Anaphase

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Anaphase

Anaphase, is from the ancient Greek

Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek is the historical stage in the development of the Greek language spanning across the Archaic Greece , Classical Greece , and Hellenistic civilization periods of ancient Greece and the classical antiquity....
??? (up) and f?s?? (stage), is the stage of mitosis

Mitosis

Mitosis is the process in which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus, into two identical sets in two daughter nuclei....
when chromosome

Chromosome

A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein that is found in Cell . A chromosome is a single piece of DNA that contains many genes, regulatory sequence and other genetic sequence....
s separate in a eukaryotic

Eukaryote

Animals, plants, fungus, and protists are eukaryotes , organisms whose Cell are organized into complex structures enclosed within Cell membrane....
cell

Cell (biology)

The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known Life organisms. It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living, and is often called the building bricks of life....
. Each chromatid

Chromatid

A chromatid is one among the two identical copies of DNA making up a replicated chromosome, which are joined at their centromeres, for the process of cell division ....
moves to opposite poles of the cell, the opposite ends of the mitotic spindle

Mitotic spindle

In cell biology, the spindle apparatus is the structure that separates the chromosomes into the daughter cells during cell division. It is part of the cytoskeleton in eukaryote....
, near the microtubule organizing center

Microtubule organizing center

The microtubule-organizing center is a structure found in eukaryote cells from which microtubules emerge. MTOCs have two main functions: The organization of eukaryotic flagellum and cilium and the organization of the mitosis and meiosis spindle apparatus separating the chromosomes during cell division....
s. During this stage, anaphase lag

Anaphase lag

Anaphase lag describes the delayed movement during anaphase of one homologous chromosome in mitosis or of one chromatid in meiosis. The result is that the lagging chromosome is not incorporated into the nucleus of one of the daughter cells and there will be one normal cell and one cell with monosomy; i.e....
could happen.

Anaphase begins abruptly with the regulated triggering of the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. At this point the Anaphase

Anaphase

Anaphase, is from the ancient Greek ??? and f?s?? , is the stage of mitosis when chromosomes separate in a eukaryote cell . Each chromatid moves to opposite poles of the cell, the opposite ends of the mitotic spindle, near the microtubule organizing centers....
becomes activated. This terminate activity by cleaving

Cleave

Cleave could refer to:*Cleave, an Austrian alternative rock band.*Cleave, a Japanese hardcore punk band.*Cleave, , to adhere or to split....
and inactivating the M-phase cyclin required for the function of M-phase cyclin dependent kinases (M-Cdks).

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Encyclopedia

Anaphase, is from the ancient Greek

Ancient Greek

Mitosis

Mitosis is the process in which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus, into two identical sets in two daughter nuclei....
when chromosome

Chromosome

Eukaryote

Animals, plants, fungus, and protists are eukaryotes , organisms whose Cell are organized into complex structures enclosed within Cell membrane....
cell

Cell (biology)

Chromatid

Mitotic spindle

Microtubule organizing center

Anaphase lag

Anaphase

Cleave

Securin

Securin is a protein involved in anaphase triggering. It has two identified roles; the first one is to help the transport of separase to the Cell nucleus and the second role is to inhibit the catalytic activity of separase....
, a protein that inhibits the protease

Protease

A protease is any enzyme that conducts proteolysis, that is, begins protein catabolism by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds that link amino acids together in the polypeptide chain, which form a molecule of protein....
known as separase

Separase

Separase is a cysteine protease responsible for triggering anaphase by hydrolysing cohesin which is the protein responsible for binding sister chromatids during metaphase....
. Separase then cleaves cohesin

Cohesin

Cohesin is the protein complex responsible for binding the sister chromatids during synthesis through the G2 phase and into mitosis phase. It is a multi-subunit complex which contains four core subunits: Smc1 and Smc3, which are members of the structural maintenance of chromosomes protein family, and two non-SMC subunits, Scc1 which is a me...
, a protein responsible for holding sister chromatids together.

During early anaphase (or Anaphase A) the chromatids abruptly separate and move towards the spindle poles. This is achieved by shortening of the spindle microtubules, and forces are mainly exerted at the kinetochores.

When the chromatids are fully separated late anaphase (or Anaphase B) begins. This involves the polar microtubules elongating and sliding relative to each other to drive the spindle poles further apart. Anaphase B drives separation of the sister centrosomes to their opposite poles through three forces. Kinesin proteins attached to polar microtubules push the microtubules past one another. A second force involves pulling of the microtubules by cortex-associated cytosolic dynein. The third force for the separation of chromosomes involves lengthening the polar microtubules at the plus end.

These two processes were originally distinguished by their different sensitivities to drugs, and they are mechanically distinct.

Early anaphase (anaphase A) involves shortening kinetochore microtubules by depolymerization at the plus end. During this, a sliding collar allows the movement of the chromatids. No motor protein is involved since and ATP-depletion does not inhibit the early anaphase.
Late anaphase (anaphase B) involves both the elongation of overlap microtubules and the use of two distinct sets of motor proteins: one of these pulls overlap microtubules past each other, the other pulls on astral microtubules that have attached to the cell cortex.

The contributions of early anaphase and late anaphase to anaphase as a whole vary with cell type. In mammalian cells, late anaphase follows shortly after early anaphase and extends the spindle to around twice its metaphase

Metaphase

Metaphase, from the ancient Greek ?et? and f?s?? , is a stage of mitosis in the Eukaryote cell cycle in which condensed chromosomes, carrying DNA sequence, align in the middle of the cell before being separated into each of the two daughter cells....
length; in contrast yeast

Yeast

Yeasts are eukaryote microorganisms classified in the Kingdom fungus, with about 1,500 species currently described; they dominate fungal diversity in the oceans....
and certain protozoa

Protozoa

Protozoan are microorganisms classified as unicellular eukaryotes. While there is no exact definition of the term "protozoan", most scientists use the word to refer to a unicellular heterotrophic protist, such as an amoeba or a ciliate....
use late metaphase as the main means of chromosome separation and can extend the spindle to up to 15 times its metaphase length in the process.