubarius; it contains the Salpingopharyngeus muscle....
    
    
  • salpingopalatine fold
    Salpingopalatine fold
    In the lateral wall of the nasopharynx, the salpingopalatine fold, smaller than the salpingopharyngeal fold, stretches from the upper part of the torus tubarius to the palate anteroinferiorly; it contains the levator veli palatini muscle...
    
    
  • pharyngeal recess
    Pharyngeal recess
    Behind the ostium of the eustacian tube is a deep recess, the pharyngeal recess .-Clinical significance:At the base of this recess is the retropharyngeal lymph node This is clinically significant in that it may be involved in certain head and neck cancers, notably Nasopharyngeal cancer....
    
     (fossa of Rosenmüller)
  • pharyngeal tonsil
  • pharyngeal bursa
• Oral part of the pharynx (pars oralis pharyngis)
  • palatine tonsil
• Laryngeal part of the pharynx (pars laryngea pharyngis)
  • sinus piriformis
• Muscles of the pharynx
  • Constrictor pharyngis inferior (Inferior constrictor)

• Muscles of the pharynx
  • Constrictor pharyngis medius (Middle constrictor)
  • Constrictor pharyngis superior (Superior constrictor)
    • sinus of Morgagni
  • Stylopharyngeus
  • Salpingopharyngeus
• Structure
  • pharyngeal aponeurosis, or fibrous coat
  • mucous coat

• Relations
  • cervical portion of the esophagus
  • thoracic portion of the esophagus

• Relations
  • abdominal portion of the esophagus
    • antrum cardiacum
• Structure
  • muscular coat
    Muscular coat
    The muscular coat is a region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa membrane...
    
     (tunica muscularis)
  • areolar or submucous coat (tela submucosa)
  • mucous coat (tunica mucosa)
    • muscularis mucosae
      Muscularis mucosae
      The lamina muscularis mucosae is the thin layer of smooth muscle found in most parts of the gastrointestinal tract, located outside the lamina propria mucosae and separating it from the submucosa....
      
      
• esophageal glands
  Esophageal glands
  The esophageal glands are small compound racemose exocrine glands of the mucous type.They are lodged in the submucous tissue, and each opens upon the surface by a long excretory duct....
  
   (glandulae aesophageæ)

• abdomen
  Abdomen
  In vertebrates such as mammals the abdomen constitutes the part of the body between the thorax and pelvis. The region enclosed by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity...
  
  
• diaphragm of the pelvis
• abdomen proper
• Apertures in the Walls of the Abdomen
  Abdomen
  In vertebrates such as mammals the abdomen constitutes the part of the body between the thorax and pelvis. The region enclosed by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity...
  
  
  • umbilical
    Navel
    The navel is a scar on the abdomen caused when the umbilical cord is removed from a newborn baby...
    
    
  • vena caval opening
  • aortic hiatus
    Aortic hiatus
    The aortic hiatus is a hole in the human diaphragm. It is the lowest and most posterior of the large apertures.It is located approximately at the level of the twelfth thoracic vertebra .-Structure:...
    
    
  • esophageal hiatus
    Esophageal hiatus
    In human anatomy, the esophageal hiatus is a hole in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes. It is located in the right crus of the diaphragm.It is located approximately at level of the tenth thoracic vertebra ....
    
    
• Regions of the abdomen
  Abdomen
  In vertebrates such as mammals the abdomen constitutes the part of the body between the thorax and pelvis. The region enclosed by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity...
  
  
  • Transpyloric plane
    Transpyloric plane
    An upper transverse line also known as Addison's Plane, is located halfway between the jugular notch and the upper border of the pubic symphysis; this indicates the margin of the transpyloric plane, which in most cases cuts through the pylorus, the tips of the ninth costal cartilages and the lower...
    
    
  • intertubercular plane

• Regions of the abdomen
  Abdomen
  In vertebrates such as mammals the abdomen constitutes the part of the body between the thorax and pelvis. The region enclosed by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity...
  
  
  • epigastric region
  • right and left hypochondriac region
  • umbilical region
    Umbilical region
    The umbilical region, in the anatomists' abdominal pelvic nine-region scheme, is the area surrounding the umbilicus . This region of the abdomen contains part of the stomach, the head of the pancreas, the duodenum, a section of the transverse colon and the lower aspects of the left and right kidney...
    
    
  • hypogastric or pubic region
  • right and left iliac or inguinal region
    Inguinal canal
    The inguinal canal is a passage in the anterior abdominal wall which in men conveys the spermatic cord and in women the round ligament. The inguinal canal is larger and more prominent in men.-Site:...
    
    
• pelvis
• greater omentum
  Greater omentum
  The greater omentum is a large fold of parietal peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach...
  
  
• Peritoneum
  Peritoneum
  The peritoneum is the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or the coelom — it covers most of the intra-abdominal organs — in amniotes and some invertebrates...
  
   (Tunica serosa)

• Peritoneum
  Peritoneum
  The peritoneum is the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or the coelom — it covers most of the intra-abdominal organs — in amniotes and some invertebrates...
  
   (Tunica serosa)
  • visceral peritoneum
  • parietal peritoneum
  • subserous areolar tissue
  • peritoneal cavity
    Peritoneal cavity
    The peritoneal cavity is a potential space between the parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum, that is, the two membranes that separate the organs in the abdominal cavity from the abdominal wall...
    
    
    • omental bursa
    • epiploic foramen (foramen of Winslow)

• Vertical Disposition of the Main peritoneal cavity (greater sac
  Greater sac
  In human anatomy, the greater sac, also known as the general cavity or peritoneum of the peritoneal cavity proper, is the cavity in the abdomen that is inside the peritoneum but outside of the lesser sac....
  
  )
  • ligamentum teres
    Round ligament of liver
    In anatomy, the round ligament of liver is a degenerative string of tissue that exists in the free edge of the falciform ligament of the liver...
    
     (obliterated umbilical vein)
  • falciform ligament of the liver
  • superior layer of the coronary ligament
    Coronary ligament
    The coronary ligament of the liver refers to parts of the peritoneal reflections that hold the liver to the inferior surface of the diaphragm.-Structure:...
    
    
  • superior layer of the left triangular ligament
    Left triangular ligament
    The left triangular ligament is a fold of some considerable size, which connects the posterior part of the upper surface of the left lobe of the liver to the diaphragm; its anterior layer is continuous with the left layer of the falciform ligament....
    
    
  • inferior layer of the coronary ligament
    Coronary ligament
    The coronary ligament of the liver refers to parts of the peritoneal reflections that hold the liver to the inferior surface of the diaphragm.-Structure:...
    
    
  • hepatorenal ligament
    Hepatorenal ligament
    The hepatorenal ligament is the fold or pouch of peritoneum that extends from the lower posterior surface of the liver to the anterior surface of the right kidney and forms the right margin of the epiploic foramen....
    
    
  • bare area of the liver
    Bare area of the liver
    The coronary ligaments represent reflections of the visceral peritoneum covering the liver onto the diaphragm. As such, between the two layers of the coronary ligament there is a large triangular surface of the liver devoid of peritoneal covering; this is named the bare area of the liver, and is...
    
    

• Vertical Disposition of the Main peritoneal cavity (greater sac
  Greater sac
  In human anatomy, the greater sac, also known as the general cavity or peritoneum of the peritoneal cavity proper, is the cavity in the abdomen that is inside the peritoneum but outside of the lesser sac....
  
  )
  • right triangular ligament
    Right triangular ligament
    The right triangular ligament is situated at the right extremity of the bare area, and is a small fold which passes to the diaphragm, being formed by the apposition of the upper and lower layers of the coronary ligament....
    
    
  • inferior layer of the left triangular ligament
    Left triangular ligament
    The left triangular ligament is a fold of some considerable size, which connects the posterior part of the upper surface of the left lobe of the liver to the diaphragm; its anterior layer is continuous with the left layer of the falciform ligament....
    
    
  • hepatogastric ligament
    Hepatogastric ligament
    The cranial part of the lesser omentum is formed by the hepatogastric ligament , extending between the liver and stomach. The ligament itself consists of a dense cranial portion and the caudal portion...
    
     and hepatoduodenal ligament
    Hepatoduodenal ligament
    The hepatoduodenal ligament is the portion of the lesser omentum extending between the porta hepatis of the liver and the superior part of the duodenum.Running inside it are the following:* hepatic artery proper* hepatic portal vein* common bile duct...
    
    
  • lesser omentum
    Lesser omentum
    The lesser omentum is the double layer of peritoneum that extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the start of the duodenum.- Structure :...
    
    
  • gastrocolic ligament
    Gastrocolic ligament
    The gastrocolic ligament is a portion of the greater omentum that stretches from the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon. It forms part of the anterior wall of the lesser sac....
    
     or greater omentum
    Greater omentum
    The greater omentum is a large fold of parietal peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach...
    
    
  • transverse mesocolon
    Transverse mesocolon
    The transverse mesocolon is a broad, meso-fold of peritoneum, which connects the transverse colon to the posterior wall of the abdomen.It is continuous with the two posterior layers of the greater omentum, which, after separating to surround the transverse colon, join behind it, and are continued...
    
    
  • mesentery
    Mesentery
    In anatomy, the mesentery is the double layer of peritoneum that suspends the jejunum and ileum from the posterior wall of the abdomen. Its meaning, however, is frequently extended to include double layers of peritoneum connecting various components of the abdominal cavity.-Mesentery :The...
    
    
  • sigmoid mesocolon
    Sigmoid mesocolon
    The sigmoid mesocolon is the fold of peritoneum which retains the sigmoid colon in connection with the pelvic wall.Its line of attachment forms a V-shaped curve, the apex of the curve being placed about the point of division of the left common iliac artery....
    
    

• Vertical Disposition of the Main peritoneal cavity (greater sac
  Greater sac
  In human anatomy, the greater sac, also known as the general cavity or peritoneum of the peritoneal cavity proper, is the cavity in the abdomen that is inside the peritoneum but outside of the lesser sac....
  
  )
  • rectovesical excavation
    Rectovesical excavation
    Between the rectum and the bladder the peritoneal cavity forms, in the male, a pouch, the rectovesical excavation , the bottom of which is slightly below the level of the upper ends of the vesiculae seminales—i. e., about 7.5 cm. from the orifice of the anus...
    
    
  • rectouterine excavation (pouch of Douglas
    Pouch of Douglas
    The rectouterine pouch is the extension of the peritoneal cavity between the rectum and back wall of the uterus in the female human body....
    
    )
  • vesicouterine excavation
    Vesicouterine excavation
    In human female anatomy, the vesicouterine excavation is a second, but shallower, pouch formed from the peritoneum over the uterus and bladder, continued over the intestinal surface and fundus of the uterus onto its vesical surface, which it covers as far as the junction of the body and cervix...
    
    
  • broad ligaments of the uterus

• Vertical Disposition of the Omental bursa (lesser peritoneal sac)

• Vertical Disposition of the Omental bursa (lesser peritoneal sac)
  • gastrocolic ligament
    Gastrocolic ligament
    The gastrocolic ligament is a portion of the greater omentum that stretches from the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon. It forms part of the anterior wall of the lesser sac....
    
     or greater omentum
    Greater omentum
    The greater omentum is a large fold of parietal peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach...
    
    
• Horizontal Disposition of the Peritoneum
  Peritoneum
  The peritoneum is the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or the coelom — it covers most of the intra-abdominal organs — in amniotes and some invertebrates...
  
  
  • In the Pelvis
    • sigmoid mesocolon
      Sigmoid mesocolon
      The sigmoid mesocolon is the fold of peritoneum which retains the sigmoid colon in connection with the pelvic wall.Its line of attachment forms a V-shaped curve, the apex of the curve being placed about the point of division of the left common iliac artery....
      
      

• Horizontal Disposition of the Peritoneum
  Peritoneum
  The peritoneum is the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or the coelom — it covers most of the intra-abdominal organs — in amniotes and some invertebrates...
  
  
  • In the Pelvis
    • sigmoid mesocolon
      Sigmoid mesocolon
      The sigmoid mesocolon is the fold of peritoneum which retains the sigmoid colon in connection with the pelvic wall.Its line of attachment forms a V-shaped curve, the apex of the curve being placed about the point of division of the left common iliac artery....
      
      
    • pararectal fossa
      Pararectal fossa
      In the male, the peritoneum encircles the sigmoid colon, from which it is reflected to the posterior wall of the pelvis as a fold, the sigmoid mesocolon...
      
      
    • rectovesical or sacrogenital folds
    • paravesical fossa
      Paravesical fossa
      The peritoneum of the anterior pelvic wall covers the superior surface of the bladder, and on either side of this viscus forms a depression, termed the paravesical fossa, which is limited laterally by the fold of peritoneum covering the ductus deferens....
      
      
    • plica vesicalis transversa
    • torus uterinus
    • ovarian fossa
      Ovarian fossa
      The ovary lies in a shallow depression, named the ovarian fossa, on the lateral wall of the pelvis.This fossa has the following boundaries:* superiorly: by the external iliac vessels* anteriorly and inferiorly: by the broad ligament of the uterus...
      
      

• Horizontal Disposition of the Peritoneum
  Peritoneum
  The peritoneum is the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or the coelom — it covers most of the intra-abdominal organs — in amniotes and some invertebrates...
  
  
  • In the Lower Abdomen
    Abdomen
    In vertebrates such as mammals the abdomen constitutes the part of the body between the thorax and pelvis. The region enclosed by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity...
    
    
    • mesentery
      Mesentery
      In anatomy, the mesentery is the double layer of peritoneum that suspends the jejunum and ileum from the posterior wall of the abdomen. Its meaning, however, is frequently extended to include double layers of peritoneum connecting various components of the abdominal cavity.-Mesentery :The...
      
      
  • In the Upper Abdomen
    Abdomen
    In vertebrates such as mammals the abdomen constitutes the part of the body between the thorax and pelvis. The region enclosed by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity...
    
    
    • phrenicolienal ligament
    • gastrolienal ligament
    • Omental bursa (bursa omentalis; lesser peritoneal sac)

• epiploic foramen (foramen epiploicum; foramen of Winslow)
• omental bursa
  • vestibule
    Vestibule (architecture)
    A vestibule is a lobby, entrance hall, or passage between the entrance and the interior of a building.The same term can apply to structures in modern or ancient roman architecture. In modern architecture vestibule typically refers to a small room or hall between an entrance and the interior of...
    
    
  • gastropancreatic fold
  • superior omental recess
  • lienal recess
  • inferior omental recess
• omenta
  Greater omentum
  The greater omentum is a large fold of parietal peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach...
  
  
  • lesser omentum
    Lesser omentum
    The lesser omentum is the double layer of peritoneum that extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the start of the duodenum.- Structure :...
    
     (omentum minus; small omentum; gastrohepatic omentum)

• omenta
  Greater omentum
  The greater omentum is a large fold of parietal peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach...
  
  
  • lesser omentum
    Lesser omentum
    The lesser omentum is the double layer of peritoneum that extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the start of the duodenum.- Structure :...
    
     (omentum minus; small omentum; gastrohepatic omentum)
    • hepatogastric ligament
      Hepatogastric ligament
      The cranial part of the lesser omentum is formed by the hepatogastric ligament , extending between the liver and stomach. The ligament itself consists of a dense cranial portion and the caudal portion...
      
      
    • hepatoduodenal ligament
      Hepatoduodenal ligament
      The hepatoduodenal ligament is the portion of the lesser omentum extending between the porta hepatis of the liver and the superior part of the duodenum.Running inside it are the following:* hepatic artery proper* hepatic portal vein* common bile duct...
      
      
    • fibrous capsule
      Fibrous capsule of Glisson
      Glisson's capsule or Glisson's sheath is a collagenous capsule covering the external surface of the liver.It is covered by a single layer of mesothelial cells. A capsule for fibrous cells or tissues, as that surrounding the kidney and thyroid....
      
       (Glisson’s capsule)
  • greater omentum
    Greater omentum
    The greater omentum is a large fold of parietal peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach...
    
     (omentum majus; great omentum; gastrocolic omentum)
• mesenteries
  • mesentery proper (mesenterium)
    • root of the mesentery
      Root of the mesentery
      The root of the mesentery —the part connected with the structures in front of the vertebral column—is narrow, about 15 cm. long, and is directed obliquely from the duodenojejunal flexure at the left side of the second lumbar vertebra to the right sacroiliac articulation.-External links:* at...
      
      
  • transverse mesocolon
    Transverse mesocolon
    The transverse mesocolon is a broad, meso-fold of peritoneum, which connects the transverse colon to the posterior wall of the abdomen.It is continuous with the two posterior layers of the greater omentum, which, after separating to surround the transverse colon, join behind it, and are continued...
    
     (mesocolon transversum)
  • sigmoid mesocolon
    Sigmoid mesocolon
    The sigmoid mesocolon is the fold of peritoneum which retains the sigmoid colon in connection with the pelvic wall.Its line of attachment forms a V-shaped curve, the apex of the curve being placed about the point of division of the left common iliac artery....
    
     (mesocolon sigmoideum)

• phrenicocolic ligament
  Phrenicocolic ligament
  A fold of peritoneum, the phrenicocolic ligament, is continued from the left colic flexure to the thoracic diaphragm opposite the tenth and eleventh ribs; it passes below and serves to support the spleen, and therefore has received the name of sustentaculum lienis....
  
  
• sustentaculum lienis
• appendices epiploicæ

• Peritoneal recesses
  Peritoneal recesses
  Peritoneal recesses are the spaces formed by peritoneum draping over viscera.The term refers mainly to four spaces in the abdominal cavity; the two paracolic gutters and the two paramesenteric gutters. There are other smaller recesses including those around the duodenojejunal flexure, cecum, and...
  
   or Fossæ
  Fossa (anatomy)
  In anatomical terminology, fossa has come to mean a depression or hollow, in general, in a bone. Other parts of the body may be involved, for example, the antecubital fossa...
  
   (retroperitoneal fossæ)

• Peritoneal recesses
  Peritoneal recesses
  Peritoneal recesses are the spaces formed by peritoneum draping over viscera.The term refers mainly to four spaces in the abdominal cavity; the two paracolic gutters and the two paramesenteric gutters. There are other smaller recesses including those around the duodenojejunal flexure, cecum, and...
  
   or Fossæ
  Fossa (anatomy)
  In anatomical terminology, fossa has come to mean a depression or hollow, in general, in a bone. Other parts of the body may be involved, for example, the antecubital fossa...
  
   (retroperitoneal fossæ)
  • Duodenal fossæ
    • inferior duodenal fossa
    • duodenomesocolic fold
    • superior duodenal fossa
    • duodenojejunal fold
    • duodenojejunal fossa

• Peritoneal recesses
  Peritoneal recesses
  Peritoneal recesses are the spaces formed by peritoneum draping over viscera.The term refers mainly to four spaces in the abdominal cavity; the two paracolic gutters and the two paramesenteric gutters. There are other smaller recesses including those around the duodenojejunal flexure, cecum, and...
  
   or Fossæ
  Fossa (anatomy)
  In anatomical terminology, fossa has come to mean a depression or hollow, in general, in a bone. Other parts of the body may be involved, for example, the antecubital fossa...
  
   (retroperitoneal fossæ)
  • Cecal fossæ (pericecal folds or fossæ)
    • superior ileocecal fossa
    • inferior ileocecal fossa
    • ileocecal fold of peritoneum (bloodless fold of Treves)
    • cecal fossa

• Peritoneal recesses
  Peritoneal recesses
  Peritoneal recesses are the spaces formed by peritoneum draping over viscera.The term refers mainly to four spaces in the abdominal cavity; the two paracolic gutters and the two paramesenteric gutters. There are other smaller recesses including those around the duodenojejunal flexure, cecum, and...
  
   or Fossæ
  Fossa (anatomy)
  In anatomical terminology, fossa has come to mean a depression or hollow, in general, in a bone. Other parts of the body may be involved, for example, the antecubital fossa...
  
   (retroperitoneal fossæ)
  • Cecal fossæ (pericecal folds or fossæ)
    • retrocecal fossæ
  • intersigmoid fossa (recessus intersigmoideus)

• Openings
  • cardiac orifice
    • incisura cardiaca
  • pyloric orifice
    • duodenopyloric constriction
• Curvatures
  • lesser curvature (curvatura ventriculi minor)
    • incisura angularis
  • greater curvature (curvatura ventriculi major)
    • pyloric part
    • sulcus intermedius
    • pyloric antrum
      Pyloric antrum
      Pyloric antrum is the initial portion of the pyloric part of the stomach. It is near the bottom of the stomach, proximal to the pyloric sphincter, which separates the stomach and the duodenum....
      
      
• Surfaces
  • Antero-superior surface
  • Postero-inferior surface
    • stomach bed
    • gastrophrenic ligament
      Gastrophrenic ligament
      The postero-inferior surface of the stomach is covered by peritoneum, except over a small area close to the cardiac orifice; this area is limited by the lines of attachment of the gastrophrenic ligament, and lies in apposition with the diaphragm, and frequently with the upper portion of the left...
      
      

• Component Parts of the Stomach
  Stomach
  The stomach is a muscular, hollow, dilated part of the alimentary canal which functions as an important organ of the digestive tract in some animals, including vertebrates, echinoderms, insects , and molluscs. It is involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication .The stomach is...
  
  
  • pyloric portion
  • fundus
    Fundus (stomach)
    The fundus of the stomach is the left portion of the stomach's body, and is marked off from the remainder of the body by a plane passing horizontally through the cardiac orifice....
    
    
  • pyloric antrum
    Pyloric antrum
    Pyloric antrum is the initial portion of the pyloric part of the stomach. It is near the bottom of the stomach, proximal to the pyloric sphincter, which separates the stomach and the duodenum....
    
    

• Component Parts of the Stomach
  Stomach
  The stomach is a muscular, hollow, dilated part of the alimentary canal which functions as an important organ of the digestive tract in some animals, including vertebrates, echinoderms, insects , and molluscs. It is involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication .The stomach is...
  
  
  • pyloric valve (valvula pylori)
• Structure (layers)
  • serous coat (tunica serosa)
  • muscular coat
    Muscular coat
    The muscular coat is a region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa membrane...
    
     (tunica muscularis)
  • longitudinal fibers (stratum longitudinale)

• Structure (layers)
  • oblique fibers (fibræ obliquæ)
  • areolar or submucous coat (tela submucosa)
  • mucous membrane
    Mucous membrane
    The mucous membranes are linings of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which are involved in absorption and secretion. They line cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs...
    
     (tunica mucosa)
• Gastric glands
  Fundic glands
  The fundus glands are found in the body and fundus of the stomach.They are simple tubes, two or more of which open into a single duct.-Pathology:...
  
  
  • pyloric glands
    Pyloric glands
    The pyloric glands are found in the pyloric portion of the stomach.They consist of two or three short closed tubes opening into a common duct or mouth.These tubes are wavy, and are about one-half the length of the duct....
    
    
  • cardiac glands
    Cardiac glands
    The cardiac glands of the stomach secrete primarily mucus. They are few in number and occur close to the cardiac orifice where the esophagus joins the stomach.In general, they are more shallow than those in the other parts of the stomach....
    
    
  • fundus glands

• Gastric glands
  Fundic glands
  The fundus glands are found in the body and fundus of the stomach.They are simple tubes, two or more of which open into a single duct.-Pathology:...
  
  
  • chief cells or central cells
  • parietal cells or oxyntic cells
  • lenticular glands

• Duodenum
  Duodenum
  The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms anterior intestine or proximal intestine may be used instead of duodenum...
  
  
  • superior portion (pars superior; first portion)
  • descending portion (pars descendens; second portion)

• Duodenum
  Duodenum
  The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms anterior intestine or proximal intestine may be used instead of duodenum...
  
  
  • horizontal portion (pars horizontalis; third or preaortic or transverse portion)
  • ascending portion (pars ascendens; fourth portion)
    • duodenojejunal flexure
      Duodenojejunal flexure
      The duodenojejunal flexure or duodenojejunal junction is the border between the duodenum and the jejunum.The ascending portion of the duodenum ascends on the left side of the aorta, as far as the level of the upper border of the second lumbar vertebra, where it turns abruptly forward to become the...
      
      
• Jejunum
  Jejunum
  The jejunum is the middle section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms middle intestine or mid-gut may be used instead of jejunum.The jejunum lies between the duodenum...
  
   (intestinum jejunum)
  • circular folds
    Circular folds
    The circular folds are large valvular flaps projecting into the lumen of the bowel.-Composition:...
    
     (valvulæ conniventes)

• structures of the small intestines
  • circular folds
    Circular folds
    The circular folds are large valvular flaps projecting into the lumen of the bowel.-Composition:...
    
     (plicæ circulares [Kerkringi]; valvulæ conniventes; valves of Kerkring)

• structures of the small intestines
  • intestinal villi (villi intestinales)
  • intestinal glands (glandulæ intestinales; crypts of Lieberkühn
    Crypts of Lieberkühn
    In histology, an intestinal crypt is a gland found in the epithelial lining of the small intestine and colon...
    
    )

• structures of the small intestines
  • duodenal glands (glandulæ duodenales; Brunner's glands
    Brunner's glands
    Brunner's glands are compound tubular submucosal glands found in that portion of the duodenum which is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter...
    
    )
  • solitary lymphatic nodules (noduli lymphatici solitarii; solitary glands)
  • aggregated lymphatic nodules (noduli lymphatici aggregati; Peyer's patches; Peyer's glands; agminated follicles; tonsillæ intestinales)

• nerves of the small intestines
  • myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus
    Auerbach's plexus
    A part of the enteric nervous system, Auerbach's plexus , exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscularis externa in the gastrointestinal tract and provides motor innervation to both layers of the mucosa, having both parasympathetic and sympathetic input, whereas Meissner's plexus...
    
    )
  • plexus of the submucosa (Meissner's plexus)

• large intestine
  Large intestine
  The large intestine is the third-to-last part of the digestive system — — in vertebrate animals. Its function is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter, and then to pass useless waste material from the body...
  
   (Intestinum Crassum)
• Cecum
  Cecum
  The cecum or caecum is a pouch, connecting the ileum with the ascending colon of the large intestine. It is separated from the ileum by the ileocecal valve or Bauhin's valve, and is considered to be the beginning of the large intestine. It is also separated from the colon by the cecocolic...
  
   (intestinum cæcum)
  • caput cæcum coli

• Vermiform process or Appendix
  Vermiform appendix
  The appendix is a blind-ended tube connected to the cecum , from which it develops embryologically. The cecum is a pouchlike structure of the colon...
  
   (processus vermiformis)

• Colic valve (valvula coli; ileocecal valve
  Ileocecal valve
  The ileocecal valve, or ileocaecal valve, is of a bilabial papilla structure with physiological sphincter muscle situated at the junction of the small intestine and the large intestine, with recent evidence indicating an anatomical sphincter may also be present in humans) Its critical function is...
  
  )
  • frenula of the valve

• Colon
  Colon (anatomy)
  The colon is the last part of the digestive system in most vertebrates; it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body, and is the site in which flora-aided fermentation of unabsorbed material occurs. Unlike the small intestine, the colon does not play a...
  
  
• Ascending colon
  Ascending colon
  The ascending colon is smaller in caliber than the cecum.It passes upward, from its commencement at the cecum, opposite the colic valve, to the under surface of the right lobe of the liver, on the right of the gall-bladder, where it is lodged in a shallow depression, the colic impression; here it...
  
   (colon ascendens)
  • colic impression
    Colic impression
    The portion of the under surface of the right lobe to the right of the fossa for the gall-bladder presents two impressions, one situated behind the other, and separated by a ridge. The anterior of these two impressions, the colic impression, is shallow and is produced by the right colic...
    
    
  • right colic flexure or hepatic flexure
    Hepatic flexure
    Hepatic flexure is the sharp bend between the ascending and the transverse colon. The right colic flexure is adjacent to the liver, and is therefore also known as the hepatic flexure. Thus, the left colic flexure is also known as the splenic flexure...
    
    
• Transverse colon
  Transverse colon
  The transverse colon, the longest and most movable part of the colon, passes with a downward convexity from the right hypochondrium region across the abdomen, opposite the confines of the epigastric and umbilical zones, into the left hypochondrium region, where it curves sharply on itself beneath...
  
   (colon transversum)
  • left colic flexure or splenic flexure
    Splenic flexure
    The splenic flexure is a sharp bend between the transverse and the descending colon in the left upper quadrant of humans. The left colic flexure is near the spleen, and hence called the splenic flexure. There are two colic flexures in the transverse colon — the other being the hepatic...
    
    

• Transverse colon
  Transverse colon
  The transverse colon, the longest and most movable part of the colon, passes with a downward convexity from the right hypochondrium region across the abdomen, opposite the confines of the epigastric and umbilical zones, into the left hypochondrium region, where it curves sharply on itself beneath...
  
   (colon transversum)
  • transverse mesocolon
    Transverse mesocolon
    The transverse mesocolon is a broad, meso-fold of peritoneum, which connects the transverse colon to the posterior wall of the abdomen.It is continuous with the two posterior layers of the greater omentum, which, after separating to surround the transverse colon, join behind it, and are continued...
    
    
  • left colic or splenic flexure
    Splenic flexure
    The splenic flexure is a sharp bend between the transverse and the descending colon in the left upper quadrant of humans. The left colic flexure is near the spleen, and hence called the splenic flexure. There are two colic flexures in the transverse colon — the other being the hepatic...
    
    
  • phrenicocolic ligament
    Phrenicocolic ligament
    A fold of peritoneum, the phrenicocolic ligament, is continued from the left colic flexure to the thoracic diaphragm opposite the tenth and eleventh ribs; it passes below and serves to support the spleen, and therefore has received the name of sustentaculum lienis....
    
    
• Descending colon
  Descending colon
  The descending colon of humans passes downward through the left hypochondrium and lumbar regions, along the lateral border of the left kidney....
  
   (colon descendens)

• Descending colon
  Descending colon
  The descending colon of humans passes downward through the left hypochondrium and lumbar regions, along the lateral border of the left kidney....
  
   (colon descendens)
  • Iliac colon
    Iliac colon
    The iliac colon is situated in the left iliac fossa, and is about 12 to 15 cm. long.It begins at the level of the iliac crest, where it is continuous with the descending colon, and ends in the sigmoid colon at the superior aperture of the lesser pelvis....
    
    
• Sigmoid colon
  Sigmoid colon
  The sigmoid colon is the part of the large intestine that is closest to the rectum and anus. It forms a loop that averages about 40 cm...
  
   (colon sigmoideum; pelvic colon; sigmoid flexure)
  • sigmoid mesocolon
    Sigmoid mesocolon
    The sigmoid mesocolon is the fold of peritoneum which retains the sigmoid colon in connection with the pelvic wall.Its line of attachment forms a V-shaped curve, the apex of the curve being placed about the point of division of the left common iliac artery....
    
    

• Rectum
  Rectum
  The rectum is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus. The human rectum is about 12 cm long...
  
   (intestinum rectum)
  • rectal ampulla
    Rectal ampulla
    The rectal ampulla is the dilated section of the rectum where feces are stored until they are eliminated via the anal canal. The caliber of the rectum at its commencement is similar to that of the sigmoid colon, but near its termination it dilates, forming the ampulla....
    
    
  • Houston's valves

• Anal canal
  Anal canal
  The anal canal is the terminal part of the large intestine.It is situated between the rectum and anus, below the level of the pelvic diaphragm. It lies in the anal triangle of perineum in between the right and left ischioanal fossa....
  
   (pars analis recti)
  • anococcygeal body
  • perineal body
    Perineal body
    The perineal body is a pyramidal fibromuscular mass in the middle line of the perineum at the junction between the urogenital triangle and the anal triangle . It is found in both males and females...
    
    
  • rectal columns
  • rectal sinuses
  • anal valves
    Anal valves
    The rectal sinuses end in small valve-like folds, termed anal valves, which join together the lower ends of the rectal columns.-External links: - "The Female Pelvis: The Rectum"...
    
    
• Structure of the colon

• Structure of the colon
  • appendices epiploicæ
  • longitudinal bands or tæniæ
  • Rectococcygeal muscles

• Structure of the colon
  • solitary lymphatic nodules (noduli lymphatic solitarii)
• Vessels
  Blood vessel
  The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system that transports blood throughout the body. There are three major types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart; the capillaries, which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and...
  
   and Nerves
  • hemorrhoidal plexus
    Hemorrhoidal plexus
    The hemorrhoidal plexus surrounds the rectum, and communicates in front with the vesical venous plexus in the male, and the uterovaginal plexus in the female....
    
    
• Congenital hernia

• superior surface (facies superior)
• inferior surface (facies inferior; visceral surface)
  • gastric impression
    Gastric impression
    The inferior surface of the left lobe of the liver presents behind and to the left the gastric impression, moulded over the antero-superior surface of the stomach, and to the right of this a rounded eminence, the tuber omentale, which fits into the concavity of the lesser curvature of the stomach...
    
    
  • tuber omentale
  • quadrate lobe
  • colic impression
    Colic impression
    The portion of the under surface of the right lobe to the right of the fossa for the gall-bladder presents two impressions, one situated behind the other, and separated by a ridge. The anterior of these two impressions, the colic impression, is shallow and is produced by the right colic...
    
    
  • renal impression
    Renal impression
    The portion of the under surface of the right lobe to the right of the fossa for the gall-bladder presents two impressions, one situated behind the other, and separated by a ridge...
    
    

• inferior surface (facies inferior; visceral surface)
  • duodenal impression
    Duodenal impression
    Medial to the renal impression is a third and slightly marked impression, lying between it and the neck of the gall-bladder. This is caused by the descending portion of the duodenum, and is known as the duodenal impression....
    
    
  • caudate process
• posterior surface (facies posterior)

• posterior surface (facies posterior)
  • suprarenal impression
    Suprarenal impression
    Close to the right of the fossa between the uncovered area and the caudate lobe and immediately above the renal impression is a small triangular depressed area, the suprarenal impression, the greater part of which is devoid of peritoneum; it lodges the right suprarenal gland.-External links: -...
    
    
  • caudate lobe
  • caudate process
  • papillary process
• anterior border (margo anterior)
  • umbilical notch
  • left extremity of the liver

• left sagittal fossa (fossa sagittalis sinistra; longitudinal fissure)
• fossa for the umbilical vein
• pons hepatis
• fossa for the ductus venosus
• ligamentum venosum
  Ligamentum venosum
  The ligamentum venosum is the fibrous remnant of the ductus venosus of the fetal circulation. Usually, it is attached to the left branch of the portal vein within the porta hepatis...
  
  
• porta or transverse fissure (porta hepatis)
• fossa for the gall-bladder (fossa vesicæ felleæ)
• fossa for the inferior vena cava (fossa venæ cavæ)

• quadrate lobe (lobus quadratus)
• caudate lobe (lobus caudatus; Spigelian lobe)
• caudate process
• left lobe (lobus hepatis sinister)

• falciform ligament
  Falciform ligament
  The falciform ligament is a ligament that attaches the liver to the anterior body wall.It is a broad and thin antero-posterior peritoneal fold, falciform in shape, its base being directed downward and backward and its apex upward and backward...
  
   (ligamentum falciforme hepatis)
• coronary ligament
  Coronary ligament
  The coronary ligament of the liver refers to parts of the peritoneal reflections that hold the liver to the inferior surface of the diaphragm.-Structure:...
  
   (ligamentum coronarium hepatis)
• hepatorenal ligament
  Hepatorenal ligament
  The hepatorenal ligament is the fold or pouch of peritoneum that extends from the lower posterior surface of the liver to the anterior surface of the right kidney and forms the right margin of the epiploic foramen....
  
  
• right triangular ligament
  Right triangular ligament
  The right triangular ligament is situated at the right extremity of the bare area, and is a small fold which passes to the diaphragm, being formed by the apposition of the upper and lower layers of the coronary ligament....
  
   (ligamentum triangulare dextrum)

• left triangular ligament
  Left triangular ligament
  The left triangular ligament is a fold of some considerable size, which connects the posterior part of the upper surface of the left lobe of the liver to the diaphragm; its anterior layer is continuous with the left layer of the falciform ligament....
  
   (ligamentum triangulare sinistrum)
• round ligament
  Round ligament of liver
  In anatomy, the round ligament of liver is a degenerative string of tissue that exists in the free edge of the falciform ligament of the liver...
  
   (ligamentum teres hepatis)
• septum transversum
  Septum transversum
  The septum transversum is a thick mass of cranial mesenchyme that gives rise to parts of the thoracic diaphragm and the ventral mesentery of the foregut in the developed human being.- Origins :...
  
  

• hepatic artery
• portal vein
• fibrous capsule of Glisson
  Fibrous capsule of Glisson
  Glisson's capsule or Glisson's sheath is a collagenous capsule covering the external surface of the liver.It is covered by a single layer of mesothelial cells. A capsule for fibrous cells or tissues, as that surrounding the kidney and thyroid....
  
  
• hepatic veins
• lymphatic vessels

• serous coat (tunica serosa)
• fibrous coat (capsula fibrosa; areolar coat)
• lobules (lobuli hepatis)
• interlobular plexus

• intralobular vein
• sublobular veins
• hepatic artery
• vaginal branches
• capsular branches
• interlobular branches
• portal vein
• interlobular plexus

• intralobular vein
• sublobular vein
• bile ducts
• intercellular biliary passages (bile capillaries)

• hepatic duct (ductus hepaticus)
• gallbladder
  Gallbladder
  In vertebrates the gallbladder is a small organ that aids mainly in fat digestion and concentrates bile produced by the liver. In humans the loss of the gallbladder is usually easily tolerated....
  
   (vesica fellea)
  • fundus
    Fundus of gallbladder
    The fundus of gallbladder is the portion of the gallbladder which lies the farthest from the cystic duct.It is covered with peritoneum.A traditional cholecystectomy is most commonly performed from the infundibulum to the fundus....
    
    

• gallbladder
  Gallbladder
  In vertebrates the gallbladder is a small organ that aids mainly in fat digestion and concentrates bile produced by the liver. In humans the loss of the gallbladder is usually easily tolerated....
  
   (vesica fellea)
  • Structure of gallbladder
    Gallbladder
    In vertebrates the gallbladder is a small organ that aids mainly in fat digestion and concentrates bile produced by the liver. In humans the loss of the gallbladder is usually easily tolerated....
    
    
    • external or serous coat (tunica serosa vesicæ felleæ)
    • fibromuscular coat (tunica muscularis vesicæ felleæ)
    • internal or mucous coat (tunica mucosa vesicæ felleæ)
• Cystic duct
  Cystic duct
  The cystic duct is the short duct that joins the gall bladder to the common bile duct. It usually lies next to the cystic artery. It is of variable length...
  
   (ductus cysticus)
• Common bile duct
  Common bile duct
  The common bile duct is a tube-like anatomic structure in the human gastrointestinal tract. It is formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct . It is later joined by the pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of Vater...
  
   (ductus choledochus)

• Relations
• Head of pancreas
  Head of pancreas
  The head of pancreas is a portion of the pancreas that is lodged within the curve of the duodenum, and is flattened anteriorly . The other parts of the pancreas are the body and the tail....
  
  
  • uncinate process
    Uncinate process of pancreas
    In the head of the pancreas, the angle of junction of the lower and left lateral borders forms a prolongation, termed the uncinate process.During the embryonic development of the distal foregut, the duodenum c-shape is formed while rotating the ventral pancreatic bud into the dorsal bud. The dorsal...
    
    

• Head of pancreas
  Head of pancreas
  The head of pancreas is a portion of the pancreas that is lodged within the curve of the duodenum, and is flattened anteriorly . The other parts of the pancreas are the body and the tail....
  
  
  • Anterior surface of pancreas
    Anterior surface of pancreas
    Anterior Surface.—The greater part of the right half of this surface is in contact with the transverse colon, only areolar tissue intervening.From its upper part the neck springs, its right limit being marked by a groove for the gastroduodenal artery....
    
    
  • Posterior surface of pancreas
• Neck of pancreas
  Neck of pancreas
  The neck of pancreas springs from the right upper portion of the front of the head.It is about 2.5 cm. long, and is directed at first upward and forward, and then upward and to the left to join the body; it is somewhat flattened from above downward and backward.Its antero-superior surface supports...
  
  
• Body of pancreas
  Body of pancreas
  The body of the pancreas is a subsection of the pancreas organ in the human body. It is somewhat prismatic in shape, and has three surfaces: anterior, posterior, and inferior.It is at the same level as the transpyloric plane....
  
   (corpus pancreatis)
  • anterior surface of pancreas
    Anterior surface of pancreas
    Anterior Surface.—The greater part of the right half of this surface is in contact with the transverse colon, only areolar tissue intervening.From its upper part the neck springs, its right limit being marked by a groove for the gastroduodenal artery....
    
     (facies anterior)
    • tuber omentale
  • posterior surface of pancreas (facies posterior)
  • inferior surface of pancreas
    Inferior surface of pancreas
    The inferior surface of pancreas is narrow on the right but broader on the left, and is covered by peritoneum; it lies upon the duodenojejunal flexure and on some coils of the jejunum; its left extremity rests on the left colic flexure....
    
     (facies inferior)
  • superior border
    Superior margin of pancreas
    The superior margin of pancreas is blunt and flat to the right; narrow and sharp to the left, near the tail.It commences on the right in the omental tuberosity, and is in relation with the celiac artery, from which the hepatic artery courses to the right just above the gland, while the lienal...
    
     (margo superior)
  • anterior border
    Anterior margin of pancreas
    The anterior margin of pancreas separates the anterior from the inferior surface, and along this border the two layers of the transverse mesocolon diverge from one another; one passing upward over the anterior surface, the other backward over the inferior surface....
    
     (margo anterior)
  • inferior border (margo inferior)
• Tail of pancreas
  Tail of pancreas
  The tail of the pancreas, located anatomically left near the hilum of the spleen, is not simply an anatomical distinction. The tail is the only part of the pancreas which contains Pancreatic Polypeptide cells, which are responsible for secreting pancreatic polypeptide to coordinate exocrine and...
  
   (cauda pancreatis)

• Pancreatic duct
  Pancreatic duct
  The pancreatic duct, or duct of Wirsung , is a duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juices which aid in digestion provided by the "exocrine pancreas"...
  
   (ductus pancreaticus; duct of Wirsung)
  • accessory pancreatic duct
    Accessory pancreatic duct
    Most people have just one pancreatic duct. However, some have an additional accessory pancreatic duct also called the Duct of Santorini, which connects straight to the duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla...
    
     (duct of Santorini)
• Development

• Development
  • accessory pancreatic duct
    Accessory pancreatic duct
    Most people have just one pancreatic duct. However, some have an additional accessory pancreatic duct also called the Duct of Santorini, which connects straight to the duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla...
    
    
  • pancreatic duct
    Pancreatic duct
    The pancreatic duct, or duct of Wirsung , is a duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juices which aid in digestion provided by the "exocrine pancreas"...
    
    
• Structure

• Structure
  • centroacinar cells of Langerhans
  • paranucleus
  • interalveolar cell islets (islands of Langerhans)
• Vessels and Nerves

• The Pronephros and Wolffian Duct
  • pronephric duct
    Pronephric duct
    -Development:The development of the pronephric duct is a part of the development of the urinary and reproductive organs.In the outer part of the intermediate mesoderm, immediately under the ectoderm, in the region from the fifth cervical segment to the third thoracic segment, a series of short...
    
    
  • Wolffian duct
    Wolffian duct
    The mesonephric duct is a paired organ found in mammals including humans during embryogenesis....
    
    
  • pronephros
    Pronephros
    Pronephros the most basic of the three excretory organs that develop in vertebrates, corresponding to the first stage of kidney development. It is succeeded by the mesonephros, which in fish and amphibians remains as the adult kidney. In amniotes the mesonephros is the embryonic kidney and a more...
    
    

• The Mesonephros, Müllerian Duct, and Genital Gland
  • Wolffian tubules
    Wolffian tubules
    The Wolffian tubules are precursors of the mesonephros.-Development:On the medial side of the Wolffian duct, from the sixth cervical to the third lumbar segments, a series of tubules, the Wolffian tubules, develops. They increase in number by outgrowths from the original tubules...
    
    
  • mesonephros
    Mesonephros
    The mesonephros is one of three excretory organs that develop in vertebrates. It serves as the main excretory organ of aquatic vertebrates and as a temporary kidney in reptiles, birds, and mammals. The mesonephros is included in the Wolffian body after Caspar Friedrich Wolff who described it in 1759...
    
     (Wolffian body)

• The Mesonephros, Müllerian Duct, and Genital Gland
  • urogenital fold
  • epoöphoron
    Epoophoron
    The epoophoron or epoöphoron is a remnant of the Mesonephric duct that can be found next to the ovary and fallopian tube.-Anatomy:...
    
     or organ of Rosenmüller
  • paroöphoron
    Paroöphoron
    The paroöphoron consists of a few scattered rudimentary tubules, best seen in the child, situated in the broad ligament between the epoöphoron and the uterus. Named for the Welsh anatomist David Johnson who originally described the structure at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth.It is a remnant...
    
    
  • duct of Gärtner

• Müllerian ducts

• Müllerian ducts
  • genital cord
  • Müllerian eminence
    Müllerian eminence
    The Müllerian eminence is an epithelial on the ventral part of the cloaca between the orifices of the Wolffian ducts. It appears during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs.-Function:The Müllerian ducts end here...
    
    
  • appendices testis (hydatids of Morgagni)

• Genital glands
  • genital ridge
  • mesorchium
    Mesorchium
    The testes, at an early period of fetal life, are placed at the back part of the abdominal cavity, behind the peritoneum, and each is attached by a peritoneal fold, the mesorchium, to the mesonephros.-See also:* mesentery* mesovarium...
    
     or mesovarium
    Mesovarium
    The mesovarium is the portion of the broad ligament of the uterus that covers the ovaries.At first the mesonephros and genital ridge are suspended by a common mesentery, but as the embryo grows the genital ridge gradually becomes pinched off from the mesonephros, with which it is at first...
    
    

• Ovary
  Ovary
  The ovary is an ovum-producing reproductive organ, often found in pairs as part of the vertebrate female reproductive system. Ovaries in anatomically female individuals are analogous to testes in anatomically male individuals, in that they are both gonads and endocrine glands.-Human anatomy:Ovaries...
  
  
  • germinal epithelium
    Germinal epithelium (female)
    The surface of the ovary is covered by a layer of simple cuboidal cells which constitutes the germinal epithelium of Waldeyer.These cells are derived from the mesoderm during embryonic development and are closely related to the mesothelium of the peritoneum...
    
    
  • primitive ova
  • genital cords

• Ovary
  Ovary
  The ovary is an ovum-producing reproductive organ, often found in pairs as part of the vertebrate female reproductive system. Ovaries in anatomically female individuals are analogous to testes in anatomically male individuals, in that they are both gonads and endocrine glands.-Human anatomy:Ovaries...
  
  
  • germinal path

• Testis
• Descent of the Testes
  • mesorchium
    Mesorchium
    The testes, at an early period of fetal life, are placed at the back part of the abdominal cavity, behind the peritoneum, and each is attached by a peritoneal fold, the mesorchium, to the mesonephros.-See also:* mesentery* mesovarium...
    
    
  • inguinal fold
  • inguinal crest

• Descent of the Testes
  • gubernaculum testis
    Gubernaculum testis
    In the inguinal crest a peculiar structure, the gubernaculum testis, makes its appearance. This is at first a slender band, extending from that part of the skin of the groin which afterward forms the scrotum through the inguinal canal to the body and epididymis of the testis.-External links:*...
    
    
  • plica vascularis
  • plica gubernatrix
  • saccus vaginalis
  • tunica vaginalis
    Tunica vaginalis
    The tunica vaginalis is the serous covering of the testis.It is a pouch of serous membrane, derived from the processus vaginalis of the peritoneum, which in the fetus preceded the descent of the testis from the abdomen into the scrotum....
    
    

• Descent of the Ovaries
  • canal of Nuck
    Canal of Nuck
    The canal of Nuck, described by Anton Nuck in 1691, is an abnormal patent pouch of peritoneum extending into the labia majora of women. It is analogous to the processus vaginalis in males ....
    
    

• The Metanephros and the Permanent Kidney
• Metanephros

• Urinary bladder
  Urinary bladder
  The urinary bladder is the organ that collects urine excreted by the kidneys before disposal by urination. A hollow muscular, and distensible organ, the bladder sits on the pelvic floor...
  
  
  • vesico-urethral portion
  • pelvic portion

• Urinary bladder
  Urinary bladder
  The urinary bladder is the organ that collects urine excreted by the kidneys before disposal by urination. A hollow muscular, and distensible organ, the bladder sits on the pelvic floor...
  
  
  • phallic portion
  • urogenital sinus
    Urogenital sinus
    The definitive urogenital sinus is a part of the human body only present in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs...
    
    
  • medial umbilical ligament
    Medial umbilical ligament
    The medial umbilical ligament is a paired structure found in human anatomy. It is on the deep surface of the anterior abdominal wall, and is covered by the medial umbilical folds ....
    
     (urachus
    Urachus
    The urachus is a fibrous remnant of the allantois, a canal that drains the urinary bladder of the fetus that joins and runs within the umbilical cord...
    
    )

• Prostate
  Prostate
  The prostate is a compound tubuloalveolar exocrine gland of the male reproductive system in most mammals....
  
  
  • Skene's ducts
    Skene's ducts
    The Skene's ducts are a pair of ducts leading from the Skene's glands to the surface of the vulva, to the left and right of the urethral opening.Like the Skene's glands, they are named after Alexander Skene....
    
    
  • bulbo-urethral glands of Cowper
  • greater vestibular glands of Bartholin

• External organs of generation
  • cloacal tubercle
  • phallus
    Phallus
    A phallus is an erect penis, a penis-shaped object such as a dildo, or a mimetic image of an erect penis. Any object that symbolically resembles a penis may also be referred to as a phallus; however, such objects are more often referred to as being phallic...
    
    
  • genital tubercle
    Genital tubercle
    A phallic tubercle or genital tubercle is a body of tissue present in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. It forms in the ventral, caudal region of mammalian embryos of both sexes, and eventually develops into a phallus...
    
    

• External organs of generation
  • genital swellings
  • corpora cavernosa

• External organs of generation
  • prepuce

• Urethra
  Urethra
  In anatomy, the urethra is a tube that connects the urinary bladder to the genitals for the removal of fluids out of the body. In males, the urethra travels through the penis, and carries semen as well as urine...
  
  
  • urethral plate
  • primitive urogenital ostium

• kidneys
• ureters
• urinary bladder
  Urinary bladder
  The urinary bladder is the organ that collects urine excreted by the kidneys before disposal by urination. A hollow muscular, and distensible organ, the bladder sits on the pelvic floor...
  
  
• urethra
  Urethra
  In anatomy, the urethra is a tube that connects the urinary bladder to the genitals for the removal of fluids out of the body. In males, the urethra travels through the penis, and carries semen as well as urine...
  
  
• kidneys

• Relations
  • anterior surface
    Anterior surface of pancreas
    Anterior Surface.—The greater part of the right half of this surface is in contact with the transverse colon, only areolar tissue intervening.From its upper part the neck springs, its right limit being marked by a groove for the gastroduodenal artery....
    
     (facies anterior)

• Borders
• medial border
  Kidney
  The kidneys, organs with several functions, serve essential regulatory roles in most animals, including vertebrates and some invertebrates. They are essential in the urinary system and also serve homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid–base balance, and...
  
   (margo medialis; internal border)
  • hilum
    Hilum of kidney
    The renal hilum or renal pedicle of the kidney is the recessed central fissure. The medial border of the kidney is concave in the center and convex toward either extremity; it is directed forward and a little downward. Its central part presents a deep longitudinal fissure, bounded by prominent...
    
    

• Extremities
  • superior extremity (extremitas superior)
  • inferior extremity (extremitas inferior)

• Fixation of the Kidney
  • adipose capsule (Renal capsule
    Renal capsule
    The renal capsule is a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney and covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage....
    
    )
  • renal fascia
    Renal fascia
    The renal fascia is a layer of connective tissue encapsulating the kidneys. The deeper layers below the renal fascia are, in order, the perinephric fat , renal capsule, and finally the parenchyma of the renal cortex...
    
    
  • paranephric body
    Paranephric body
    The paranephric body is collection of adipose tissue located superficial to the renal fascia. The perirenal fat, or adipose capsule of kidney, is deep to the renal fascia but superficial to the renal capsule.-External links: - "Posterior Abdominal Wall: The Retroperitoneal Fat and Suprarenal...
    
    

• General Structure of the Kidney
  • renal sinus
    Renal sinus
    The renal sinus is a cavity within the kidney which is occupied by the renal pelvis, renal calyces, blood vessels, nerves and fat....
    
    
  • renal calyces
  • renal pelvis
    Renal pelvis
    The renal pelvis or pyelum is the funnel-like dilated proximal part of the ureter in the kidney.In humans, the renal pelvis is the point of convergence of two or three major calyces...
    
    
  • medullary substance
    Renal medulla
    The renal medulla is the innermost part of the kidney. The renal medulla is split up into a number of sections, known as the renal pyramids. Blood enters into the kidney via the renal artery, which then splits up to form the arcuate arterioles. The arcuate arterioles each in turn branch into...
    
     (substantia medullaris) (Renal medulla
    Renal medulla
    The renal medulla is the innermost part of the kidney. The renal medulla is split up into a number of sections, known as the renal pyramids. Blood enters into the kidney via the renal artery, which then splits up to form the arcuate arterioles. The arcuate arterioles each in turn branch into...
    
    )
  • renal pyramids
    Renal pyramids
    Renal pyramids are cone-shaped tissues of the kidney. The renal medulla is made up of 7 to 18 of these conical subdivisions . The broad base of each pyramid faces the renal cortex, and its apex, or papilla, points internally...
    
    
  • cortical substance (substantia corticalis) (Renal cortex
    Renal cortex
    The renal cortex is the outer portion of the kidney between the renal capsule and the renal medulla. In the adult, it forms a continuous smooth outer zone with a number of projections that extend down between the pyramids. It contains the renal corpuscles and the renal tubules except for parts of...
    
    )
  • renal columns
  • cortical arches

• Minute Anatomy
  • renal tubules
  • renal corpuscles
  • glomerulus
    Glomerulus
    A glomerulus is a capillary tuft that is involved in the first step of filtering blood to form urine.A glomerulus is surrounded by Bowman's capsule, the beginning component of nephrons in the vertebrate kidney. A glomerulus receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole of the renal...
    
    
  • afferent vessel
  • efferent vessel

• Minute Anatomy
  • renal tubules
  • proximal convoluted tube
  • spiral tube
  • descending limb of Henle's loop
  • loop of Henle
    Loop of Henle
    In the kidney, the loop of Henle is the portion of a nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule. Named after its discoverer F. G. J...
    
    
  • ascending limb of Henle’s loop
  • zigzag tubule
  • distal convoluted tubule
    Distal convoluted tubule
    The distal convoluted tubule is a portion of kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system.- Physiology :It is partly responsible for the regulation of potassium, sodium, calcium, and pH...
    
    
  • junctional tube
  • straight tubes or collecting tubes
  • duct of Bellini
    Duct of Bellini
    The duct of Bellini is an anatomical structure of the kidneys, also known as papillary duct.The straight or collecting tubes commence in the radiate part of the renal cortex, where they receive the curved ends of the distal convoluted tubules.They unite at short intervals with one another, the...
    
    

• The Renal Bloodvessels
  • inferior renal artery
  • arteriae propriae renales
  • interlobular arteries
    Interlobular arteries
    The first set of renal bloodvessels, the interlobular arteries , are given off at right angles from the side of the arcuate arteries looking toward the cortical substance, and pass directly outward between the medullary rays to reach the fibrous tunic, where they end in the capillary network of...
    
    
  • end-arteries

• The Renal Bloodvessels
  • arteriæ rectæ (vasa recta
    Vasa recta
    In the blood supply of the kidney, the vasa recta renis form a series of straight capillaries in the medulla...
    
    )
  • venae stellatae
  • interlobular veins
    Interlobular veins
    The venae stellatae join to form the interlobular veins, which pass inward between the rays, receive branches from the plexuses around the convoluted tubules, and, having arrived at the bases of the renal pyramids, join with the venae rectae....
    
    

• The Renal Bloodvessels
  • venae rectae
  • venae propriae renales
  • renal vein
    Renal vein
    The renal veins are veins that drain the kidney. They connect the kidney to the inferior vena cava.It is usually singular to each kidney, except in the condition "multiple renal veins".It also divides into 2 divisions upon entering the kidney:...
    
    
  • lymphatics

• Ureter proper
• abdominal part (pars abdominalis)
• pelvic part (pars pelvina)
• ovarian fossa
  Ovarian fossa
  The ovary lies in a shallow depression, named the ovarian fossa, on the lateral wall of the pelvis.This fossa has the following boundaries:* superiorly: by the external iliac vessels* anteriorly and inferiorly: by the broad ligament of the uterus...
  
  

• Structure
  • fibrous coat (tunica adventitia)
  • muscular coat
    Muscular coat
    The muscular coat is a region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa membrane...
    
     (tunica muscularis)
  • mucous coat (tunica mucosa)

• urinary bladder
  Urinary bladder
  The urinary bladder is the organ that collects urine excreted by the kidneys before disposal by urination. A hollow muscular, and distensible organ, the bladder sits on the pelvic floor...
  
  
• Empty bladder
  • fundus
  • vertex
  • superior surface
  • paravesical fossa
    Paravesical fossa
    The peritoneum of the anterior pelvic wall covers the superior surface of the bladder, and on either side of this viscus forms a depression, termed the paravesical fossa, which is limited laterally by the fold of peritoneum covering the ductus deferens....
    
    

• Empty bladder
  • inferior surface
  • retropubic pad
• Distended bladder

• Distended bladder
  • postero-superior surface
  • antero-inferior surface
  • fundus
  • summit
• Bladder in the Child

• Ligaments
  • Pubovesicales
  • Rectovesicales
  • middle umbilical ligament
  • false ligaments of the bladder
  • middle umbilical fold
  • lateral umbilical folds
• Interior of the Bladder
  • trigonum vesicae

• Interior of the Bladder
  • torus uretericus
  • plicæ uretericæ
  • orifices of the ureters
  • internal urethral orifice
    Internal urethral orifice
    The internal urethral orifice is the opening of the urinary bladder into the urethra. It is placed at the apex of the trigonum vesicae, in the most dependent part of the bladder, and is usually somewhat crescent-shaped; the mucous membrane immediately behind it presents a slight elevation in males,...
    
    
  • uvula vesicae
• Structure of the Bladder
  • serous coat (tunica serosa)
  • muscular coat
    Muscular coat
    The muscular coat is a region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa membrane...
    
     (tunica muscularis)

• Structure of the Bladder
  • muscular coat
    Muscular coat
    The muscular coat is a region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa membrane...
    
     (tunica muscularis)
    • Detrusor urinae muscle
      Detrusor urinae muscle
      The detrusor urinae muscle, also detrusor muscle, muscularis propria of the urinary bladder and muscularis propria, contracts when urinating to squeeze out urine. Otherwise, it remains relaxed to allow the bladder to fill...
      
      
    • Sphincter vesicae
    • muscles of the ureters
  • submucous coat (tela submucosa)
  • mucous coat (tunica mucosa)

• male urethra
• prostatic portion (pars prostatica)
  • urethral crest
    Urethral crest
    The urethal crest is an anatomical feature present in the urinary system of both males and females.In males, the urethral crest is known as the crista urethralis masculinae, or the crista phallica,...
    
    
  • prostatic sinus
    Prostatic sinus
    On either side of the urethral crest is a slightly depressed fossa, the prostatic sinus, the floor of which is perforated by numerous apertures, the orifices of the prostatic ducts from the lateral lobes of the prostate....
    
    
  • orifices of the prostatic ducts
  • colliculus seminalis
  • prostatic utricle
    Prostatic utricle
    The prostatic utricle is a small indentation located in the prostatic urethra, at the apex of the urethral crest, on the seminal colliculus , laterally flanked by openings of the ejaculatory ducts...
    
     (sinus pocularis)

• prostatic portion (pars prostatica)
  • uterus masculinus
• membranous portion (pars membranacea)
• cavernous portion
  Spongy urethra
  The spongy urethra is the longest part of the male urethra, and is contained in the corpus spongiosum urethraeæ....
  
   (pars cavernosa; penile or spongy portion)
  • fossa navicularis urethrae
• external urethral orifice (orificium urethrae externum; meatus urinarius)
• lining membrane of the urethra
  • urethral glands
  • lacuna
    Lacuna (histology)
    In histology, a lacuna is a small space containing an osteocyte in bone or chondrocyte in cartilage.-Bone:The Lacuna are situated between the lamella, and consist of a number of oblong spaces. In an ordinary microscopic section, viewed by transmitted light, they appear as fusiform opaque spots...
    
    e
    • lacuna magna
      Lacuna magna
      In male anatomy, the lacuna magna is the largest of several recesses in the roof of the navicular fossa of the urethra. Its embryologic origin is contested, but recent evidence suggests it and the navicular fossa derive from infiltrating endodermal cells of the urethral plate...
      
      
• Structure
  • mucous coat
  • submucous tissue
• Congenital defects

• Scrotum
  Scrotum
  In some male mammals the scrotum is a dual-chambered protuberance of skin and muscle containing the testicles and divided by a septum. It is an extension of the perineum, and is located between the penis and anus. In humans and some other mammals, the base of the scrotum becomes covered with curly...
  
  
  • Dartos tunic
• Intercrural fascia (intercolumnar or external spermatic fascia
  External spermatic fascia
  The external spermatic fascia is a thin membrane, prolonged downward around the surface of the spermatic cord and testis. It is separated from the dartos tunic by loose areolar tissue...
  
  )
• Cremaster
  Cremaster muscle
  -Contraction:Its function is to raise and lower the testes in order to regulate the temperature of the testes and promote spermatogenesis. Contraction may also occur during arousal which can prevent injury to the testicles during sex....
  
  

• Infundibuliform fascia (tunica vaginalis communis)
• Tunica vaginalis
  Tunica vaginalis
  The tunica vaginalis is the serous covering of the testis.It is a pouch of serous membrane, derived from the processus vaginalis of the peritoneum, which in the fetus preceded the descent of the testis from the abdomen into the scrotum....
  
  
• Inguinal canal
  Inguinal canal
  The inguinal canal is a passage in the anterior abdominal wall which in men conveys the spermatic cord and in women the round ligament. The inguinal canal is larger and more prominent in men.-Site:...
  
   (canalis inguinalis)
• Spermatic cord
  Spermatic cord
  The spermatic cord is the name given to the cord-like structure in males formed by the ductus deferens and surrounding tissue that run from the abdomen down to each testicle.-Contents of spermatic cord:...
  
   (funiculus spermaticus)
  • internal spermatic artery

• • external spermatic artery
  • artery of the ductus deferens

• Spermatic cord
  Spermatic cord
  The spermatic cord is the name given to the cord-like structure in males formed by the ductus deferens and surrounding tissue that run from the abdomen down to each testicle.-Contents of spermatic cord:...
  
   (funiculus spermaticus)
  • spermatic veins
  • plexus pampiniformis
• Testes

• epididymis
  Epididymis
  The epididymis is part of the male reproductive system and is present in all male amniotes. It is a narrow, tightly-coiled tube connecting the efferent ducts from the rear of each testicle to its vas deferens. A similar, but probably non-homologous, structure is found in cartilaginous...
  
  
  • duct of the testis
  • sinus of the epididymis (digital fossa)
• Appendages of the Testis and Epididymis
  • appendix of the testis (hydatid of Morgagni)
  • appendix of the epididymis
    Appendix of the epididymis
    On the head of the epididymis is a small stalked appendage . It is named the appendix of the epididymis , and is usually regarded as a detached efferent duct....
    
     (pedunculated hydatid)
• tunics
  • Tunica vaginalis
    Tunica vaginalis
    The tunica vaginalis is the serous covering of the testis.It is a pouch of serous membrane, derived from the processus vaginalis of the peritoneum, which in the fetus preceded the descent of the testis from the abdomen into the scrotum....
    
     (tunica vaginalis propria testis)
    • visceral lamina (lamina visceralis)
    • parietal lamina (lamina parietalis)
  • Tunica albuginea

• tunics
  • Tunica albuginea
    • mediastinum testis
      Mediastinum testis
      The mediastinum testis is a network of fibrous connective tissue that extends from the upper to near the lower extremity of the testis, and is wider above than below....
      
       (corpus Highmori)
  • Tunica vasculosa
    Tunica vasculosa testis
    The tunica vasculosa is the vascular layer of the testis, consisting of a plexus of bloodvessels, held together by delicate areolar tissue.It clothes the inner surface of the tunica albuginea and the different septa in the interior of the gland, and therefore forms an internal investment to all the...
    
    
• Structure
  • lobules of testis
    Lobules of testis
    The glandular structure of the testis consists of numerous lobules.Their number, in a single testis, is estimated by Berres at 250, and by Krause at 400.They differ in size according to their position, those in the middle of the gland being larger and longer....
    
    
  • tubuli seminiferi
  • interstitial cells
    Leydig cell
    Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells of Leydig, are found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testicle. They produce testosterone in the presence of luteinizing hormone...
    
    
  • spermatozoa
    • spermatogonia
    • intermediate cells or spermatocytes
    • spermatoblasts or spermatids
    • spermatozoön
      Spermatozoon
      A spermatozoon is a motile sperm cell, or moving form of the haploid cell that is the male gamete. A spermatozoon joins an ovum to form a zygote...
      
      
  • supporting cells (cells of Sertoli)

• Structure
  • tubuli recti
  • rete testis
    Rete testis
    Rete testis is an anastomosing network of delicate tubules located in the hilum of the testicle that carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the vasa efferentia....
    
    
  • ductuli efferentes
  • coni vasculosi

• ampulla of ductus deferens
  Ampulla of ductus deferens
  At the fundus of the bladder the ductus deferens of some mammalian species becomes enlarged and sometimes tortuous. This portion is termed the ampulla....
  
  

• Ductuli aberrantes
  Ductuli aberrantes
  Ductuli Aberrantes.—A long narrow tube, the ductulus aberrans inferior , is occasionally found connected with the lower part of the canal of the epididymis, or with the commencement of the ductus deferens....
  
  
  • ductulus aberrans inferior (vas aberrans of Haller)
  • ductulus aberrans superior

• Paradidymis
  Paradidymis
  The term paradidymis is applied to a small collection of convoluted tubules, situated in front of the lower part of the spermatic cord, above the head of the epididymis....
  
   (organ of Giraldés)

• Corpora cavernosa penis
  • crura
    Crus of penis
    For their anterior three-fourths the corpora cavernosa penis lie in intimate apposition with one another, but behind they diverge in the form of two tapering processes, known as the crura, which are firmly connected to the ischial rami....
    
    
  • bulb of the corpus cavernosum penis
  • septum of the penis
    Septum of the penis
    The corpora cavernosa penis are surrounded by a strong fibrous envelope consisting of superficial and deep fibers. The superficial fibers are longitudinal in direction, and form a single tube which encloses both corpora; the deep fibers are arranged circularly around each corpus, and form by their...
    
    
  • septum pectiniforme
• Corpus cavernosum urethræ (corpus spongiosum
  Corpus spongiosum
  Corpus spongiosum is the mass of spongy tissue surrounding the male urethra within the penis...
  
  )
  • glans penis
    Glans penis
    The glans penis is the sensitive bulbous structure at the distal end of the penis. The glans penis is anatomically homologous to the clitoral glans of the female...
    
    

• Corpus cavernosum urethræ (corpus spongiosum
  Corpus spongiosum
  Corpus spongiosum is the mass of spongy tissue surrounding the male urethra within the penis...
  
  )
  • corona glandis
  • retroglandular sulcus
• root (radix penis)
  • fundiform ligament
    Fundiform ligament
    The fundiform ligament is a specialization, thickening, of the superficial fascia extending from the linea alba of the lower abdominal wall....
    
    
  • suspensory ligament
    Suspensory ligament of the penis
    In males, the suspensory ligament of the penis is attached to the pubic symphysis, which holds the penis close to the pubic bone and supports it when erect....
    
    
• body (corpus penis)

• extremity
• integument
  • prepuce or foreskin
    Foreskin
    In male human anatomy, the foreskin is a generally retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers the glans penis and protects the urinary meatus when the penis is not erect...
    
    
  • frenulum
    Frenulum of prepuce of penis
    The word frenulum on its own is often used for the frenulum of prepuce of penis, which is an elastic band of tissue under the glans penis that connects to the prepuce, or foreskin to the vernal mucosa, and helps contract the prepuce over the glans. This is sometimes colloquially known as the "banjo...
    
    
  • preputial glands
  • preputial sac
• Structure of the Penis
  • trabeculae
    • trabeculae of corpora cavernosa of penis
      Trabeculae of corpora cavernosa of penis
      From the internal surface of the fibrous envelope of the corpora cavernosa penis, as well as from the sides of the septum, numerous bands or cords are given off, which cross the interior of these corpora cavernosa in all directions, subdividing them into a number of separate compartments, and...
      
      
    • trabeculae of corpus spongiosum of penis
      Trabeculae of corpus spongiosum of penis
      The fibrous envelope of the corpus cavernosum urethræ is thinner, whiter in color, and more elastic than that of the corpora cavernosa penis. It is called the trabeculae of corpus spongiosum of penis....
      
       (listed as corpus cavernosum urethrae)

• Vessels and Nerves
  • helicine arteries
    Helicine arteries of penis
    The helicine arteries of penis are arteries in the penis. They are found in the corpora cavernosa penis.They are involved in the process of erection.-Anatomy:...
    
    

• base (basis prostatae)
• apex (apex prostatae)
• Surfaces
  • posterior surface (facies posterior)
    • middle lobe
    • left lateral lobe
    • isthmus
      Isthmus
      An isthmus is a narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas usually with waterforms on either side.Canals are often built through isthmuses where they may be particularly advantageous to create a shortcut for marine transportation...
      
      
  • anterior surface (facies anterior)
  • lateral surfaces

• internal female genital organs
  • ovaries
  • uterine tubes
  • uterus
    Uterus
    The uterus or womb is a major female hormone-responsive reproductive sex organ of most mammals including humans. One end, the cervix, opens into the vagina, while the other is connected to one or both fallopian tubes, depending on the species...
    
    
  • vagina
    Vagina
    The vagina is a fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female placental mammals and marsupials, or to the cloaca in female birds, monotremes, and some reptiles. Female insects and other invertebrates also have a vagina, which is the terminal part of the...
    
    
• external female genital organs
  • mons pubis
    Mons pubis
    In human anatomy or in mammals in general, the mons pubis , also known as the mons veneris or simply the mons, is the adipose tissue lying above the pubic bone of adult females, anterior to the pubic symphysis...
    
    
  • labia majora et minora pudendi
  • clitoris
    Clitoris
    The clitoris is a sexual organ that is present only in female mammals. In humans, the visible button-like portion is located near the anterior junction of the labia minora, above the opening of the urethra and vagina. Unlike the penis, which is homologous to the clitoris, the clitoris does not...
    
    
  • bulbus vestibuli
  • greater vestibular glands

• ovaries
• ovarian fossa
  Ovarian fossa
  The ovary lies in a shallow depression, named the ovarian fossa, on the lateral wall of the pelvis.This fossa has the following boundaries:* superiorly: by the external iliac vessels* anteriorly and inferiorly: by the broad ligament of the uterus...
  
  
• suspensory ligament of the ovary
  Suspensory ligament of the ovary
  The suspensory ligament of the ovary, also infundibulopelvic ligament , is a fold of peritoneum that extends out from the ovary to the wall of the pelvis....
  
  
• ligament of the ovary

• mesovarium
  Mesovarium
  The mesovarium is the portion of the broad ligament of the uterus that covers the ovaries.At first the mesonephros and genital ridge are suspended by a common mesentery, but as the embryo grows the genital ridge gradually becomes pinched off from the mesonephros, with which it is at first...
  
  

• Epoöphoron
  Epoophoron
  The epoophoron or epoöphoron is a remnant of the Mesonephric duct that can be found next to the ovary and fallopian tube.-Anatomy:...
  
   (parovarium; organ of Rosenmüller)
  • ductuli transversi
    Ductuli transversi
    The epoöphoron lies in the mesosalpinx between the ovary and the uterine tube, and consists of a few short tubules, the ductuli transversi which converge toward the ovary while their opposite ends open into a rudimentary duct, the ductus longitudinalis epoöphori .The ductuli transversi of the...
    
    
  • ductus longitudinalis epoöphori (duct of Gärtner)

• Paroöphoron
  Paroöphoron
  The paroöphoron consists of a few scattered rudimentary tubules, best seen in the child, situated in the broad ligament between the epoöphoron and the uterus. Named for the Welsh anatomist David Johnson who originally described the structure at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth.It is a remnant...
  
  

• Structure
  • germinal epithelium of Waldeyer

• Structure
  • stroma
    Stroma of ovary
    The stroma of the ovary is a peculiar soft tissue, abundantly supplied with blood vessels, consisting for the most part of spindle-shaped cells with a small amount of ordinary connective tissue....
    
    
  • tunica albuginea
    Tunica albuginea (ovaries)
    On the surface of the ovary this tissue is much condensed, and forms a layer, the tunica albuginea, composed of short connective-tissue fibers, with fusiform cells between them.-External links:...
    
    

• Vesicular ovarian follicles (Graafian follicles)
  • medullary substance
    Medulla of ovary
    The medulla of ovary is a highly vascular stroma in the center of the ovary. It forms from embryonic mesenchyme and contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves....
    
     (zona vasculosa of Waldeyer)
  • membrana granulosa
    Membrana granulosa
    The larger ovarian follicles consist of an external fibrovascular coat, connected with the surrounding stroma of the ovary by a network of bloodvessels; and an internal coat, which consists of several layers of nucleated cells, called the membrana granulosa...
    
    
  • discus proligerus

• Discharge of the Ovum

• Corpus luteum
  Corpus luteum
  The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine structure in mammals, involved in production of relatively high levels of progesterone and moderate levels of estradiol and inhibin A...
  
  

• Vessels and Nerves
  • pampiniform plexus
    Pampiniform plexus
    The pampiniform plexus is a network of many small veins found in the human male spermatic cord. It is formed by the union of multiple spermatic veins from the back of the testis and tributaries from the epididymis....
    
    

• Tuba uterina; Fallopian tube
  Fallopian tube
  The Fallopian tubes, also known as oviducts, uterine tubes, and salpinges are two very fine tubes lined with ciliated epithelia, leading from the ovaries of female mammals into the uterus, via the utero-tubal junction...
  
  ; Oviduct
  Oviduct
  In non-mammalian vertebrates, the passageway from the ovaries to the outside of the body is known as the oviduct. The eggs travel along the oviduct. These eggs will either be fertilized by sperm to become a zygote, or will degenerate in the body...
  
  
• uterine tubes
• isthmus
  Isthmus of uterine tube
  The visible medial third of the uterine tube is the isthmus tubae uterinae. It is medidally bordered by the intramural portion of the tube that connects to the endometrial cavity and laterally by the ampullary part of the tube....
  
  
• ampulla
  Ampulla of uterine tube
  The ampulla is the second portion of the uterine tube. It is an intermediate dilated portion, which curves over the ovary.It is the most common site of human fertilization.The word ampulla is from Latin for flask....
  
  
• infundibulum
  Infundibulum of uterine tube
  The third part of the uterine tube is the infundibulum. It terminates with the ostium of Fallopian tube, surrounded by fimbriae, one of which is attached to the ovary. Together, the infundibulum and fimbria find the oocyte after ovulation.-External links: - "The Female Pelvis: The Oviduct"...
  
  
• abdominal ostium
• fimbria
  Fimbria (female reproductive system)
  In the female reproductive system, the fimbria is a fringe of tissue around the ostium of the Fallopian tube, in the direction of the ovary....
  
  e
• ovarian fimbria
• appendices vesiculosae (hydatids of Morgagni)

• internal orifice of the uterus
  Internal orifice of the uterus
  The internal orifice of the uterus is an interior narrowing of the uterine cavity. It corresponds to a slight constriction known as the isthmus that can be observed on the surface of the uterus about midway between the apex and base.-External links:...
  
  
• Body (corpus uteri)
  • vesical or anterior surface (facies vesicalis)
  • intestinal or posterior surface (facies intestinalis)
  • fundus (fundus uteri)
  • lateral margins (margo lateralis)
    • broad ligament
• Cervix
  Cervix
  The cervix is the lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina. It is cylindrical or conical in shape and protrudes through the upper anterior vaginal wall...
  
   (cervix uteri; neck)
  • supravaginal portion (portio supravaginalis cervicis)
    • parametrium
      Parametrium
      In women, the supravaginal portion of the cervix is separated in front from the bladder by fibrous tissue, the parametrium , which extends also on to its sides and laterally between the layers of the broad ligaments....
      
      

• Cervix
  Cervix
  The cervix is the lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina. It is cylindrical or conical in shape and protrudes through the upper anterior vaginal wall...
  
   (cervix uteri; neck)
  • vaginal portion (portio vaginalis cervicis)
    • external orifice of the uterus
      External orifice of the uterus
      The external orifice of the uterus is a small, depressed, somewhat circular aperture on the rounded extremity of the vaginal portion of the cervix. Through this aperture, the cervical cavity communicates with that of the vagina.The external orifice is bounded by two lips, an anterior and a posterior...
      
      
• Interior of the Uterus
  • Cavity of the body
    Cavity of the body
    The Cavity of the Body in the uterus is a mere slit, flattened antero-posteriorly.It is triangular in shape, the base being formed by the internal surface of the fundus between the orifices of the uterine tubes, the apex by the internal orifice of the uterus through which the cavity of the body...
    
     (cavum uteri)
  • Canal of the cervix
    Canal of the cervix
    In the anatomy of the female reproductive system, the canal of the cervix is the spindle-shaped, flattened canal of the cervix, the neck of the uterus.It communicates with the uterine cavity via the internal orifice of the uterus, and with the vagina via the...
    
     (canalis cervicis uteri)
    • palmate folds
    • arbor vitae uterina
• ligaments of the uterus
  • anterior ligament
  • posterior ligament
    • rectouterine excavation
    • sacrogenital folds or rectouterine folds
      Rectouterine folds
      These folds of the rectouterine excavation are named the sacrogenital or rectouterine folds.They contain a considerable amount of fibrous tissue and non-striped muscular fibers which are attached to the front of the sacrum and constitute the uterosacral ligaments....
      
      
    • uterosacral ligaments
      Uterosacral ligaments
      The uterosacral ligaments belongs to the major ligaments of uterus.The rectouterine folds contain a considerable amount of fibrous tissue and non-striped muscular fibers which are attached to the front of the sacrum and constitute the uterosacral ligaments....
      
      
  • two lateral or broad ligaments (ligamentum latum uteri)

• ligaments of the uterus
  • two lateral or broad ligaments (ligamentum latum uteri)
    • mesosalpinx
      Mesosalpinx
      The mesosalpinx is part of the lining of the abdominal cavity in higher vertebrates, specifically the portion of the broad ligament that stretches from the ovary to the level of the uterine tube....
      
      
    • infundibulopelvic ligament
  • round ligaments
    Round ligament of uterus
    The round ligament of the uterus originates at the uterine horns, in the parametrium. The round ligament leaves the pelvis via the deep inguinal ring, passes through the inguinal canal and continues on to the labia majora where its fibers spread and mix with the tissue of the mons...
    
     (ligamentum teres uteri)
    • canal of Nuck
      Canal of Nuck
      The canal of Nuck, described by Anton Nuck in 1691, is an abnormal patent pouch of peritoneum extending into the labia majora of women. It is analogous to the processus vaginalis in males ....
      
      
  • ligamentum transversalis colli

• structure of uterus
  • serous coat (tunica serosa)
  • muscular coat (tunica muscularis)
  • mucous membrane (tunica mucosa)
    • uterine glands
      Uterine glands
      In the uterus are the tube-like uterine glands, lined by ciliated columnar epithelium.They are of small size in the unimpregnated uterus, but shortly after impregnation become enlarged and elongated, presenting a contorted or waved appearance.-Function:...
      
      
    • ovula Nabothi

• vagina
  Vagina
  The vagina is a fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female placental mammals and marsupials, or to the cloaca in female birds, monotremes, and some reptiles. Female insects and other invertebrates also have a vagina, which is the terminal part of the...
  
  
• posterior fornix
• columns of the vagina
• Bulbocavernosus
  Bulbospongiosus muscle
  Bulbospongiosus is one of the superficial muscles of the perineum. It has a slightly different origin, insertion and function in males and females. In males, it covers the bulb of the penis...
  
  
• erectile tissue
  Erectile tissue
  Erectile tissue is tissue in the body that can become erect, usually by becoming engorged with blood.-Erectile tissue in the clitoris and penis:...
  
  

• Mons pubis
  Mons pubis
  In human anatomy or in mammals in general, the mons pubis , also known as the mons veneris or simply the mons, is the adipose tissue lying above the pubic bone of adult females, anterior to the pubic symphysis...
  
   (commissura labiorum anterior; mons Veneris)

• Labia majora
  Labia majora
  The labia majora are two prominent longitudinal cutaneous folds that extend downward and backward from the mons pubis to the perineum and form the lateral boundaries of the pudendal cleft, which contains the labia minora, interlabial sulci, clitoral hood, clitoral glans, frenulum clitoridis, the...
  
   (labia majora pudendi)
  • pudendal cleft or rima
    Rima
    Rima, also known as Rima the Jungle Girl, is the fictional heroine of W. H. Hudson's 1904 novel Green Mansions: A Romance of the Tropical Forest. In 1974, she was adapted into a comic book character and featured in the short-lived monthly series Rima the Jungle Girl, published by DC Comics...
    
    
  • anterior labial commissure
  • posterior labial commissure
    Posterior commissure of labia
    The posterior commisure of the labia majora is the rear joining of the labia majora. It is above the perineum.- See also :* Commissure...
    
    
  • perineum
    Perineum
    In human anatomy, the perineum is a region of the body including the perineal body and surrounding structures...
    
    

• Labia minora
  Labia minora
  The labia minora , also known as the inner labia, inner lips, or nymphae, are two flaps of skin on either side of the human vaginal opening, situated between the labia majora...
  
   (labia minora pudendi; nymphæ)
  • frenulum of the labia or fourchette
    Frenulum labiorum pudendi
    In female human anatomy, the frenulum labiorum pudendi is a frenulum where the labia minora meet posteriorly.-Pathology:...
    
    

• Labia minora
  Labia minora
  The labia minora , also known as the inner labia, inner lips, or nymphae, are two flaps of skin on either side of the human vaginal opening, situated between the labia majora...
  
   (labia minora pudendi; nymphæ)
  • preputium clitoridis
  • frenulum of the clitoris

• Clitoris
  Clitoris
  The clitoris is a sexual organ that is present only in female mammals. In humans, the visible button-like portion is located near the anterior junction of the labia minora, above the opening of the urethra and vagina. Unlike the penis, which is homologous to the clitoris, the clitoris does not...
  
  
  • free extremity (glans clitoridis)

• Vestibule (vestibulum vaginæ)
  • vestibule of the vagina (vestibulum vaginæ)
  • external urethral orifice
    External urethral orifice (female)
    The external urethral orifice is the external opening of the urethra, from which urine is ejected during urination. It is placed about 2.5 cm behind the glans clitoridis and immediately in front of that of the vagina; it usually assumes the form of a short, sagittal cleft with slightly raised...
    
     (orificium urethræ externum; urinary meatus)
  • vaginal orifice
    Vaginal orifice
    The vaginal orifice is a median slit below and behind the opening of the urethra; its size varies inversely with that of the hymen.-External links: - "The Female Perineum: The Vulva"...
    
    
  • hymen
    Hymen
    The hymen is a membrane that surrounds or partially covers the external vaginal opening. It forms part of the vulva, or external genitalia. The size of the hymenal opening increases with age. Although an often practiced method, it is not possible to confirm with certainty that a girl or woman is a...
    
    
  • imperforate hymen
  • carunculae hymenales
  • navicular fossa
    Fossa of vestibule of vagina
    The fossa of vestibule of vagina is a boat-shaped depression between the vagina/hymen and the frenulum labiorum pudendi. The small openings of the Bartholin's ducts can be seen in the grooves between the hymen and the labia minora, on either side.-See also:* Vulval vestibule...
    
    

• Bulb of the vestibule (bulbus vestibuli; vaginal bulb)
  • pars intermedia
    Pars intermedia
    Pars intermedia is the boundary between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary. It contains three types of cells - basophils, chromophobes, and colloid-filled cysts. The cysts are the remainder of Rathke’s pouch....
    
    

• Greater vestibular glands (glandulæ vestibularis major [Bartholini]; Bartholin's glands)

• Mammary gland
  Mammary gland
  A mammary gland is an organ in mammals that produces milk to feed young offspring. Mammals get their name from the word "mammary". In ruminants such as cows, goats, and deer, the mammary glands are contained in their udders...
  
  ; Breasts
• mammæ
• Mammary papilla or Nipple
  Nipple
  In its most general form, a nipple is a structure from which a fluid emanates. More specifically, it is the projection on the breasts or udder of a mammal by which breast milk is delivered to a mother's young. In this sense, it is often called a teat, especially when referring to non-humans, and...
  
   (papilla mammæ)
• areola
  Areola
  This article is about the breast tissue. For the entomology term, see the glossary of Lepidopteran terms. For an artistic cloud motif, see aureola. For the cactus feature, see Areole....
  
  
• areolar glands

• tubuli lactiferi
• ampullæ
• colostrum corpuscles
• circulus venosus

• Thyroid gland (Glandula Thyreiodea; Thyroid body)
• lobes of thyroevil. thyreoideæ)

• thyroid isthmus
  Thyroid isthmus
  The thyroid isthmus connects together the lower thirds of the lobes; it measures about 1.25 cm. in breadth, and the same in depth, and usually covers the second and third rings of the trachea.Its situation and size present, however, many variations....
  
   (isthmus gl. thyreoidea)
• pyramidal lobe
• Levator glandulæ thyreoideæ
• accessory thyroid glands (glandulæ thyreoideæ accessoriæ)
• thyroglossal duct
  Thyroglossal duct
  The thyroglossal duct is an embryological anatomical structure forming an open connection between the initial area of development of the thyroid gland and its final position....
  
  

• paraganglia
  Paraganglia
  The paraganglia are small groups of chromaphil cells connected with the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk and the ganglia of the celiac, renal, suprarenal, aortic and hypogastric plexuses...
  
  
• aortic glands or aortic bodies

• Suprarenal glands (Glandulæ Suprarenalis; Adrenal capsule)

• Development

• Relations
  • right suprarenal
  • hilum
    Hilum (anatomy)
    In human anatomy, the hilum is a depression or fissure where structures such as blood vessels and nerves enter an organ.-Examples of hila:* Hilum of kidney, admits the renal artery, vein, ureter, and nerves...
    
    

• Relations
  • left suprarenal
  • accessory suprarenals (glandulæ suprarenales accessoriæ)

• Structure
  • cortical portion (substantia corticalis)
    • zona glomerulosa
      Zona glomerulosa
      The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland is the most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex, lying directly beneath the adrenal gland's capsule...
      
      
    • zona fasciculata
      Zona fasciculata
      The zona fasciculata constitutes the middle zone of the adrenal cortex, sitting directly beneath the zona glomerulosa. Constituent cells are organized into bundles or "fascicles"....
      
      
    • zona reticularis
      Zona reticularis
      The zona reticularis is the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex, lying deep to the zona fasciculata and superficial to the adrenal medulla. The cells are arranged cords that project in different directions giving a net-like appearance The zona reticularis is the innermost layer of the adrenal...
      
      
  • medullary portion
    Adrenal medulla
    The adrenal medulla is part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine , norepinephrine , and a small amount of dopamine in response to...
    
     (substantia medullaris)

• Glomus caroticum (Carotid glands; Carotid bodies)
• Glomus coccygeum (Coccygeal gland or Body; Luschka's gland)

• spleen
  Spleen
  The spleen is an organ found in virtually all vertebrate animals with important roles in regard to red blood cells and the immune system. In humans, it is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve of blood in case of hemorrhagic shock...
  
   (lien)
• Relations
  • diaphragmatic surface
    Diaphragmatic surface of spleen
    The diaphragmatic surface is convex, smooth, and is directed upward, backward, and to the left, except at its upper end, where it is directed slightly medialward...
    
     (facies diaphragmatica; external or phrenic surface)
  • visceral surface
  • gastric surface (facies gastrica)
    • hilum
      Splenic hilum
      The Splenic hilum is a location on the surface of the spleen.It is the point of attachment for the gastrosplenic ligament, and the point of insertion for the splenic artery and splenic vein.Structures that enter the hilum are:* Splenic artery...
      
      

• Relations
  • renal surface (facies renalis)
  • superior extremity (extremitas superior)
  • lower extremity or colic surface (extremitas inferior)
  • anterior border
    Anterior margin of pancreas
    The anterior margin of pancreas separates the anterior from the inferior surface, and along this border the two layers of the transverse mesocolon diverge from one another; one passing upward over the anterior surface, the other backward over the inferior surface....
    
     (margo anterior)
  • posterior border (margo posterior)
  • inferior border (internal border)
  • phrenicolienal ligament
  • gastrolienal ligament
  • accessory spleens (lien accessorius; supernumerary spleen)
• Structure
  • external coat or serous coat (tunica serosa)
  • fibroelastic coat (tunica albuginea)
  • trabeculæ
    Trabeculae of spleen
    The fibroelastic coat of the spleen invests the organ, and at the hilum is reflected inward upon the vessels in the form of sheaths. From these sheaths, as well as from the inner surface of the fibroelastic coat, numerous small fibrous bands, the trabeculae of the spleen , emerge from all...
    
    

• Structure
  • areolae
  • splenic pulp
    Splenic pulp
    The red pulp of the spleen is composed of connective tissue known as the cords of Billroth and many splenic sinuses that are engorged with blood, giving it a red color...
    
     (pulpa lienis)
  • splenic cells

• Bloodvessels of the Spleen
  • lienal artery
  • lymphatic nodules (Malpighian bodies of the spleen)

See also

• List of images and subjects in Gray's Anatomy