List of subjects in Gray's Anatomy: I. Embryology

Embryology
Embryology
Embryology is a science which is about the development of an embryo from the fertilization of the ovum to the fetus stage...
ontogeny
Ontogeny
Ontogeny is the origin and the development of an organism – for example: from the fertilized egg to mature form. It covers in essence, the study of an organism's lifespan...
phylogeny
ovum
Ovum
An ovum is a haploid female reproductive cell or gamete. Both animals and embryophytes have ova. The term ovule is used for the young ovum of an animal, as well as the plant structure that carries the female gametophyte and egg cell and develops into a seed after fertilization...
spermatozoön
Spermatozoon
A spermatozoon is a motile sperm cell, or moving form of the haploid cell that is the male gamete. A spermatozoon joins an ovum to form a zygote...
segmentation
Segmentation
Segmentation may mean:*Market segmentation, in economics and marketingBiology*A process of morphogenesis that divides a metazoan body into a series of semi-repetitive segments*Segmentation , a series of semi-repetitive segments...
differentiation
somatic cells
germinal cells
Animal cell
fertilized ovum
cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is a small gel-like substance residing between the cell membrane holding all the cell's internal sub-structures , except for the nucleus. All the contents of the cells of prokaryote organisms are contained within the cytoplasm...
nucleus
nucleolus
Nucleolus
The nucleolus is a non-membrane bound structure composed of proteins and nucleic acids found within the nucleus. Ribosomal RNA is transcribed and assembled within the nucleolus...
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is a small gel-like substance residing between the cell membrane holding all the cell's internal sub-structures , except for the nucleus. All the contents of the cells of prokaryote organisms are contained within the cytoplasm...

(protoplasm
Protoplasm
Protoplasm is the living contents of a cell that is surrounded by a plasma membrane. It is a general term of the Cytoplasm . Protoplasm is composed of a mixture of small molecules such as ions, amino acids, monosaccharides and water, and macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and...

)

mitochondria
paraplasm
spongioplasm
hyaloplasm
cell membrane
Cell membrane
The cell membrane or plasma membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. It basically protects the cell...
Nucleus
nuclear membrane
nuclear substance (nuclear matrix)
karyoplasm
karyomitome
linin
Linin
Linin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Góra Kalwaria, within Piaseczno County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Góra Kalwaria, south-east of Piaseczno, and south of Warsaw.-References:...
chromatin
Chromatin
Chromatin is the combination of DNA and proteins that make up the contents of the nucleus of a cell. The primary functions of chromatin are; to package DNA into a smaller volume to fit in the cell, to strengthen the DNA to allow mitosis and meiosis and prevent DNA damage, and to control gene...

(basichromatin)

nucleoli
pseudo-nucleoli
true nucleoli
centrosome
Centrosome
In cell biology, the centrosome is an organelle that serves as the main microtubule organizing center of the animal cell as well as a regulator of cell-cycle progression. It was discovered by Edouard Van Beneden in 1883...
centriole
Centriole
A Centriole is a barrel-shaped cell structure found in most animal eukaryotic cells, though it is absent in higher plants and most fungi. The walls of each centriole are usually composed of nine triplets of microtubules...
centrosphere
attraction sphere
direct division
Indirect division or karyokinesis (karyomitosis)
resting stage
Prophase
Prophase
Prophase, from the ancient Greek πρό and φάσις , is a stage of mitosis in which the chromatin condenses into a highly ordered structure called a chromosome in which the chromatin becomes visible. This process, called chromatin condensation, is mediated by the condensin complex...
chromosomes
achromatic spindle
mother star or monaster
Monaster
The name Monaster can have several different meanings:*Monaster- a genus of prehistoric starfish.*Monaster is also an alternate name for Niculiţel, a small Romanian commune....
Metaphase
Metaphase
Metaphase, from the ancient Greek μετά and φάσις , is a stage of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in which condensed & highly coiled chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the middle of the cell before being separated into each of the two daughter cells...
daughter chromosomes
Anaphase
Anaphase
Anaphase, from the ancient Greek ἀνά and φάσις , is the stage of mitosis or meiosis when chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell....
diaster
Skein
Skein
Skein may refer to:* A flock of geese or ducks in V formation flight* A wound ball of yarn with a center pull strand, see hank* TV Series, used part of Variety's slanguage.* Skein dubh, a Scottish knife* Skein module, a mathematical concept...

, or spirem

yolk or oöplasm
germinal vesicle
germinal spot
zona striata or zona pellucida
Zona pellucida
The zona pellucida is a glycoprotein membrane surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte. It is a vital constitutive part of the latter, external but of essential importance to it...
corona radiata
Corona radiata
In neuroanatomy, the corona radiata is a white matter sheet that continues caudally as the internal capsule and rostrally as the centrum semiovale. This sheet of axons contains both descending and ascending axons that carry nearly all of the neural traffic from and to the cerebral cortex...
cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is a small gel-like substance residing between the cell membrane holding all the cell's internal sub-structures , except for the nucleus. All the contents of the cells of prokaryote organisms are contained within the cytoplasm...
formative yolk
nutritive yolk or deutoplasm

centrosome
Centrosome
In cell biology, the centrosome is an organelle that serves as the main microtubule organizing center of the animal cell as well as a regulator of cell-cycle progression. It was discovered by Edouard Van Beneden in 1883...
centriole
Centriole
A Centriole is a barrel-shaped cell structure found in most animal eukaryotic cells, though it is absent in higher plants and most fungi. The walls of each centriole are usually composed of nine triplets of microtubules...
Germinal vesicle
zona striata or zona pellucida
Zona pellucida
The zona pellucida is a glycoprotein membrane surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte. It is a vital constitutive part of the latter, external but of essential importance to it...
corona radiata
Corona radiata
In neuroanatomy, the corona radiata is a white matter sheet that continues caudally as the internal capsule and rostrally as the centrum semiovale. This sheet of axons contains both descending and ascending axons that carry nearly all of the neural traffic from and to the cerebral cortex...
polar bodies or polocytes
mature ovum

secondary oöcyte
first polar body
mature ovum
second polar body

neck
Neck
The neck is the part of the body, on many terrestrial or secondarily aquatic vertebrates, that distinguishes the head from the torso or trunk. The adjective signifying "of the neck" is cervical .-Boner anatomy: The cervical spine:The cervical portion of the human spine comprises seven boney...
anterior centriole
connecting piece or body
terminal disk
axial filament
spiral thread
mitochondria sheath
tail
Tail
The tail is the section at the rear end of an animal's body; in general, the term refers to a distinct, flexible appendage to the torso. It is the part of the body that corresponds roughly to the sacrum and coccyx in mammals, reptiles, and birds...
end-piece
spermatogonia
primary spermatocytes
secondary spermatocytes
spermatids

cone of attraction
vitelline membrane
Vitelline membrane
The vitelline membrane is a structure directly adjacent to the outer surface of the plasma membrane of an ovum. It is composed mostly of protein fibers, with protein receptors needed for sperm binding which, in turn, are bound to sperm plasma membrane receptors...
male pronucleus
segmentation nucleus

morula
Morula
A morula is an embryo at an early stage of embryonic development, consisting of cells in a solid ball contained within the zona pellucida....
trophoblast
Trophoblast
Trophoblasts are cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst, which provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta. They are formed during the first stage of pregnancy and are the first cells to differentiate from the fertilized egg...
inner cell-mass
blastodermic vesicle
embryonic pole

syncytium
Syncytium
In biology, a syncytium is a large cell-like structure; filled with cytoplasm and containing many nuclei. Most cells in eukaryotic organisms have a single nucleus; syncytia are specialized forms used by various organisms.The term may also refer to cells that are connected by specialized membrane...

or syncytiotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast is the epithelial covering of the placenta villous tree. It is a unique tissue in that it is a multi-nucleated, terminally differentiated syncytium, extending to 13m^2...
cytotrophoblast
Cytotrophoblast
The cytotrophoblast is the inner layer of the trophoblast, interior to the syncytiotrophoblast in an embryo.Cytotrophoblast is considered to be the trophoblastic stem cell; it differentiates into the other forms of trophoblastic tissue .-External links: - "Female Reproductive System: placental...

or layer of langhans
amniotic cavity
Amniotic cavity
The amniotic cavity is the closed sac between the embryo and the amnion, containing the amniotic fluid. The amniotic cavity is formed by the fusion of the parts of the amniotic fold, which first makes its appearance at the cephalic extremity, and subsequently at the caudal end and sides of the embryo...
embryonic disk
Embryonic disk
The floor of the amniotic cavity is formed by the embryonic disk composed of a layer of prismatic cells, the embryonic ectoderm, derived from the inner cell-mass and lying in apposition with the endoderm....
embryonic ectoderm

primitive streak
Primitive streak
The primitive streak is a structure that forms during the early stages of avian, reptilian and mammalian embryonic development.-Introduction:...
Hensen's knot
primitive groove
Primitive groove
A shallow groove, the primitive groove, appears on the surface of the primitive streak, and the anterior end of this groove communicates by means of an aperture, the blastophore, with the yolk-sac....
blastophore
buccopharyngeal membrane
Buccopharyngeal membrane
The region where the crescentic masses of the ectoderm and endoderm come into direct contact with each other constitutes a thin membrane, the buccopharyngeal membrane , which forms a septum between the primitive mouth and pharynx...
pericardial area
proamniotic area
proamnion
cloacal membrane
Cloacal membrane
The cloacal membrane is the membrane that covers the embryonic cloaca when still in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs.It is formed by ectoderm and endoderm coming into contact with each other...

paraxial mesoderm
Paraxial mesoderm
Paraxial mesoderm is the area of mesoderm that forms just lateral to the neural tube on both sides.It differentiates rostrally into somatomeres and caudally into somites.It gives rise to the somitomeres/somites and mesoderm of the branchial arches....
lateral mesoderm
intermediate cell-mass
lateral mesoderm
- somatic layer
  - somatopleure
    Somatopleure
    In the anatomy of an embryo, the somatopleuric mesenchyme is a structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers. The outer layer becomes applied to the inner surface of the ectoderm, and with it forms the somatopleure.-External links:* at Yuba Community...
- splanchnic layer
  - splanchnopleure
    Splanchnopleure
    In the anatomy of an embryo, the splanchnopleuric mesenchyme is a structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers. The inner layer adheres to the endoderm, and with it forms the splanchnopleure....
celom

neural folds
Neural folds
In front of the primitive streak two longitudinal ridges, caused by a folding up of the ectoderm, make their appearance, one on either side of the middle line...
neural groove
Neural groove
The neural groove is a shallow median groove between the neural folds of an embryo. The neural folds are two longitudinal ridges that are caused by a folding up of the ectoderm in front of the primitive streak of the developing embryo...
neural tube
Neural tube
In the developing vertebrate, the neural tube is the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord...

or neural canal
neurenteric canal

sinus rhomboidalis
neural crest
Neural crest
Neural crest cells are a transient, multipotent, migratory cell population unique to vertebrates that gives rise to a diverse cell lineage including melanocytes, craniofacial cartilage and bone, smooth muscle, peripheral and enteric neurons and glia....

or ganglion ridge
fore-brain (prosencephalon
Prosencephalon
In the anatomy of the brain of vertebrates, the prosencephalon is the rostral-most portion of the brain. The prosencephalon, the mesencephalon , and rhombencephalon are the three primary portions of the brain during early development of the central nervous system...

)
mid-brain (mesencephalon
Mesencephalon
The midbrain or mesencephalon is a portion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal , and temperature regulation....

)
hind-brain (rhombencephalon
Rhombencephalon
The rhombencephalon is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates.The rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres...

)

Cephalic fold of embryo
Embryo
An embryo is a multicellular diploid eukaryote in its earliest stage of development, from the time of first cell division until birth, hatching, or germination...
Caudal fold of embryo
Embryo
An embryo is a multicellular diploid eukaryote in its earliest stage of development, from the time of first cell division until birth, hatching, or germination...
fore-gut
body-stalk
Body-stalk
The caudal end of the embryo is at first connected to the chorion by a band of mesoderm called the body-stalk, but with the formation of the caudal fold the body-stalk assumes a ventral position; a diverticulum of the yolk-sac extends into the tail fold and is termed the hind-gut.The function of...
hind-gut

vitelline fluid
vitelline circulation
Vitelline circulation
Vitelline circulation refers to the system of blood flowing from the embryo to the yolk sac and back again.The yolk-sac is situated on the ventral aspect of the embryo; it is lined by endoderm, outside of which is a layer of mesoderm...
vitelline duct
Vitelline duct
In the human embryo, the vitelline duct, also known as the omphalomesenteric duct, is a long narrow tube that joins the yolk sac to the midgut lumen of the developing fetus...
Meckel's diverticulum
Meckel's diverticulum
A Meckel's diverticulum, a true congenital diverticulum, is a small bulge in the small intestine present at birth. It is a vestigial remnant of the omphalomesenteric duct , and is the most frequent malformation of the gastrointestinal tract...

Allantois
Allantois
Allantois is a part of a developing animal conceptus . It helps the embryo exchange gases and handle liquid waste....
- body-stalk
  Body-stalk
  The caudal end of the embryo is at first connected to the chorion by a band of mesoderm called the body-stalk, but with the formation of the caudal fold the body-stalk assumes a ventral position; a diverticulum of the yolk-sac extends into the tail fold and is termed the hind-gut.The function of...

Amnion
Amnion
The amnion is a membrane building the amniotic sac that surrounds and protects an embryo. It is developed in reptiles, birds, and mammals, which are hence called “Amniota”; but not in amphibians and fish , which are consequently termed “Anamniota”. The primary role of this is the protection of the...
- amniotic ectoderm
- amniotic fold
- amniotic cavity
  Amniotic cavity
  The amniotic cavity is the closed sac between the embryo and the amnion, containing the amniotic fluid. The amniotic cavity is formed by the fusion of the parts of the amniotic fold, which first makes its appearance at the cephalic extremity, and subsequently at the caudal end and sides of the embryo...
- amnion
  Amnion
  The amnion is a membrane building the amniotic sac that surrounds and protects an embryo. It is developed in reptiles, birds, and mammals, which are hence called “Amniota”; but not in amphibians and fish , which are consequently termed “Anamniota”. The primary role of this is the protection of the...
- false amnion or serosa

Implantation or Imbedding of the Ovum
- intervillous space
  Intervillous space
  As a brief introduction, "inter" means between, and "villous" means "pertaining to a villus ", which in this case contains blood vessels, so the intervillous space is the "space between the villi containing the vessels" of the mother and the embryo.The trophoblast, which is a collection of cells...

Decidua
Decidua
Decidua is the term for the uterine lining during a pregnancy, which forms the maternal part of the placenta. It is formed under the influence of progesterone and forms highly-characteristic cells.-Etymology:...
- decidual cells
  Decidual cells
  Before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus, the mucous membrane of the body of the uterus undergoes important changes and is then known as the decidua. The thickness and vascularity of the mucous membrane are greatly increased; its glands are elongated and open on its free surface by...
- stratum compactum

Decidua
Decidua
Decidua is the term for the uterine lining during a pregnancy, which forms the maternal part of the placenta. It is formed under the influence of progesterone and forms highly-characteristic cells.-Etymology:...
- stratum spongiosum
- unaltered or boundary layer
  Boundary layer
  In physics and fluid mechanics, a boundary layer is that layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface where effects of viscosity of the fluid are considered in detail. In the Earth's atmosphere, the planetary boundary layer is the air layer near the ground affected by diurnal...
- decidua capsularis
- decidua basalis or decidua placentalis
- decidua vera or decidua parietalis

Chorion
Chorion
The chorion is one of the membranes that exist during pregnancy between the developing fetus and mother. It is formed by extraembryonic mesoderm and the two layers of trophoblast and surrounds the embryo and other membranes...
- cytotrophoblast
  Cytotrophoblast
  The cytotrophoblast is the inner layer of the trophoblast, interior to the syncytiotrophoblast in an embryo.Cytotrophoblast is considered to be the trophoblastic stem cell; it differentiates into the other forms of trophoblastic tissue .-External links: - "Female Reproductive System: placental...
  
  or layer of langhans
- syncytiotrophoblast
  Syncytiotrophoblast
  Syncytiotrophoblast is the epithelial covering of the placenta villous tree. It is a unique tissue in that it is a multi-nucleated, terminally differentiated syncytium, extending to 13m^2...
- chorionic villi
  Chorionic villi
  Chorionic villi are villi that sprout from the chorion in order to give a maximum area of contact with the maternal blood.Embryonic blood is carried to the villi by the branches of the umbilical arteries, and after circulating through the capillaries of the villi, is returned to the embryo by the...

Maternal portion
- basal plate
  Basal plate
  Basal plate may refer to:* Basal plate , the region of the neural tube ventral to the sulcus limitans* Basal plate , between this plate and the uterine muscular fibres are the stratum spongiosum and the boundary layer...
- cotyledons
  Cotyledon (mammal)
  In human development, the cotyledons are the approximately 15-30 separations of the desidua basalis of the placenta, separated by placental septa...

Separation of the Placenta
- after-birth
- cotyledons
  Cotyledon (mammal)
  In human development, the cotyledons are the approximately 15-30 separations of the desidua basalis of the placenta, separated by placental septa...

Branchial arches or Visceral arches and Pharyngeal pouches
- branchial or outer pharyngeal grooves
- closing membranes

Branchial arches or Visceral arches and Pharyngeal pouches
- gill-clefts
- branchial arches or visceral arches
mandibular arch (first branchial arch
First branchial arch
The first branchial arch, also called the first pharyngeal arch and mandibular arch, is the first of six branchial arches that develops in fetal life during the fourth week of development...

)
- Meckel's cartilages
- maxillary process
  Maxillary process
  Maxillary process can refer to:* An alternate name for the maxillary prominence * The maxillary process of inferior nasal concha...
- second branchial arch or hyoid arch
  Hyoid arch
  The second pharyngeal arch or hyoid arch assists in forming the side and front of the neck.-Skeletal elements:From the cartilage of the second arch arises*Stapes,*Styloid process,*Stylohyoid ligament, and...

mandibular arch (first branchial arch
First branchial arch
The first branchial arch, also called the first pharyngeal arch and mandibular arch, is the first of six branchial arches that develops in fetal life during the fourth week of development...

)
- third branchial arch
- fourth branchial arch
- fifth branchial arch
- sixth branchial arch
- sinus cervicalis
sinus tonsillaris
Nose
Human nose
The visible part of the human nose is the protruding part of the face that bears the nostrils. The shape of the nose is determined by the ethmoid bone and the nasal septum, which consists mostly of cartilage and which separates the nostrils...

and Face
Face
The face is a central sense organ complex, for those animals that have one, normally on the ventral surface of the head, and can, depending on the definition in the human case, include the hair, forehead, eyebrow, eyelashes, eyes, nose, ears, cheeks, mouth, lips, philtrum, temple, teeth, skin, and...
- olfactory areas
- fronto-nasal process

Nose
Human nose
The visible part of the human nose is the protruding part of the face that bears the nostrils. The shape of the nose is determined by the ethmoid bone and the nasal septum, which consists mostly of cartilage and which separates the nostrils...

and Face
Face
The face is a central sense organ complex, for those animals that have one, normally on the ventral surface of the head, and can, depending on the definition in the human case, include the hair, forehead, eyebrow, eyelashes, eyes, nose, ears, cheeks, mouth, lips, philtrum, temple, teeth, skin, and...
- olfactory pits
- medial nasal process
- lateral nasal process
- globular processes of His
- nasal laminae

Nose
Human nose
The visible part of the human nose is the protruding part of the face that bears the nostrils. The shape of the nose is determined by the ethmoid bone and the nasal septum, which consists mostly of cartilage and which separates the nostrils...

and Face
Face
The face is a central sense organ complex, for those animals that have one, normally on the ventral surface of the head, and can, depending on the definition in the human case, include the hair, forehead, eyebrow, eyelashes, eyes, nose, ears, cheeks, mouth, lips, philtrum, temple, teeth, skin, and...
- columella
maxillary process
Maxillary process
Maxillary process can refer to:* An alternate name for the maxillary prominence * The maxillary process of inferior nasal concha...
- naso-optic furrow

maxillary process
Maxillary process
Maxillary process can refer to:* An alternate name for the maxillary prominence * The maxillary process of inferior nasal concha...
- primitive palate
  Primitive palate
  By the fusion of the maxillary and nasal processes in the roof of the stomodeum the primitive palate is formed, and the olfactory pits extend backward above it.It consists of the maxillary process and medial nasal process....
- bucco-nasal membrane
- primitive choanae
- palatine processes
- permanent choanae

maxillary process
Maxillary process
Maxillary process can refer to:* An alternate name for the maxillary prominence * The maxillary process of inferior nasal concha...
- vomero-nasal organs of Jacobson
Limbs
Limb (anatomy)
A limb is a jointed, or prehensile , appendage of the human or other animal body....

See also